S OLID S TATE

Syllabus
Solid state: Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems
(cell parameters a, b, c, ), close packed structure of solids (cubic),
packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices; Nearest neighbours, ionic radii, simple
ionic compounds, point defects.

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 SOLID STATE

Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids :

Crystalline solids Amorphous solids
They have definite and regular geometry due They do not have any pattern of arrangement
to definite and orderly arrangement of atoms, of atoms, ions or molecules and, thus do not
ions or molecules in three-dimensional space. have any definite geometrical shape.

TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS :

Ionic Metallic Covalent molecular

Particles Anions, Metal ions in Atoms Molecules (or
occupying cations electron cloud atoms)
lattice points
Binding force Electrostatic Metallic Covalent Van der waals
attraction bonds bonds dipole-diople
Properties Hard, Brittle, Soft to very Very hard, Soft, poor
poor thermal hard, good poor thermal thermal and
and electrical thermal and and electrical electrical
conductors electrical conductors conductors
conductors
Example NaCl, CaBr2, Li, K, Ca, Cu, C(diamond) H2O, H2,
KNO2, etc Na, etc. SiO2 (quartz), CO2, Ar etc
etc

Space lattice or crystal lattice :

It may be defined as a regular three dimensional arrangement of identical points in space.

Seven Crystal Systems :

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 Seven Crystal Systems and Fourteen Bravais Lattice :

CUBIC

a
a
a
Simple Face Centred Body Centred

ORTHORHOMBIC

b
a End Centred Body Centred Face Centred
Simple

TETRAGONAL MONOCLINIC

c c

a b b
a a
Simple Body Centred Simple End Centred

RHOMBOHEDRAL TRICLINIC HEXAGONAL

a c

a b g 120o a
a a b a
a

Type of Lattice point Contribution to one unit cell

Corner 1/8
Edge 1/4
Facecenter 1/2
Body Center 1

Calculation of number of particles in a unit cell

Type of unit cell Lattice points Lattice points Lattice points Z = no. of lattice
at corners at face-centered at body centered points per unit cell

1
SCC 8 0 0 8× =1
8
1
BCC 8 0 1 8× +1×1 = 2
8

1 1
FCC 8 6 0 8× +6 × =4
8 2

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 Relation between edge length of unit cell and radius of atoms :
Simple cubic or Primitive : edge length of unit cell a = 2 r

3a
Body centre cubic : atomic radius, r =
4

2a
Face centre cubic/cubic close packed : atomic radius r =
4

Fraction of volume occupied by atoms in a cube :

Packing Fraction = Volume of atoms in the cube/Total volume of cube)

Item Primitive BCC FCC
1. Atoms occupy : 8 corners 8 corners, 1 centre 8 corners, 6 face centres
2. Each atom contributes
1 th × 8 1 th × 8 1 th × 8
(a) corner atom :
8 8 8
1 ×6
(b) Face centre atom : nil nil
6
(c) Body centre atom : nil one × one nil
3.  No. of atoms in the cube (Z): one two four
4. Radius of the atom : r r r

5. Total volume of atoms : 1  4  r3 2 4  r3 4 4  r3

3 3 3
6. Edge of the cube : a a a

4 r 4r
7. Edge of the cube in terms of r : a = 2r a= a=
3 2
3 3
 4 r   4 r 
8. Total volume of the cube, a : 3
(2 r) 3
 3   
   2 

9. Fraction of volume occupied : 4  r3 8  r3 16  r3

3 3 3
Total volume of atoms 64 64
 8 r3 r3 r3
Total volume of cube 3 3 2 2

 3  2 
10. (or) packing fraction :
6 8 6
11. (or) volume occupied by atoms : 0.52 0.6802 0.7405
12. % volume occupied by atoms : 52% 68.02 % 74.05%
13. Fraction of void volume : 0.48 0.3198 0.2595
14. % of void volume in cube : 48% 31.98% 25.95%
15. % of empty space in cube : 48% 31.98% 25.95%

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 Density of unit cell :
Z M
Density of unit cell (and hence density of a crystal)  =
a  N 0 10 30
2
where a is edge of unit cell in pm
N0 = Avogadro number (6.02 × 1023 )
M = Atomic mass of element or formula mass of the compound
Z = No. of atoms present per unit cell or formula units. e.g.
for fcc, Z = 4, for bcc, Z = 2, for simple cubic, Z = 1

Close packing in crystals :

Close packing in three dimensions
When the third layer is placed over the second layer. This arrangement is called ABAB.,Ö pattern
or hexagonal (HCP) close packing.
(a) For HCP geometry Coordination number = 12
(b) For HCP geometry no. of atoms per unit cell

1 1
= 12 (corners) × + 2(face centres)× + 3 (inside the body) ×1 = 6
6 2
(c) For HCP geometry packing efficiency = 74 %

The ABC ABC......... peaking has cubic symmetry and is known as cubic close packing (ccp). The cubic
close packing close packing has face centered cubic (fcc) unit cell.

Types of Voids
𝒓
void 𝒓void
rvoid
Triangular : r𝒓void = 1.55 Tetrahedral : = 0.225.
𝒓sphere 0.225 .
Triangular :  0.155
sphere Tetrahedral :
rsphere rsphere

𝒓void 𝒓void
rvoid
Octahedral : r𝒓void = 0.414 Cubical void : = 0.732
0.732
sphere 𝒓sphere
Octahedral :  0.414 cubical void : rsphere
rsphere

Common coordination numbers are 3, 4, 6 and 8.

ra
Limiting radius ratio Co-ord. No. Shape
rc

Example

< 0.155 2 Linear BeF2

0.155 – 0.225 3 Trigonal planar B2 O 3
0.225 – 0.414 4 Tetrahedral ZnS
–2
0.414-0.732 4 square planar PtCl4
0.414-0.732 6 octahedral NaCl
0.732 - 0.999 8 B.C.C. CsCl

Structure of ionic compounds :

Structures of Type AB :
1. Rock salt (NaCl) type 2. Cesium chloride (CsCl) type
3. Zinc blende (ZnS) type

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 Rock salt structure (NaCl) :
(a) ClØ is forming a FCC unit cell in which Na+ is in the octahedral voids. The co-ordination number of Na+ is
6 and that of ClØ would also be 6.
 
