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Module 5

The document discusses the concept of binary operations in mathematics, defining them as operations that combine two elements from a set to produce a third element within the same set. It outlines properties of binary operations such as closure, associativity, identity, and inverses, and introduces the concept of groups, specifically abelian groups, which satisfy these properties. Additionally, it explains finite and infinite groups, emphasizing the importance of these structures in algebraic contexts.

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2 views56 pages

Module 5

The document discusses the concept of binary operations in mathematics, defining them as operations that combine two elements from a set to produce a third element within the same set. It outlines properties of binary operations such as closure, associativity, identity, and inverses, and introduces the concept of groups, specifically abelian groups, which satisfy these properties. Additionally, it explains finite and infinite groups, emphasizing the importance of these structures in algebraic contexts.

Uploaded by

anilmali5368
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
fr ¢ Gyrdtip S Cos is yt Tatroductoo A set af objects both, mdthemetica) operation @ operation cle fined on 14 ends the proper Hes qvaated SF ih 7 te) dorm 20 Yeim an ‘algebraic $y 5% Mothemetica) ope vation’ ¥ Morthemattced opema Hons euch o3 odlivHen and multiplication numbers, unfon and Fatewsecton Sf sets, as Kel) As ConpostHen sj functions. 1 areac a-% =o AUR =C Ded hoFfton $— paid - on a set ATA Par ncton product AXA Gato A, tret each eclowmert (ab) cA is anodated wth ean oydered pay (ab) eA XA. © pewationg f= An opevation that Species “the way fa yalSch two objets are conned te yield a third object bel ra ty the Sawe collecton 2 objects is called @ binary - opera tien * ANG =e. ete. Rinax 2p C4@ biog” tpepiotiee let A be oa wign empty Set! aad AxA =P (av) 1 QA, veal. Te : gi Axe pa, then fis said te Sa i epesten. be O binary get A operation on the A binary operation obvfously yauust Setify fallerting conde-Hens Deo BE wust be defined 4 each ordered pay ©. elements . 3 A. “a ® only one & ot gf Als anitgre aw gedered par 3 HS lemnent® Deopesties of Rinary operation’ Tess \ —_ _ commurtotl ts. A Bina operation #¥ 00 F get A is caid to be Yona muta hve if or @ av EA : : ae ate <= pra Por example’ id wmutiplicatten 24 creed todive operations. and arb =09 (f) Adlet-Hen a ber 8 ore comme 4 aera OW ¢) ot e) the union and Catescection Gn the pore’ et of 2 get oe locth comme ve. he) AUB =BuA and ANB =BNA a | “Associative — A bimery operation * en Q get “A ys Raid +0 be ‘amodate ig for eery , a, bre EA . a * (b*c) = (atb)¥c eee CD Adaiten and muti plication soo} P qpumbey ore anjocjahve operations, te) Corte’) +c > aie +°) a. (b-d2 (av). Dlenttty clemedt > phe Set A ts sola +o khexe an identi Bemot aoe the operas yon THrelf {4° there ensts an clown 2 cA Buh ot - -eraq =a oem, aéA. Dovevse alemetS let there eis on fdentity gjomot e a her got An or he operartion ¥. i¢ at*b asa bare a.be4, then © 18 called he Gaverse y the clomot Q > and . \ice verxtaq, : _ ie by YY pit ze “and “SR ore +490 operations aegines on the set “A Buds thot a corey te ON) a cekcy #9> (ora). (e+9) Grove ps~ hn. 1 ; & ger tor the: mathematical storuere consisting 4° gek tage Ror kth bine y opavats clegined on He guch “thet the memes of the Ken gek ene ohons Hips amend q thew) geet . gewe vel tet: @ pe a, ver empty set Booty ° opera ten ©) cafires ag BNE etrucdure, .