Tutorial : Direct Time Study

Determining Time Standards

1. The average observed time for a repetitive work cycle in a direct time study was
3.27 min. The worker was performance rated by the analyst at 90%. The company
uses a PFD allowance factor of 13%.
Determine the standard time for this task.

2. The ABC Company uses a standard data system to set time standards. One of the
time study analysts listed the three work elements for a new task to be performed in
the shop and then determined the normal time values to be 0.73 min, 2.56 min, and
1.01 min. The company uses a PFD allowance factor of 16%.
Determine the standard time for the task.

3.3. The observed average time in a direct time study was 2.40 min for a repetitive
work cycle. The worker’s performance was rated at 110% on all cycles. The personal
time, fatigue, and delay allowance for this work is 12%.
Determine (a) the normal time and (b) the standard time for the cycle.

4. The observed element times and performance ratings collected in a direct time
study are indicated in the table below. The snapback timing method was used. The
personal time, fatigue, and delay allowance in the plant is 14%. All elements are
regular elements in the work cycle.
Determine (a) the normal time and (b) the standard time for the cycle.

5. One operator had the following observed times for food packaging in seconds: 22,
26, 23, 25, and 24. If the operator has a performance rating of 105% and an
allowance factor of 10%,
Determine the standard time for that food packaging.

6.6. A work operation consisting of three elements has been subjected to stopwatch
time study. The recorded observations are shown in the following table. The
allowance time for the operation is 15%.
Determine the standard time for the work operation.
7. An assembly-line worker inserts Part M into Part N. A time study was conducted
and produced the following results in seconds: 8.4, 8.6, 8.3, 8.5, 8.7 and 8.5.
(a) Determine the average cycle time.
(b) If the worker has a performance rating of 110%, determine the normal time for
this operation.
(c) If the worker has a performance rating of 90%, determine the normal time for
this operation.

8. Fauzi clocked the cycle time for drilling 16 holes on a 20mm plate at 4.6 minutes.
The performance rating of the worker timed was estimated at 125%. Find the normal
time for this operation. Each operator is allowed 2 minutes of personal time per hour
and 2 minutes of fatigue time per hour. Further, there should be an average delay
allowance of 2 minutes per hour.
Calculate the allowance factor and then find the standard time for the drilling
process.

9. A time study at the phone company has observed a job containing three elements.
The times and ratings for 5 cycles are shown in the following table.

a) Find the average observed time for each element

10. Healthy Food Sdn Bhd packs 500-gram bags of raisin. Time study data for the
filling activity are shown in the following table. The company gives 18% allowance for
workers.
Determine the standard time for the packaging task.

11. The snapback timing method in direct time study was used to obtain the times
for a worker-machine task. The recorded times are listed in the table below. Element
c is a machine-controlled element and the time is constant. Elements a, b, and d are
operator-controlled and were performance rated at 90%. Elements a and b are
external to machine-controlled element c. Element d is internal to the machine
element. The machine allowance is zero, and the PFD allowance is 13%.
Determine
(a) the normal time
(b) the standard time for the cycle.

12. The snapback method was used to time study a worker-machine cycle consisting
of three elements: a, b, and c. Elements a and b are worker-controlled and were
performance rated at 100% during the time study. Element c is machine-controlled.
Elements b and c are performed simultaneously. The PFD allowance = 12% and the
machine allowance = 10%. One work piece is produced each cycle.
Analyse
(a) the normal time
(b) standard time for the cycle.
(c) If the worker works 7 hours and 10 min during an 8-hour shift, and his
performance level is 135%, analyse total number of pieces are completed.

Allowances

1. In the ABC machine shop, workers punch in at 8:00 a.m. and punch out at 4:30
p.m. The labor-management agreement allows 30 min for lunch, which is not
counted as part of the 8-hour shift. In determining the allowance for computing time
standards, two 15 min breaks are provided (personal time and fatigue), one in the
morning and one in the afternoon; and 20 min have been negotiated as lost time due
to supervisor interruptions and equipment malfunctions.

Analyse the allowance factor should be added to the normalized time to account for
these losses in the computation of a standard time, so that if the worker works at
standard performance, he/she will produce exactly eight standard hours.

2. In the WS&FP plant, workers punch in at 8:00 a.m. and punch out at 5:00 p.m. The
labor-management agreement allows one hour for lunch, which is not counted as
part of the 8-hour shift. In determining the allowance for computing time standards,
two 12 min breaks are included (personal time and fatigue), one in the morning and
one in the afternoon; and 35 min are included as lost time due to interruptions and
delays.

Analyse the PFD allowance factor should be added to the normalized time to account
for these losses in the computation of a standard time, so that if the worker works at
standard performance, he/she will earn exactly eight standard hours.

Number of Cycles
1. Seven cycles have been observed during a direct time study. The mean for the
largest element time = 0.85 min, and the corresponding sample standard deviation s
= 0.15 min, which was also the largest. If the analyst wants to be 95% confident that
the mean of the sample was within 10% of the true mean,
Determine the number of observations should be taken.

2. A total of 9 cycles have been observed during a time study. The mean for the
largest element time = 0.80 min, and the corresponding sample standard deviation s
= 0.15 min, which was also the largest. If the analyst wants to be 95% confident that
the mean of the sample was within 0.10 min of the true mean, determine the
number of observations should be taken.

3. A total of 6 cycles have been observed in a direct time study. The mean for the
largest element time = 0.82 min, and the corresponding sample standard deviation s
= 0.11 min, which was also the largest. If the analyst wants to be 95% confident that
the mean of the sample was within 0.10 min of the true mean, determine the
number of observations should be taken.