(b) Ratio of ionic radii =  rNa  0.525


r 
 Cl
ñ

1
(c) No. of sodium ions = 12 (At edge centre) × + 1 (At body centre) × 1 = 4
4
1 1
No. of chloride ions = 8 (At corners) × + 6 (At face centres) × = 4 (Thus formula is Na4Cl4 i.e. NaCl)
8 2
Caesium chloride structure (CsCl) :
(a) CsCl has body-centered cubic (bcc) arrangement. This structure has 8 : 8 co-ordination,
i.e., each Cs+ ion is touching eight Cl– ions and each Cl– ions in touching eight Cs+ ions. (bcc)
1
(b) No. of Cl– ions = 8 (At corners) × = 1
8
No. of Cs+ ions = 1 (At the body centre) × 1 = 1
No. of CsCl unit per unit cell = 1
Zinc blende structure or sphalarite structure (ZnS) :
(a) Sulphite ions are face centered and zinc is present in alternate tetrahedral voids.
rZn 2
(b)  0.40  No. of ZnS units per unit cell = 4
rS2ñ
Fluorite structure (CaF2) : The cations are arranged in cubic close packing (ccp) while the anion
occupy all the tetrahedral voids. Calcium fluoride has 8 : 4 co-ordination. (ccp)
 No. of CaF 2 units per unit cell = 4
Antifluorite structure : In antifluorite structure e.g., (Na2O)
(a) The anions are arranged in cubic close packing (ccp) while the cations occupy all the tetrahedral
voids.
(b) Na2O has 4 : 8 co-ordination
WURTZITE structure : Sulphide ions have hcp arrangement and zinc ions occupy tetrahedral
voids.
Spinal structure : General formula of compound is AB 2 O4 e.g., MgAl2 O4 , ZnFe2 O4
Oxide ions are arranged in ccp arrangement. Divalent cations are in tetrahedral sites and trivalent
ions are in octahedral sites.

Imperfections or defects in solids :

Stoichiometric point defects :

(a) Schottky Defects : This type of defect is created when one positive ion and one negative ion are
missing from their respective positions leaving behind a pair of holes. Schottky defects are more common in
ionic compounds with high co-ordination number.
(b) Frenkel Defect ñ This type of defect is created when an ion leaves its correct lattice site and occupies an
interstitial site. Frenkel defects are common in ionic compounds which have low co-ordination number and in
which there is large difference in size between positive and negative ions.
Non Stoichiometric defects :
Metal excess Defects due to Anion Vacancies. A compound may have excess metal ion if a
negative ion is absent from its lattice site, leaving a ëholeí, which is occupied by electron to
maintain electrical neutrality.
Metal Deficiency due to cations vacancies. The non-stoichiometric compounds may have metal
deficiency due to the absence of a metal ion from its lattice site. The charge is balanced by an
adjacent ion having higher positive charge.

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 PART - I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
* Marked Questions are having more than one correct option.
Section (A) : Interparticle Forces & Classification of Solids
A-1 For each of the following substances, Al2O3 , F2, H2O, Br2, Cl, NaCl, Fe
Which is incorrect about the intermolecular force or forces that predominate in the above given substances.
(A) Al2O3 , NaCl, Fe - Ionic (B) F2, Br2 - Dispersion forces
(C) H2O - Hydrogen Bonding (D) Cl - Dipole-Dipole interaction

A-2. Match the solids in Column-I with their constituent particle in Column-II and nature of binding force between
them in Column-III and Identify which is correct for these matchings.
Column-I Column-II Column-III
Solid Constituent particle Binding force
(a) Diamond (p) Ion (i) Metallic
(b) Sodium Chloride (q) Atom (ii) Dipole dipole
(c) HCl (r) Kernel (iii) Ionic
(d) Aluminium (s) Molecule (iv) Covalent
(e) H2O(s) (v) H-bonding
(f) I2 (s) (vi) dispersion forces
(A) (a)- (q), (iv) ; (b)- (p), (iii) ; (c) - (s) , (ii) ; (d) - (r) , (i) ; (e) - (s) , (v) ; (f) -(s) , (vi)
(B) (a)- (q), (iv) ; (b)- (p), (iii) ; (c) - (p) , (iii) ; (d) - (r) , (i) ; (e) - (s) , (v) ; (f) -(s) , (vi)
(C) (a)- (q), (iv) ; (b)- (p), (iii) ; (c) - (p) , (iii) ; (d) - (p) , (iii) ; (e) - (s) , (v) ; (f) -(s) , (vi)
(D) (a)- (q), (iv) ; (b)- (p), (iii) ; (c) - (p) , (iii) ; (d) - (r) , (i) ; (e) - (s) , (iv) ; (f) -(s) , (vi)

A-3. Which of the following is/are pseudo solids ?