¥) wt the biner 4 Sot Hen t— they, pth 4 et, Ther tne alg:® uP, wation Satis feS he gortosing pre amg porte, aty * _ Cakh) €5, 2. Amodatve property C Per ang 3 clenats ane C&S aro *c) = (a*b) ¥o- 3. Enistence of Gdentty. ke AF evar abG Gfnve vse ie a Esa tence 24 Cie each eloret ac G here, ests an: elomet bEG euch thet ae lo kQ =e@ ra lo a) ll (Here vb 16 called an inverse 4 9 and is desoted by bao). shy ol EG sun thet a panirenn ata Abe ian (@ commutative’) Group A aor -G@ is geld +o be an abelian “OuP 4 @n acdksition -f the above 4 properties the fe lloning property, we also satisfies: : s,| commutative propexty atb sb*a, at at 6G, Notes commutative property le act the nece BOF property: py gS. ae a grep: ie Pintte and fnsintte Groups A grep (, £) is called @ he qunber af elemnts Sh 9 ine grap ts called the order eg the group stl te clenoted. by 1G], eee _— pee an)» | ae) whe Cj jae AR By ston (S: 5) ere G 18 9 ven eaaphy cot a binety Ne ¥ operation on Gi is Baa +* is oe tee Se oat: jo* Co¥c) =etb)*c x aber & EG a vroup) $- clement Ta a qd gine gee | | @ Amocianve | cs | Degiattion (ov der , she quaeey rs P = iS called tye orde™ G oad denoted Py o(4 (1) Phew thet “the Se og Tote gar8 “ a pseAP onder thE popera ten = edayton. . sey & eae rT > friegers ts ae Sategey, Girne Sue 4 2. DT is csed with Gi) AS Zoaerivs proper as abc are an avbitrery is true. res pect to adehten, elemers fa T, then (or) + 2 ar Core) f f i Wi) Ex stence tolenGty. The nuweer OCT, Such et , ato ta =otq SY O6L Thy the Sntegey 0 1% the adive Tdentty. ) Existence yf Foverse. Te a€D .then -o €T teh Hd at Ca) =0= Ca2t4q Ths every clemeds Fa T hey ibs © ecdwave tnverse. USL OW ms0UD Hh aespect to . addition q r f Aegan rs is) noted that adaitten x @ i te commutedive Totsg Ss ath bia, abe Wence aad Ts an abelian qk x fn eS ordey ,¥. | [hee thet the ce} oT T gy all Wtgurg tS abetlan aor wndey asus) acbditiens| 2, Shas thsd thie eet, KP OS 0. naroro} numbers fee nob or ae D UNdey tiie” cpevatien Galli Horny Slot Tn he set “4 notyyea) numberny there ents no nerherrad quel “2 called the odditive Telentify sud thet ate ra seta S Aen exce. (> ie not o grep. “| choo thet the ge in, 49* are cube hen ‘ abelian | oves;| very yw wltipleeotin, &) cube oe that dees yootS dorms an abel pF wespect fo the Spera tt et) ai ik eS abs. hen md Ab € Ay - abfy ls also 19 OF ) Awododivity - ad alec © Ay? then i ale at ke tk vey ale 9)= 7 Reg ais =] =e 4 Fae (bc) fiance (akbyhe sat Ceo) ©} Tdentity. the ee number /e Serves identity e) ‘i conetteaHen: lev Deer get en gintn io Rte Then Gb sae => b=c iace oo! SG, then a! (av) =o! (ac) >@l.a)-b = (erte)- C DPebr ec HS BEC Cleft concetla tien low) Wy Py qt cance tlacken las (v-a)et = (aya! ae eee el = V¥a 2 {o:=1) a ‘2 y pe =-C-e s b-=c ys ‘ See es and and lef akc be hes) Fuaglies / lar (te$€) cco! Thiplieg. sac Right) | Sa. The left Telacttty also He Praht Tetent fy ‘J e.q =q sae, fos 6G . ay an) ie the Inverse elomeact 7 a, then