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DATA COLLECTION
[Link] of data collection
a) Data collection:
•To obtain facts about specific conditions,
situations, characteristics or attributes
from a group of people, animals, plants,
objects or items, etc.
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Meaning of data cont’d…
b) Data
i. Are the collected natural phenomena
descriptors such as experiences & their
results, observation, or experiments
ii. May comprise texts or narratives, voices
or images.
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2. Methods of Qualitative Data
Collection
a) Interviews,
b) Focus group discussion,
c) Observation, and
d) Documents review & analysis.
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Qualitative Data Collection Methods cont’d…
a)Interviews
i. Structured interview
•Form of interrogation containing
questions which allow an open
discussion(s).
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Qualitative Data Collection Methods cont’d…
ii. Semi-structured interview
•Allows intensive investigation of
participants responses, exploring
the emerging dimensions that may
not have been important aspects of
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Semi-structured Interview cont’d…
•It allows flexibility and pursuance
of interesting leads.
•It is a flexible data collection tool
for a qualitative research.
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Interview Process
i. Establishing a rapport
•It’s to initiate cordial relationship with
the participants.
•It’s to make participants feel confident
to freely provide information needed
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Establishing a rapport cont’d…
How to establish a rapport:
•Greetings,
•Self introduction – both sides,
•Share the substance of the expected
research results to the participants.
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Interview Process cont’d…
ii. Asking questions
•Use the interview guide(s) to
establish probing questions or
and provocative discussion for
clarification.
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Asking questions cont’d…
•Encourage the participants to
produce more by using words
like ah!, ok!, I see!, right, good,
can that be true?!, etc.
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Interview Process cont’d…
[Link] recording procedures
•Take notes in your notebook.
•Use voice recording device.
•Consider that some interviewees
may refuse being recorded.
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Interview Process cont’d…
[Link] the interview process
•Thank the participants for their willing
to take part in the interview and for the
information they gave.
•Allow the participants if they would
ask questions before the process ends.
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Qualitative Data Collection Methods cont’d…
b)Focus group discussion
•It’s an in-depth discussion by small
group led by the researcher.
•You obtain plenty of information
from many people in a short time.
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Focus group discussion Process cont’d…
•It involves some observations which
help understanding of the data.
•The interaction between the
participants brings data naturally.
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Focus group discussion Process cont’d…
•There is an assurance of true data
because no one can dare to tell
lies in front of criticisms from the
rest of the group.
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Qualitative Data Collection Methods cont’d…
c)Observations
•A data collection method which requires
the researcher to be physically present
during data collection.
•It involves observing and recording the
events. S. MUGUBA
Observation Method cont’d…
•It requires plenty of time because
the researcher becomes participant
observer (participants should not
know that recoding is taking place
around them).
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Observation Method cont’d…
•It is useful to qualitative research,
because qualitative research uses
natural settings in its process.
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Data Collection Cont’d…
[Link]
•All members that meet a set of
qualifications or specific criteria.
e.g. population in Tz can be defined
as all people residing in Tz.
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Population Cont’d…
•A member in any specific population
is considered as an element.
•When some elements are selected
from a population, are known as a
sample.
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Data Collection Cont’d…
2. SAMPLING
•Process of pinpointing the subset(s)
of people from a population, so that,
the results with that subset may be
generalized to the population.
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Sampling cont’d…
•Sample is a subcategory or portion
of a larger population.
•It is a selected research participants
possibly available and from whom
data will be collected.
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Sampling Cont’d…
•Sampling is needed in all forms of
data collection (it is not possible to
obtain data from every available
source(s)).
•Representation only is needed.
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Sampling Cont’d…
•Method(s) a researcher uses to
select a sample is referred to as
Sampling Technique.
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Sampling Cont’d…
Considerations during sampling
a)Nature of the topic/study.
b)Characteristics of the target
population.
c)Size of the sample.
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Considerations during sampling Cont’d…
d) Methods of data collection.
e) Technique(s) of sample selection.
f) Representation of the whole
population.
g) Flexibility (if not available, you change).
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Considerations during sampling Cont’d…
g)Reliability (reliable source and relevant
data).
h)The sample which will meet necessary
requirements of the study.
i) Time & other resources availability.
j) Accessibility.