. KCI . Barium chloride dihydrate
. Rubber V. Solid cake left after distillation of coal tar
(A) , (B) ,  (C) , V (D) only 

A-4. Which of the following solids are not correctly matched with the bonds found between the constituent
particles:
(A) Solid CO2 : Vanderwaal's (B) Graphite : Covalent and Vanderwaal
(C) Grey Cast Iron : Ionic (D) Metal alloys : Ions-delocalised electrons

Section (B) : Lattices and Lattice Parameters

B-1. Choose the correct statements
(A) equivalent points in unit cells of a periodic lattice lie on a Bravais lattice
(B) equivalent points in unit cells of a periodic lattice do not lie on a Bravais lattice
(C) There are four Bravais lattices in two dimensions
(D) There are five Bravais lattices in three dimensions

B-2. Which of the following are the correct axial distance and axial angles for rhombohedral system?
(A) a = b = c,  =  =   900 (B) a = b  c,  =  =  = 900
(C) a  b  c,  =  =  = 900 (D) a  b  c,       900

B-3. A unit cell having dimensions a  b  c;       90º is known as

(A) Monoclinic (B) Triclinic (C) Rhomoboheral (D) Orthorhombic

B-4. A match box exhibits :

(A) cubic geometry (B) monoclinic geometry
(C) orthorhombic geometry (D) tetragonal geometry

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 Section (C) : Unit Cell Content and Density Calculations
C-1. In a face centerd cubic cell, the contribution of an atom at a face of the unit cell is
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

C-2. In a face centerd lattice of X and Y, X atoms are present at the corners while Y atoms are at face centers.
Then the formula of the compound is :
(A) XY3 (B) X2Y3 (C) X3Y (D) XY

C-3. In a face centerd lattice of X and Y, X atoms are present at the corners while Y atoms are at face centers.
Then the formula of the compound would be if two atoms of X are missing from the corners :
(A) X4Y (B) X3Y4 (C) XY4 (D) X2Y4

C-4. In a cubic structure of compound which is made from X and Y, where X atoms are at the corners of the
cube and Y at the face centers of the cube. The molecular formula of compound is
(A) X2Y (B) X3Y (C) XY2 (D) XY3.

C-5. A solid has a structure in which W atoms are located at the corners of a cubic lattice. O atom at the center
of the edges and Na atom at center of the cube. The formula for the compound is
(A) NaWO2 (B) NaWO3 (C) Na2WO3 (D) NaWO4

C-6. A compound of A and B crystallizes in a cubic lattice in which A atoms occupy the lattice points at the
corners of a cube and two atoms of B occupy the center of each of the cube faces. What is the formula of
this compound?
(A) AB3 (B) AB4 (C) AB2 (D) AB6

C-7. An element (atomic mass = 100 g/mole) having BCC structure has unit cell edge 400 pm. The density of
the element is (no. of atoms in BCC(Z) = 2).
(A) 2.144 g/cm3 (B) 5.2 g/cm3 (C) 7.289 g/cm3 (D) 10.376 g/cm3

Section (D) : Cubical Unit Cells and Close Packings

D-1. Copper crystallises in a structure of face centerd cubic unit cell. The atomic radius of copper is 1.28 (.
What is axial length on an edge of copper.
(A) 2.16 ( (B) 3.62 ( (C) 3.94 ( (D) 4.15 (

D-2. If the radius of a metal atom is 2.00 ( and its crystal structure in cubic close packed (fcc lattice), what is the
volume (in cm3) of one unit cell ?
(A) 8.00 ; 10–24 (B) 1.60 ; 10–23 (C) 1.80 ; 10–22 (D) 2.26 ; 10–23

D-3. What is true about BCC unit cell ?

(A) No. of atoms in the unit cell is 2
(B) In addition to an atom at the centred of the body of the unit cell there are 6 atoms at 6 different corner
(C) Packing fraction is 0.74
(D) none of these

D-4. The fraction of total volume occupied by the atoms in a simple cube is

π π π π
(C) 2
(A) (B) 2 (D)
4 8 6 6

D-5. Platinum crystallizes in a face-centered cubic crystal with a unit cell length 'a'. The distance between
nearest neighbors is :
3 2 2
(A) a (B) a (C) a (D) a
2 2 4

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 D-6. Which one of the following schemes of ordering closed packed sheets of equal sized spheres does not
generate close packed lattice :
(A) ABCABC (B) ABACABAC (C) ABBAABBA (D) ABCBCABCBC

D-7. Metallic gold crystallises in face centered cubic. Lattice with edge-length 4.070 (. Closest distance between
gold atoms is :
(A) 2.035 ( (B) 8.140 ( (C) 2.878 ( (D) 1.357 (

D-8. Which of the following shaded plane in fcc lattice contains arrangement of atoms as shown by circles :

(A) (B) (C) (D)

D-9. Lithium crystallizes in a body centered cubic lattice. How many next–nearest neighbors does each Li have?
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) 4

D-10.* The co-ordination number of FCC structure for metals is 12, since
(A) each atom touches 4 others in same layer, 3 in layer above and 3 in layer below.
(B) each atom touches 4 others in same layer, 4 in layer above and 4 in layer below.
(C) each atom touches 6 others in same layer, 3 in layer above and 3 in layer below.
(D) each atom touches 3 others in same layer, 6 in layer above and 6 in layer below.

D-11. An element exists as hexagonal close packed structure as well as cubic closed packed structure. In which
case the element would have higher density ?
(A) ccp (B) hcp (C) same in both (B) unpredictable

D-12. What is the coordination number of atoms in BCC, HCP and CCP and simple lattices.
(A) 8, 12, 12, 6 (B) 6, 12, 12, 8 (C) 12, 6, 8, 12 (D) 12, 12, 8, 6

Section (E) Voids

E-1. If the anions (A) form hexagonal closest packing and cations (C) occupy only 2/3 octahedral voids in it,
then the general formula of the compound is
(A) CA (B) CA2 (C) C2A3 (D) C3A2

E-2. In a multi layered close-packed structure

(A) there are twice as many tetrahedral holes as there are close-packed atoms
(B) there are as many tetrahedral holes as there are closed packed atoms
(C) there are twice as many octahedral holes as there are close-packed atoms
(D) there are as many tetrahedral holes as there are octahedral holes

E-3. In a closed packed array of N spheres, the octahedral holes are :

(A) N/2 (B) 2N (C) 4N (D) N

E-4. Match list- with list-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below:
List I List II
(Shapes) (Radius ratio)
(A) Planar triangle 1. 0.732
(B) Square planar 2. 0.225
(C) Body centered cubic 3. 0.155
(D) Tetrahedral 4. 0.414
Codes
A B C D A B C D
(A) 3 4 1 2 (B) 3 2 1 4
(C) 2 1 4 3 (D) 1 3 4 2