a. (a-2) = Ce' a)-e yt “sie: ae. HQ). & ~ al(e-d eb dexw a-e =a Hence oC tk also the wight idles ty | cloned fa group %. jeace TS Ie, The left Trvevse gq a0 Elewe , also the Right Trverse J ®) ote ceraal gv a&S lek of (ts the Taverse F a, then >) ot (act) = Calayial a = oa.e = [Link] Thy eo (a.e") -=eale > q.a) +e | | | the he Tolenfify elemed Joa gqrup 's Ualave Cw) Suppese. lg possible 2 and eb be two elemeds af the group & then ®Ma-e sa Hea Qd a-e -az elo ct A&G wow are! inG) and ore @) > ; : => e-c ze But e-e!se) and “Brelne ay exe! the Pdentily elamet Is ungve ae eS ere*re Hence, a ae P The “faveyse of 29 clewad of re vniqne: [Dap] 4.2 group ‘glo’ let @ be the idan aeuat anda be an clewmadt a he grup (6, * Tr? possible fet band © be > inverrser a aes Stace fb Kian Fnverse Za a*b =b¥aq ze —_a Agels < igen Ffrverse q gq akc zck#asze _© > b =bte b = bt (a*c) b = (b¥ a)¥e b =-aetke EN |e ac] > seen q¢ = gatten$s' ane lo Ss ea, golurten fn ic) rer & ab ave tne Ea b? awe 20M aie idew the cons for To esta oe ghall gay ™ ped Or and a =b and sa ar =. > a pyre >a a= yak =) gealb hes The girder 7 @ a-g abi q? pe ghall anuwe Annet there are a gelutiens 4 i eed td V2) @ ad, —b and ay 7? > ad) = adr D> Sey utter 1S vabave blich the vniqvenes gf the golution assume: that there Ove 2 gly ie fo A. Ne = . By cle Peon x Fayerre KET aly ae ma (ey Pre-wultiplging beth sikes by > GI feta] =e 3 [te)To'Jo = coy => oy - 20 coy THA. Ate Sh isto oes le Y dpe yey 1 A pep eqyb EO a ee Considers HEY = Ce 40°) # (a* b) = “4 (a sa)tb > (ole) eb sty UUKD argee £ ee In consider, - A : Bere (ose We) = ot (o¥E) ko ” 2 Chey Re" ni ok a! Q from OFQ 2 ter Paverse od Gerce = ylact = Cakb)” -.@* eo) = vies, P Some tai; | - park cu lay acoul C : — z : : (1) “The Klein U- ree ne She kleio deur qe isan abelian yrruP satth qr e Set fe xe inary operation ae fines 9% “pia. eablel seer eto 4 © ebs closure lan” ach Fos and each coli con teins all the eleowets S| the cet, @ Aradelatty © propo td . Anes Care) kro = a (2 *c) ac a Cc - ata Se =e o. Cate Fo = ak (oo) @® Denk fg sews _ 4 ase. a zs ea yw #e,e%. = et b ewe = Qs cele Weace “e 1S tre qeaentity ©) Tre tse: Ce ee arkaze 2 @) Dedine Vlein- vere? 5 3944 4 Veda A= + q ¥ tela or. @O Ss locus tan. coluwin cont ol tes closure @ Assos * Associertivl Fg | [eS BRC= ot (bt — Gashe = 2*0*7) Yt = 34S \ lS © Tdentity eters, ee 4 (RS aS “Sstl= & Si a4) 23 kA flence See fee Se Paentity elo ey G) Fore a pe [aia ait i.) : oes =) p49 > Zo, ea each clement Ts TS ony Gnverse ©) commute ti¥e (qu fate = 6+) cid 2 tte y =F = 7 +3 =S Aadrtoa module mo “wi be a fined pasttive Rateger +450 fntegers Let and “o andyiib, 5, bea" the vinary one ates called ada? tien and defined of wodulo “4 aenotes at, ba leatt+ won alive Bemainder obtained be Vor lin tae” +6 ba Me Usio gum 4 Lor e168 le C= Under addelien module 2, we have er the usuas £m +4673 ts = to leaves 3 a y emo ndey whey divided bg z AN a t,o. =1 2ehF + =O - h ule plPee ten billed: Pye Let “we bea ~fixed “pesttive fategey end “a and “b be any > Potegers- “The Binery com position called multiplication modulo wm. => a Xu GS (east nen-Nesative syemaircty obteined by civfaling +he Gsual pros a:b buy Exow pleo- Under multi l?cation wacelale 6 wpe hee YX,6=0 °: -+the usual product hee 22g leaves o a3 