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Sampling Cont’d…
Random Sampling Technique
Before sampling, the idea of Random
Selection should be conceived.
Random
•Process which generates a mathematical
accidental result. No humanly generated
patterns exists.
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Random Sampling Cont’d…
•In social science, researchers usually
select cases by using random
procedure so as to ensure that no
human bias exists in the selection
process.
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Random Sampling Cont’d…
•Inferences drawn from the study
are maximally generalizable,
statistically accurate, and useful
to the generation of the intended
knowledge.
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Random Sampling Cont’d…
•Using random procedures allows
the use of probability sampling
methods.
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Types of Sampling
[Link] sampling methods
•Every item in the population has an
equal chance of being included in
sample.
•Requires construction of a sampling
frame first.
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Probability sampling cont’d…
•Involves use of random number
generation computer program to
pick a sample from the sampling
frame.
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Probability sampling cont’d…
•Probability or random sampling is
less biased.
•It is one of the most costly sample in
terms of time and energy and other
resources.
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Probability sampling cont’d…
a)Simple random sampling
•Simple random sample implies that
every case of the population has an
equal probability of inclusion in the
sample.
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Simple random sampling cont’d…
•Complete frame ( a list of all units
in the whole population), surveys
by personal interviews are needed.
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Simple random sampling cont’d…
•Costs of obtaining the sample can be
high if the units are geographically
scattered.
The standard errors of estimators can
be high.
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Probability Sampling cont’d…
b)Systematic sampling
Every case after a random starts is selected.
For example, if surveying a sample of
consumers, every fifth consumer may be
selected from your sample. The advantage
of this sampling technique is its simplicity.
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Sampling techniques cont’d…
c)Stratified random sampling
•Population is divided into strata (or
subgroups) and a random sample is
taken from each subgroup.
•A subgroup is a natural set of items.
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Stratified random sampling cont’d…
•Subgroups might be based on company
size, gender, or occupation.
•Often used where there is a great deal of
variations within a population.
•Ensures that every stratum is adequately
represented. S. MUGUBA
Sampling techniques cont’d…
d) Cluster sampling
•The hole population is divided into
clusters or groups.
•Random sample is taken from these
clusters, all of which are used in the
final sample.
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Cluster sampling cont’d…
•It’s advantageous for those researchers
whose subjects are fragmented over large
geographical areas because it saves time
and money.
•The stages can be summarized as follows:
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Cluster sampling cont’d…
•Choose cluster grouping for sampling
frame, such as type of company or
geographical region.
•Each of the clusters is numbered.
•Select sample using random sampling.
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2. Non-probability sampling methods
a)Purposive sampling technique
(judgmental sampling)
•Includes choosing a group/category
of people who have such qualities
relevant to the study, or
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Purposive sampling technique Cont’d…
•They are considered to contain rich
data to inform the study.
•The researcher is less interested in
representation of the rest of the
population.
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Non-probability sampling Cont’d…
b)Convenience/accidental
• Depends on availability, accessibility
•Participants must willingly participate.
•They are obtained depending on their
own time (the convenience aspect).
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Non-probability sampling Cont’d…
c)Quota sampling
•It is non-random sampling.
•Involves minimum number from each
group in the selected population.
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Quota sampling Cont’d…
•It is based on the demographic data
such as: age, location, gender, income,
education, etc.
•Selection of participants is based on
convenience by fitting into a particular
sub-group. S. MUGUBA
Non-probability sampling Cont’d…
d)Snow ball sampling
It is also referred to as chain referral
sampling strategy.
•Involves two main steps:
i. To identify a few key individuals.
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Snow ball sampling cont’d…
ii. To ask them to volunteer to distribute
the questionnaire to other people
with qualities to inform the needed
data.
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Snow ball sampling cont’d…
How to do Snowballing
a) Researcher contacts a few potential
participants.
b) S/he asks them if they are aware of
anybody of the same traits that you
are looking for in the investigation.
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Types of Sampling Cont’d…
[Link] size
a) The general rule in qualitative research
is that, the researcher has to keep on
collecting the data until when no any
new information or no more gaining of
new insights from the participants.
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Sample size Cont’d…
b) The sample size (number of research
participants) in qualitative research
is generally determined by
“saturation” of data and the gained
insights.
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