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 E-5. If the anions (A) form hexagonal closest packing and cations (C) occupy only 2/3 octahedral voids in it,
then the general formula of the compound is
(A) CA (B) CA2 (C) C2A3 (D) C3A2

E-6. A solid is formed and it has three types of atoms X, Y, Z. X forms a FCC lattice with Y atoms occupying all
the tetrahedral voids and Z atoms occupying half the octrahedral voids. The formula of the solid is:
(A) X2Y4Z (B) XY2Z4 (C) X4Y2Z (D) X4YZ2

E-7. The empty space between the shaded balls and hollow balls as shown in the diagram is called

(A) hexagonal void (B) octahedral void (C) tetrahedral void (D) double triangular void

Section : (F) Ionic Solids

F-1. For an Ionic solid of the general formula AB and coordination number 6, the value of the radius ratio will be
(A) less than 0.225 (B) in between 0.225 and 0.414
(C) between 0.414 and 0.732 (D) greater than 0.732

F-2. The radius of Ag+ ion is 126 pm and that of – ion is 216 pm. The co-ordination number of Ag+ ion is.
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

F-3. The spinal structure (AB O ) consists of an fcc array of O2– ions in which the :
2 4
(A) A cation occupies one-eighth of the tetrahedral holes and B cation occupies one-half of octahedral
holes
(B) A cation occupies one-fourth of the tetrahedral holes and the B cations the octahedral holes
(C) A cation occupies one-eighth of the octahedral hole and the B cation the tetrahedral holes
(D) A cation occupies one-fourth of the octahedral holes and the B cations the tetrahedral holes

F-4. An ionic solid of XY type having anions in CCP lattice and cations in the octahedral [Link] a be the edge
length of an FCC [Link] radius ratio of cation(R+) to that of anion(R–)is greater than [Link] which
of the following is false:
a a
(A) R+ = (B) R + R =
2 2 + -
2
(C) Anions will not be in contact with each other. (D) Cations will not be in contact with each other.

F-5. How many units cells are there in 1.00 g cube shaped ideal crystal of AB (Mw = 60) which has a NaCl type
lattice
(A) 6.02 ; 1023 (B) 1.00 ; 2022 (C) 2.50 ; 1021 (D) 6.02 ; 1024

F-6. The density of CaF2 (fluorite structure) is 3.18 g/cm3. The length of the side of the unit cell is
(A) 253 pm (B) 344 pm (C) 546 pm (D) 273 pm

F-7. Which of the following statements is correct in the rock-salt structure of an ionic compounds?
(A) coordination number of cation is four whereas that of anion is six.
(B) coordination number of cation is six whereas that of anion is four.
(C) coordination number of each cation and anion is four.
(D) coordination number of each cation and anion is six.

F-8. The coordination number of cation and anion in Fluorite CaF2 and CsCl are respectively
(A) 8:4 and 6:3 (B) 6:3 and 4:4 (C) 8:4 and 8:8 (D) 4:2 and 2:4

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 F-9. An ionic compound AB has ZnS type structure. If the radius A+ is 22.5 pm, then the ideal radius of B– would
be
(A) 54.35 pm (B) 100 pm (C) 145.16 pm (D) none of these

F-10. NH4Cl crystallizes in a body-centered cubic type lattice with a unit cell edge length of 387 pm. The distance
between the oppositively charged ions in the lattice is
(A) 335.1 pm (B) 83.77 pm (C) 274.46 pm (D) 137.23 pm

F-11. The tetrahedral voids formed by ccp arrangement of ClØ ions in rock salt structure are
(A) Occupied by Na+ ions (B) Occupied by ClØ ions
(C) Occupied by either Na+ or CIØ ions (D) Vacant

F-12. Which of the following expressions is correct in the case of a sodium chloride unit cell (edge length = a)
(A) rc + ra = a/2 (B) rc + ra = a (C) rc + ra = 2a (D) rc + ra = 21/2 a

F-13. MgO exist in a rock-salt type unit cell. Each Mg+2 ion will be in contact with
(A) 4O–2 ions (B) 6O–2 ions (C) 8O–2 ions (D) 2O–2 ions

F-14.* Which of the following crystals have 8 : 8 coordination ?

(A) NH4Cl (B) AlFe (C) MnO (D) NH4Br

F-15.* Which of the following crystals have 6 : 6 coordination ?

(A) NH4I (B) MgO (C) MnO (D) ZnS

Section (G) : Crystal Defects

G-1. Type of defect shown in figure :

(A) Frenkle (B) Schottky

(C) Non Stoichiometric (D) F–Centre

G-2. Type of defect shown in the given NaCl crystal is :

+
Na

–
e– Cl

NaCl Crystal

(A) Frenkle (B) F–centre (C) Metal axcess (D) Edge dislocation

G-3. BaO has a rock-salt type structure. When subjected to high pressure, the ratio of the coordination number
of Ba+2 ion to O–2 changes to
(A) 4 : 8 (B) 8 : 4 (C) 8 : 8 (D) 4 : 4

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 G-4. Cesium chloride on heating to 760 K changes into
(A) CsCI(g) (B) NaCI structure (C) antifluorite structure (D) ZnS structure

G-5. The ionic radii of Rb+ and I– are 1.46 and 2.16 (. The most probable type of structure exhibited by it is
(A) CsCI type (B) NaCl type (C) ZnS type (D) CaF2 type

G-6. What type of crystal defect is indicated in the diagram below ?