yemainder pheo divided x‘ pe wd 6. Ms (Ye Xy O22, 2XzQR=0 3 2XH7=4 J. Prolgleus q = a oe 7 Gy Shor thet (26 AD 2 ee te | © )o»w 2 & 54 = lo Oo \ 5 > 4 ——_t t cates 2 3s | Ss 9 alo eae 5 CO] 213 G& gs o | & i rly FS oO | 2S = S oO ) 2 2 uh Ow Chesure len, eath yen B each column contains a)l the clewts | sot 1 RS cleeure consider =z te, (4 +, a) = 6 +4 >) +p2 ™m +42 = y toh SIG. pte 3 Tes quem ana other 2 elets gf Ze i 2 thus te ig aBodestive Pn 2, zy Eefgtence Rdew 2 Prom aclattten Fable oO ts the Hentity elemt gq the aver operon ® Existence Zp Tnverser— Brom the able ; Be gee (hot the « ‘ TAVEYSES Zl ea ia Sade and sare OS, & Se and \ respectively, Fey caompler- s4,) =9 7 Ihe Se aL Zt3s0 3h ae © Commute Give len. a,b €G then ati,b= bKG Exawple. ote HQ = ak: 3] ghew that Ga §)2,3.44 ig oo ebetian 2 qr Urdey vu Hiplicetton eiadide Se x \ > 2 “ ia Se Le os. 3 FB, “yee! Xe a. Bit & Upto De Bis Ze tps . France CG xe) js an abelian Grou P. Zu yy sou P 4A nonempty Zabset CH, *) ga qm (G.*) is “Sag 46 be A Bub areep oe rH Ge, * jis 2150 gor by fered, Q = Conck Here for Ewen ate et Exewples— ecu qe ny ach, aol +) at ~satione) cumbers onder the ark oe) adelitin “The grup ca, Usued adasHon, 6 A gubgeee P (RD ca geo) aunbers , uadex usu i re (i). A age Seip | Sabsek oH es (G, *) ee subgroup “| q i ardenly Kg Q Vf F) ae ey DB atbeH (H) oer aed spab EH i igkhb EN Aaa h is quer orale? Aus 1 be the SoU SweniGe: Se foverse = axiom, we have. ae = ot eyicts and 3) eH @> and ays ove Crue, fpence let H bea Subset J & Sach thet (in) arse Foyg - ve ghall Show gre | PHselt under the a, v T) and thet H is a bina opesertion By det (aben date eh) ss is closed onder -the oinerty opevatiee ¥ Since the apodatve far is true inG => ft 1< also 4yue tn HoG ein by deta, Ach > a'GH = ataley “I = @€'EH Ths , the Felon tits alow et zg /e6éh Agetn by deta act => oley thus, the frverse a 9 enists fn Hh ie +olze Thies IE @ Grup by Rese? and ence , Tt is a Subgroup yo = act ale o| let + ba pe shell a,b cH Vian Py date fis a Gubgreup § ancl : 7 BH is a group boy Theelf. They ber => wleu and abet, ot ber act , ber = 2eH wen = ote) CH. ence > is true 4) lek H bea noo empty Subset 35 @uch thet ya bet > oatblep Ise Shall Chew tat “tt is @ group ora” {et ach => atalcy >eét t conteiing’, the Pdentity elemot ecb .a ey = eto! eu | es => olen. “thes fave vse ae eateee A TR Wa;lo EH. > asl eH atGY! satbe fc os Re w " No Thus i {op _ — pe auodative low helns Px, as? ‘ y 4 an by £ hols en Sy Phself and hence, sroup (4 +) ae ft 1s A subgvuP q he q 3] The Ptersection og any tio Sub spe be ony wo Suleg oups 3 tet oH ard Ha BEM But Ho, BL are Subgrerps so aét beh, > ay! €H and | aableho e have shown + . aewah, 1 EHO is a SulogrUP et wy abe) HNN G, Ths, Hence Hoe ve Land K ore too eubgroups Ff \ V then Hk. 7s also Sug soup FG: Pood Let 2 be an flentity ef G, hen @ Will alte be the fdentity elowot fa Wh @s pel) as k, fe) -€.