Na+ Cl– Na+ Cl– Na+ Cl–
– – +
Cl y Cl Na y Na+
– –
Na +
Cl y Cl Na +
Cl–
– + – +
Cl Na Cl Na y Na+
(A) Frenkel defect (B) Schottky defect
(C) Interstitial defect (D) Frenkel and Schottky defect

G-7. In the Schoottky defect :

(A) cations are missing from the lattice sites and occupy the interstitial sites
(B) equal number of cations and anions are missing
(C) anion are missing and electrons are present in their place
(D) equal number of extra cations and electrons are present in the interstitial sites

G-8. A crystal of NaCl, which has sodium ions and chloride ions missing from the lattice point, is said to exhibit
(A) Surface defect (B) Lattice defect (C) Frenkel defect (D) Schottky defect

G-9. F–centers are

(A) the electrons trapped in anionic vacancies
(B) the electrons trapped in cation vacancies
(C) non-equivalent sites of stoichiometric compound
(D) all of the above

PART - II : MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS

Comprehensions Type
Comprehension # 1
In HCP or CCP, constituent particles occupy 74% of the available space. The remaining space (26%) in
between the spheres, remains unoccupied and is called interstitial voids or holes. Considering the close
packing arrangement, each sphere in the second layer rests on the hollow space of the first layer, touching
each other. The void created is called tetrahedral void. If R is the radius of the sphere in the close packed
arrangement, then
r (radius of tetrahedral void) = 0.225 R
In a close packing arrangement, the interstitial void formed by the combination of two triangular voids of the
first and second layer is called octahedral void. Thus, double triangular void is surrounded by six spheres.
The centre of these sphere on joining, forms octahedron. If R is the radius of the sphere in a close packed
arrangement, then
r (radius of octahedral void = 0.414 R.

1. If the anions (A) form hexagonal close packing and cations (B) occupy only 2/3rd octahedral voids in it,
then the general formula of the compound is
(A) AB (B) A3B2 (C) A2B (D) AB2

2. If the spinel structure, oxide ions are cubic close whereas 1/8th of tetrahedral voids are occupied by A2+
cations and 1/2 of octahedral voids are occupied by B3+ cations. The general formula of the compound
having spinel structure is :
(A) A2B2 O4 (B) AB2O4 (C) A2B4O2 (D) A4B2O2

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 Comprehension # 2
Calcium crystallizes in a cubic unit cell with density 3.2 g/cc. Edge-length of the unit cell is 437
picometre (pm)
3. The type of unit cell is
(A) Simple cubic (B) BCC (C) FCC (D) Edge-centred
4. The nearest neighbour distance is
(A) 154.5 pm (B) 309 pm (C) 218.5 pm (D) 260 pm
5. The number of nearest neighbours of a Ca atom are
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
6. If the metal is melted, density of the molten metal was found to be 3 g/cc. What will be the percentage of
empty space in the melt?
(A) 31% (B) 36% (C) 28% (D) 49%
Comprehension # 3
When an atom or an ion is missing from its normal lattice site, a lattice vacancy (Schottky defect) is
created. In stoichiometric ionic crystals, a vacancy of one ion has to be accompanied by the vacancy of the
oppositely charged ion in order to maintain electrical neutrality.
In a Frenkel defect an ion leaves its position in the lattice and occupies an interstitial void. This is the
Frenkel defect commonly found along with the Schottky defects and interstitials. In pure alkali halides,
Frenkel defects are not found since the ions cannot get into the interstitial sites. Frenkel defects are found
in silver halides because of the small size of the Ag+ ion. Unlike Schottky defects, Frenkel defects do not
change the density of the solids. In certain ionic solids (e.g. AgBr) both Schottky and Frenkel defects occur.
The defects discussed above do not disturb the stoichiometry of the crystalline material. There is large
variety of non-stoichiomertic inorganic solids which contain an excess or deficiency of one of the elements.
Such solids showing deviations from the ideal stoichiometric composition form an important group of solids.
For example in the vanadium oxide, VOx, x can be anywhere between 0.6 and 1.3. There are solids which
are difficult to prepare in the stoichiometric composition. Thus, the ideal composition in compounds such
as FeO is difficult to obtain (normally we get a composition of Fe0.95 O but it may range from Fe0.93 O to
Fe0.96O). Non-stoichiometric behaviour is most commonly found for transition metal compounds though is
also known for some lanthanoids and actinoids.
Zinc oxide loses oxygen reversibly at high temperatures and turns yellow in colour. The excess metal is
accommodated interstitially, giving rise to electrons trapped in the neighbourhood. the enhanced electrical
conductivity of the non-stoichiometric ZnO arises from these electrons.
Anion vacancies in alkali halides are produced by heating the alkali halide crystals in an atmosphere of the
alkali metal vapour. When the metal atoms deposit on the surface they diffuse into the crystal and after
ionisation the alkali metal ion occupies cationic vacancy whereas electron occupies anionic vacancy.
Electrons trapped in anion vacancies are referred to as F-centers ( from Farbe the German word for
colour) that gives rise to interesting colour in alkali halides. Thus, the excess of potassium in KCl makes
the crystal appear violet and the excess of lithium in LiCl makes it pink.
7. When LiCI is heated into the vapour of lithium, the crystal acquires pink colour. This is due to
(A) Schottkty defects (B) Frenkel defects
(C) Metal excess defect leading to F-centers (D) Electronic defect
8. Strongly heated ZnO crystal can conduct electricity. This is due to
(A) Movement of extra Zn2+ ions present in the interstitial sites
(B) Movement of electrons in the anion vacancies
(C) Movement of both Zn2+ ions and electrons
(D) None of these

9. AgCl is crystallized from molten AgCl containing a little CdCl2. The solid obtained will have
(A) cationic vacancies equal to number of Cd2+ ions incorporated
(B) cationic vacancies equal to double the number of Cd2+ ions
(C) anionic vacancies
(D) neither cationic nor anionic vacancies
10. Which of the following is most appropriate crystal to show Frenkel defect.
(A) CsCl (B) NaCl (C) AgBr (D) CaCl2

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 Match the column
11. Column I Column II

(A) simple cubic and face-centred cubic (p) have these cell parameters
a = b = c and  =  = 

(B) cubic and rhombohedral (q) are two crystal systems

(C) cubic and tetragonal (r) have only two crystallographic angles of 90º

(D) hexagonal and monoclinic (s) belong to same crystal system

12. Column I Column II

[Distance in terms of edge length of cube (a)]

(A) 0.866 a (p) Shortest distance between cation & anion in CsCl structure.

(B) 0.707 a (q) Shortest distance between two cation in CaF2 structure.

(C) 0.433 a (r) Shortest distance between carbon atoms in diamond.

(s) Shortest distance between two cations in rock salt structure.

13. Match the column:

Column I Column II
(A) Rock salt structure (p) Co-ordination number of cation is 4

3a
(B) Zinc Blend structure (q) = r+ + r–
4
(C) Flourite structure (r) Co-ordination number of cation and anion
are same

a
(s) Distance between two nearest anion is
2

Assertion / Reasoning Type

14. Statement-1 : Increase in dielectric constant is observed in Frenkel defect.
Statement-2 : Anions come in interstitial space in case of Frenkel defect.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

15. Statement-1 : Distance between nearest lattice points in BCC is greater than the same in FCC for the
atoms of comparable size.
Statement-2 : FCC has greater packing efficiency than BCC.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

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 16. Statement-1 : ZnO becomes yellow when it is heated.
Statement-2 : NaCl becomes yellow when heated in the presence of Na vapours due to anion vacancy.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

17. Statement-1 : In Frenkel defect in an ionic crystal, an ion is displaced from its normal site to an interstitial
site.
Statement-2 : There is both a vacancy and an interstitial ion.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

True / False Type

18. Crystalline solids are isotropic.

19. Packing fraction of FCC and HP units cells are same.

20. The minimum void fraction for any unit cell in any shape having only one type of atom and all voids unfilled
is 0.26.

21. The location of tetrahedral voids in FCC unit cell are the centers of 8 minicubes forming a large cube.

22. Effective number of octahedral voids in a unit cell is equal to the effective number of atoms in the unit cell.

23. A metallic element crystallises into a lattice containing a sequence of layers of AB AB AB......... Any packing
of spheres leaves out voids in the lattice 26% percent by volume of this lattice is empty space.

24. Number of next neighbours of Cs+ ion in CsCl structure is 6 Cs+ ions.

25. A crystal has A ions at the cube corners and B ions at the edge centers. The coordination numbers of A and
B are respectively 6 and 2.

26. Distance between cation and its next neighbour in ZnS (zinc blande) is 1/4 of the length of body diagonal.

27. In the unit cell of HCP structure the three atoms shown in layer B are completely inside the unit cell.

Layer A

Layer B

Layer A

SOLID STATE # 14
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  2 
28. In the configuration shown the size of the smallest circle is   1 times the size of the biggest circles.
 3 








Fill in the blanks
29. The relation between edge length (a) and radius of atom (r) for BCC lattice is .

30. ABCABC .... layering pattern is called packing, found in lattice.

31. ABABAB.... layering pattern is called packing , found in lattice.

32. Anions would be in contact with each other only if the cation to anion radius for a given co-ordination
number is .

33. The number of tetrahedral voids in hexagonal primitive unit cell is .

34. The limiting radius for co-ordination number 8 is .

35. For cesium chloride structure, the interionic distance (in terms of edge length, a) is equal to .

36. Density of a crystal due to Schottky defect and due to Frankel defect.

37. In cubic crystal, there are elements of symmetry.

38. The crystal structure of CsCl is .

39. A spinal is an important class of oxides consisting of two types of metal ions with the oxides ions arranged
in CCP layers. The normal spinal has one-eighth of the tetrahedral holes occupied by one type of metal ion
and one-half of the octahedral holes occupied by another type of metal ion. Such a spinal is formed by
Zn2+, Al3+ and O2– with Zn2+ in the tetrahedral holes. The formula of the spinal is .

SOLID STATE # 15
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 PART - I : MIXED OBJECTIVE

Single Choice type

1. Platinum crystallises in a face centered cube crystal with a unit cell length of 3.9231 (. The density and
atomic radius of platinum are respectively. [Atomic mass of Pt = 195]
(A) 45.25 g. cm –3, 2.516 ( (B) 21.86 g. cm–3, 1.387 (
–3
(C) 29.46 g. cm , 1.48 ( (D) None of these

2. Given an alloy of Cu, Ag and Au in which Cu atoms constitute the CCP [Link] the hypothetical
formula of the alloy is Cu4Ag3Au. What are the probable locations of Ag and Au atoms.
(A) Ag - all Tetrahedral voids; Au - all Octahedral voids
(B) Ag - 3/8th Tetrahedral voids; Au - 1/4th Octahedral voids
(C) Ag - 1/2 Octahedral voids; Au - 1/2 Tetrahedral voids
(D) Ag - all Octahedral voids; Au - all tetrahedral voids

3. In diamond, carbon atom occupy FCC lattice points as well as alternate tetrahedral voids. If edge length of
the unit cell is 356 pm, then radius of carbon atom is
(A) 77.07 pm (B) 154.14 pm (C) 251.7 pm (D) 89 pm

4. A mineral having the formula AB2, crystallises in the cubic close - packed lattice, with the A atoms occupying
the lattice points. The co-ordination number of the A atoms, that of B atoms and the fraction of the tetrahedral
sites occupied by B atoms are
(A) 8, 4, 100% (B) 2, 6, 75% (C) 3, 1, 25% (D) 6, 6, 50%

5. Correct statement for ccp is :

(A) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by octahedral voids
(B) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 6 octahedral voids
(C) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 8 octahedral voids
(D) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 12 octahedral
voids

6. If the radii of A+ and B– are 95 pm and 181 pm respectively, then the coordination number of A+ will be ?
(A) 12 (B) 8 (C) 6 (D) 4

7. The coordination number of cation and anion in Fluorite CaF2 and Rutile TiO2 are respectively :
(A) 8 : 4 and 6 : 3 (B) 6 : 3 and 4 : 4 (C) 6 : 6 and 8 : 8 (D) 4 : 2 and 2 : 4