& Hak a, hus 2@€ Wik ond BOK +P D4 arb EH , then avy! Eb iNly ig ob Eb and aXblek nen ab) EHAK Hence, Halk is subgrmp J Or : v Sfo, 24 ts Zubg rou) S| Show Ahod HE LO.24% fs o Subgre a the qreur (G+) phere G24) 349 Sola Clearly HOG: se Chal) Show thet His ae{o > 4 ov geup by ftself urdeyx oj/O9 +4 Addition woelulo 6- 2}2 yo ho OOD cleatly Hig closed Under addition , wodulo 6: Asodative lew: HOG oe e+ yeh = oh& te +) eG ete. oO = 08 __ gaiston™ 4 Tdentity. a | fee ae eye “he element O acts o8 the identity ded o af \ ents ot, = 2 =.21ho ytwee H4 20 Te. enistence | inverse t- ee a she faverse a 0 ise, Gaverse 2iey and Ffaverse q y is 2D te) oto 9 ahy =° the iO: Thus CH +e) Fs a group bu Pftself eandl Wemee A subgerp Of G, Permutation gh. Despiottionse A one -0n€ mapping 014 finite cet onto fisehy is called 9 perwntetior: ce 'g' to S. fe) eos is called permutation 3 & A vipactve wap 4? non-empty ls at The Set S oY al| permubetions on a non-empty set -e: under the Vinety operation *« ef ssfart compos *tion 4 Perwutedion “KO gp (G *) called permutation. gor . ty S= S\v284,-—" _ the Pormuteton er! “ a\so callea) the Syrmetvic ~ P 4 sages elenote4 by En: powible peweu ef gy ts ol es fh) here $= fy uh wonder the operertion cA en: ood fotierd © verity 1.5 4 Lr wt sonpactie Givens S= Qder a4 There are zl pernvtations pemible YS (bd Se SP Ris Pe Pay Pe Ped \ z Veal-S po (HH) inh: fg (13 a a By = (Ee 6 Z2) weed Using the above table, all the ordows q am can be obsteines! vo 7 yor ‘ © clesurg | Py Po © 48 > * hess 4 Wp a\ the peraucbations one ave * the set Sz: @_snesiativttys . ET au) bp Pe OF p* fe Pa = Py Heays Anodatvity IY a oveivey, rastgltenticn- @ Shine g Hetty pe heave dv @\\ i= pb * =P wT py te tee Tesg me \ G@)_Srtenre Pee a Trverse ents fr fovle 1,284 SS R *P +P) at g. p, *t =) cat, phew eth Una sks re no grup, poh =F) y +2 a S_ Qn be 2 1s nob comms #) ko ate pe¥ Po = Py kps = Po 3 he ection gouP. Ete we have pence (43) gymmctric grou %y, OASIS ah the i a\| the porta ger q nil. Hae $2) 8st Z [ D 24/7 of es, a / a i = [= y 2 : ape F fy? is] @) Prove gt? (5) ¥) if qr? iaieeve R= is v4 () te set A= ANGE 4 . 1 > 3) and a { “(3 ) 2) qe oa / Find fe J get: ee (4) > 9 8] ed one ayo = ¢ [ae] Pref tl (gt) Of = GLO] 9 ® =z (a4) © = & Bey=gOr3 (a4) (3) > 9 Lae =9@)=! ty os ay £19W]= £0) =3 (2) = { GOIN =! (4) @- Fas £972 “44-(243) pes 2g bad _ ama st G > 2Qarb. C4. deHre the pexywu , al ne (4,2) = (° ab lnc AB and BA. c pi sb) gS AB = (ves) cab fae © ai “(Sue sean [ee \ (aes and BY (Eo (oes cyeic GROU —— Definition g= here erste let & bea eeaeu Ps als an clomat AGG Such thet everg elomeat IS capre sible az b=a rr is called 4 Cme Fotege™ Ny then Gq cuit. avoup and “he elemed a Ts then. called 2 ee q tre youp G. and Ft te clenoted by Cyclic 4 i V2 ted S wbvelfeatl -, th ts expre ded as. q d : ene x4 ge yuna plicarben @= 22 q= {ve tne} gor adaitien, ore teS— = 342,343 and He Censicler “the Ser, A Yoo obviously (A, Xs) ja areups be noted thot 9) => (wods) poh (mod 5) pseoere (mols) gt sie = \ (weds ot | \= ae ¥ thet is a2, rsh, Lah, ary enevates the elomeats ©) 2 is the qos oe gern athe arp. A> {tat rt me SES | thot the are -_ ‘2 Prove ae (fyi Lx nie xg: cane Pes ype ter per ele ° w= da" ot jfeoo- thoel rt follows Athet eleomuds = she seX can Ve eH eped as Cntegre) wey e gr q 4 oe tL is a eyelc wou oy 1 q 9 ® Ve fine ey ic soup and show enevoted Age (Gu) BOS NV utiplicadion telble 02 ene pelorw 18 cag he Bi a vw a a + Q a] vo c. a ]@ ¢ pry cad! Ae ae @ a az 4 Q lo d a e 4 2 » = as a a | ¢ 4 a \o Ci die. —— San Pos - ai OW, he cay leny -yoble, > is Clied wert and Amocative propetty ruck ve vert gies exon! (a+ ee a \L $e 