8. The distance between adjacent, oppositely charged ions in rubidium chloride is 3.285 (; in potassium
chloride is 3.139(; in sodium bromide is 2.981 ( and in potassium bromide is 3.293 (. The distance
between adjacent oppositely charged ions in rubidium bromide is
(A) 3.147 ( (B) 3.385 ( (C) 3.393 ( (D) 3.439 (

9. Edge length of M+X– (fcc structure) is 7.2 (. Assuming M+ – X– contact along the cell edge, radius of X– ion
is ( rM   1.6( ) :
(A) 2.0 ( (B) 5.6 ( (C) 2.8 ( (D) 38 (

10. The density of KBr is 2.75 g cm–3 and length of the unit cell is 654 pm (K = 39 and Br = 80) then what is true
about the predicted nature of the solid.
(A) Solid has fcc system with Z = 4 (B) Solid has simple cubic system with Z = 4
(C) Solid has bcc system will Z = 3 (D) Solid has bcc system with Z = 2

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 11. The density of KCl is 1.9893 g. cm –3 and the length of a side of unit cell is 6.29082 (. The value of
Avogadroís number is

(A) 6.017 ; 1023 (B) 6.023 ; 1023 (C) 6.03 ; 1023 (D) 6.017 ; 1019

12. In NaCl if rNa+ = 100 pm, then maximum size of rCl will be :
(A) 241.5 pm (B) 261.5 pm (C) 251.5 pm (D) 271.5 pm

13. Antifluorite structure is derived from fluorite structure by :

(A) heating fluorite crystal lattice
(B) subjecting fluorite structure to high pressure
(C) Inter changing the positions of positive and negative ions in the lattice
(D) none of these

14. In a solid lattice,the cation has left a lattice site and is located at interstitial position, the lattice defect is :
(A) interstitial defect (B) vacancy defect (C) Frenkel defect (D) Schotlky defect

15. A piece of copper and another of Ge are cooled from room temperature to 80 K. The resistance of:
(A) each of them increases (B) Cu increases and that of Ge decreases
(C) Cu decreases and that of Ge increases (D) each of them decreases

16. Zinc sulphide exists in two different forms-zinc blende and wurtzite. Both occur as 4:4 co-ordination
compounds. Choose the correct option from among the following :
(A) zinc blende has a bcc structure and wurtzite an fcc structure
(B) zinc blende has an fcc structure and wurtzite an hcp structure
(C) zinc blende as well as wurtzite have a hcp structure
(D) zinc blende as well as wurtzite have a cpp structure

17. Choose the correct matching sequence from the possibilities given
(a) Crystal defect (1) AB AB AB....... type crystal
(b) hcp (2) Covalent crystal
(c) CsCl (3) Frenkel
(d) Diamond (4) Face centered in cube
(e) NaCl (5) Simple cubical lattice
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(A) 3 1 2 5 4 (B) 3 1 5 2 4
(C) 3 5 1 2 4 (D) 5 3 4 2 1

18. In hcp (ABAB...) and ccp (ABCABC...) structures made up of spheres of equal size, the volume
occupied per sphere (including the empty spaces) is (a = radius of sphere) :
(A) 5.66 a3 (B) 1.33 a3 (C) 2.66 a3 (D) 7.40 a3

19. In an f.c.c. crystal, which of the following shaded planes contains the following type of arrangement of
atoms?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

SOLID STATE # 17

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 20. Given that interionic distance in Na+ F – crystal is 2.31(, which of the following predictions will be wrong
(A) rNa rF  0.7
(B) coordination number of Na+ = coordination nunber of F– = 6
(C) Na+ F– must have rock salt type crystal structure
(D) effective nuclear charge for Na+ and F– are equal

21. The number of atoms in 100 g of an FCC crystal with density d = 10 gcm –3 and cell edge of 200 pm is equal
to :
(A) 3 ; 1025 (B) 5 ; 1024 (C) 1 ; 1025 (D) 2 ; 1025

22. In a face centerd lattice of X and Y, X atoms are present at the corners while Y atoms are at face centers.
Then the formula of the compound would be if one of the X atoms is missing from a corner in each unit cell
(A) X7Y24 (B) X24Y7 (C) XY24 (D) X24Y

23. Aluminum metal has a density of 2.72g/cm 3 and crystallizes in a lattice with an edge length of 404 [Link]
of the following alternatives are correct
(A) it forms a base centered cubic unit cell (B) it forms a face centered cubic unit cell
(C) its coordination number is 8 (D) its coordination number is 6

24. Consider a Body Centered Cubic(BCC) arrangement, let de, dfd, dbd be the distances between successive
atoms located along the edge, the face-diagonal, the body diagonal respectively in a unit [Link] order is
given by:
(A) de < dfd < dbd (B) dfd > dbd > de (C) dfd > de > dbd (D) dbd > de > dfd,

25. Figure shows a cube of unit cell of CCP arrangement with face centered atoms marked 1, 2, [Link] of the
following statements is true.
3

1
(A) Atom 3 is twice as far from 1 as from 2 (B) Atom 2 is equidistant from atoms 1 & 3.
(C) Atom 2 is nearer to 1 than to 3. (D) All atoms lie on a right angled triangle.