2.4 td Exist d= a ence Talents : “at te eh caantity adewot- te) yw ta = ‘0 ac &a aft row eagle Ante =J teavle. aka ae 4 eo” ee ee Gai ley table jae a : 9, 4 ee 2S Precis oF a ke =4 at eid ete 2A crespectvely & ak a ra asa ba Tye *") \e the subg rep q 9 q~P (G,*) ’ Let a CG- shen the FO = pra hey & Calle a sight coset ef a G geno by a’ Zhutterly, the set aH zsath th en| ie called left coset q H foG qeroetst by a’ Properties Ngee ee “Dsaeatt Raney it and only if eH 3] anebl @& ohbnbh =e Siok =bh it and only iy a 'éH 1) beds G = Sy ithe Syumetyic group of ovdey (cles xee) y- Fey x= | & 2 4) find the 3. Bs & | Sub Troup Ho ZK 3 Also, “Coieten Greets. O- £| lett cosets 2 Ae fase eo Se given x= ja Be} ditt) Tr Sy the Tdentity elemert P= GAA) re 2e> = Sed, x2, 23 poll t kal =p} ty ale ee Be & 2 Box . wre fi ® =e 12 Crm 2?! 3 Cs ten 2 4 x 2 \ of \ 2 Gia via @xXxX= rt 12. 34) ‘ 23 41) 2» 34 OEE 5 yr zy reed) (3 - P= Sy eu (ee re) 41323 Veo 2 & Coy) f The Number J emmendy the grep iS called ovdey gq the tyou and 5 clenoted Py 0 (a) @ at a =h OG)= 0(%) = 4) =24 | liste There ove, the numbey edt cosets aq. in @ I< [a:hj= 24 5 a ©) Prove thet the a (¥9> ‘) is Cytic The elemads > Ug ere La 2 8.456784 ond the operation In (vq. °) Is “wreltiplicacticn modus 9”, pe nis thet in ug oy=GI Ds ewes ey = 04 tag*= = Cee =D] py'= Ce] py = £7 =A has every elowment 4 bs Is an foteq@e a, Dy. . (U5, 2) io cyclic qreep nh, ay ag geesvapm By. x . G) Preve ted the grep (24 +). ts Find all it generestors cycle. “The alowans gf 2y axe the conquers Classes Cel, 03, bOI, 05] and operedi2o+ fa (24h) Is" @clartion weclule ib pe note thot CT +04 fe] -07 +00 = ine (2 = 09 +04+L9 “wy cy =Gj= Oa toa ttd+ Thad ¢ ATEN elomevt By 2y, \s an Fategrat poser, oT. (24.4) is a cyte GF pth 04 ao gente Since THis a qa zy (24,4), cq? = Go = Da =O) * alco a qencrotor 3 (24 ib). Znce Cad is tne Tdenti alemod fa (2y.t) Ce] eannet be age gq (24..4)5 pecawe T's nb] =o dey all 9 E2 Further, bal cannot be cc 3 Ce ~ besos BGT PCT Io 2g nex Thus (24 br a aygic youp ity BE ond cel. (24:4)= 4b0S> E> c= ot we 3 ® Prove thot (men) bs eq cyclic ay tes generot ys. tae grep (Fe) ove ced, Ce, GA. Fired all The clawet the eadgpruente clases (13, (@s. ‘5 =) matt plication jwodala 5 GI = oy! BI = C274 Ty3 > cag? ud coyt (25.) =<035 ey? =2 ix abo 9 que 3@s-) [Te] ans CJ are the genera hd €.. voy i oy" ever Theorem Shetemenst Py @ is or finife grep His QA Subgroup x Gq, Ehen Tee and order F Bb divides the oer 9 3D Prod b Zine A 1 A ginite gees om H ls ginite, we the nunnbey e| cosets J 4 Ing Xe! Bing L ee vight cat finite. et dE een LB Hay, Han, -. HOR be The cigtinct pight cosets B&G: . , Them, ey “the vigit asset decowps! ong we hove aQryy Hag ---Ub%, Gem Seo thot 0 (a) = © (#2) 4o(ta) + 9) 20(¥ But © (Hai) 20 C82) = _ ~o (Hay) =° ) -, ofa) = o(¥) CoG) + o(v)t — +o(¥) ake o(tr) es 0(G) ott) ase hoes thet oft) abides ole) sear Qa {e+ G be ao oe pot th (G |= 660 : rou P& wna fe | Sue ¥ APS Han J find ~Hhe Kt= 6S KORCS Then pon ble vale 3g iW) Given |G) = 640 te] 64 = Pee 4S By Sey t,covem oa) ote) oa) = oC) 660 = kK of) —{1) Ee = and aA 2 GH) >) > o() =n o(’) ofs) = ne& 8 o(H) =Ix 64 =330 Tq eS, 052 OD o() =2x6h 72 ssible \calvs J [rr] erm Rr @ ww. -. the P

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