26. Consider a cube 1 of Body Centered Cubic unit cell of edge length a now atom at the body center can be
viewed to be lying on the corner of another cube [Link] the volume common to cube 1 and cube 2.
a3 a3 a3 a3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27 64 2 2 8

27. You are given 6 identical [Link] is the maximum number of square voids and triangular voids(in sepa-
rate arrangements) that can be created (balls are to be arranged in one plane)?
(A) 2 , 4 (B) 4 , 2 (C) 4 , 3 (D) 3 , 4

28. MgAl 2O 4, is found in the Spinal structure in which O2 ions constitute CCP lattice, Mg 2+ ions occupy 1/8th of
the Tetrahedral voids and Al3 ions occupy 1/2 of the Octahedral voids.
Find the total +ve charge contained in one unit cell.
(A) +7/4 electronic charge (B) +6 electronic charge
(C) +2 electronic charge (D) +8 electronic charge

29. Which of the following statements are correct in context of point defects in a crystal ?
(A) AgCl has anion Frenkel defect and CaF2 has Schottky defects
(B) AgCl has cation Frenkel defects and CaF2 has anion Frenkel defects
(C) AgCl as well as CaF2 have anion Frenkel defects
(D) AgCl as well as CaF2 has Schottky defects

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 30. In an FCC unit cell a cube is formed by joining the centers of all the tetrahedral
voids to generate a new [Link] the new cube would contain voids as :
(A) 1 full Tetrahedral void, 1 full Octahedral void
(B) 1 full Tetrahedral void only
(C) 8 full Tetrahedral voids and 1 full Octahedral void
(D) 1 full Octahedral void only

31. There are three ionic compounds, first compound has fcc lattice of anions and cations are present in all
tetrahedral voids, second compound has fcc lattice of anions and cations are present in all octahedral
voids and third compound has simple cubical lattice in which cubical void is occupied by cation, then the
order of packing efficiency of these will be
(A)  >  >  (B)  >  >  (C)  >  >  (D)  >  > 

32. Strontium chloride has a fluorite structure, which of the following statement is true for the structure of
strontium chloride ?
(A) the strontium ions are in a body–centered cubic arrangement
(B) the strontium ions are in a face–centered cubic arrangement
(C) each chloride ion is at the center of a cube of 8 strontium ions
(D) each strontium ion is at the center of a tetrahedron of 4 chloride ions

33. Zinc Oxide, white in colour at room temperature, acquires yellow colour on heating due to:
(A) Zn being a transition element
(B) paramagnetic nature of the compound
(C) trapping of electrons at the site vacated by Oxide ions
(D) Both (A) & (B)

34. NaCl shows Schottky defects and AgCl Frenkel defects. Their electrical conductivity is due to :
(A) motion of ions and not the motion of electrons
(B) motion of electrons and not the motion of ions
(C) lower co-ordination number of NaCl
(D) higher co-ordination number of AgCl

Multiple Choice type

35. Lead has a density of 11.34 g/cm3 and crystallizes in a face–centered lattice. Choose the correct alternatives
(A) the volume of one unit cell is 1.214 3 10–22 cm3
(B) the volume of one unit cell is 1.214 3 10–19 cm3
(C) the atomic radius of lead is 175 pm
(D) the atomic radius of lead is 155.1 pm

36. The ionic radii of Cs and Cl are 0.165 nm and 0.181nm respectively. Their atomic weights are 133 and
35.5. Then,
(A) the lattice parameter (a) is 0.4 nm
(B) the lattice parameter can not be determined from this data
(C) the density of CsCI is 4.37 3 103 kg/m3
(D) the CsCI structure has a fcc structure on the basis of given information.

37. Which of the following statement (s) is are correct ?

(A) The coordination number of each type of ion in CsCl crystal is 8
(B) A metal that crystallizes in bcc structure has a coordination number of 12.
(C) A unit cell of an ionic crystal shares some of its ions with other unit cells.
(D) The length of the unit cell in NaCl is 552 pm. ( rNa = 95 pm ; rCl Ø = 181 pm)

38. Which of the following is/are correct ?

(A) Schottky defect lowers the density
(B) Frenkel defect increases the dielectric constant of the crystals
(C) Stoichiometric defects make the crystals electrical conductors
(D) In the Schoottky defect, equal number of extra cations and electrons are present in the interstitial sites

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 39. Which of the following statement(s) for crystal having schottky defect is/are correct.
(A) Schottky defect arises due to absence of cations & anion from positions which they are expected to
occupy.
(B) The density of crystal having shottky defect is smaller than that of perfect crystal.
(C) Schottky defect are more common in co-valent compound with higher co-ordination number.
(D) The crystal having shottky defect is electrically neutral as a whole.

40. Which statements is/are true about HCP and CCP lattice
(A) Number of tetrahedral voids are twice of octahedral holes
(B) 12 tetrahedral and 6 octahedral voids are present in one HCP unit cell
(C) C.N. of HCP unit cell is 12
(D) If atom of tetrahedral voids displace into octahedral voids then it is Schootky defect.

41. Given that interionic distance in Na+ F– crystal is 2.31( and r F = 1.36(, which of the following predictions
will be right
(A) rNa rF  0.7
(B) coordination number of Na+ = coordination nunber of F– = 6
(C) Na+ F– will have rock salt type crystal structure
(D) effective nuclear charge for Na+ and F– are equal

PART - II : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Silver crystallizes in cubic lattice. The density is found to be 10.7 kg/dm 3. If the unit cell length is 4.06(, find
the unit cell type.

2. A compound formed by elements X & Y, Crystallizes in a cubic structure, where X is at the corners of the
cube and Y is at six face centers. What is the formula of the compound? If side length is 5(, estimate the
density of the solid assuming atomic weight of X and Y as 60 and 90 respectively.

3. The metal nickel crystallizes in a face centred cubic structure. Its density is 8.9 gm/cm3. Calculate
(a) the length of the edge of the unit cell.
(b) the radius of the nickel atom. [Atomic weight of Ni = 58.89]

4. Four identical spheres of radius r are arranged such that centers of three of them form an equilateral
triangle and the fourth one rests symmetrically above the triangle touching all of them. Find :
(i) The area of the triangle thus formed.
(ii) Perpendicular distance between the triangle and the center of the fourth atom.
(iii) Are all the balls identical in the arrangement ?

5. Consider a corner atom of Ist layer of an HCP unit cell showing alternate AA layers. Find
(i) Find identical atoms (III layer) with respect to the distances from the atom 1.
(ii) Arrange the distances in ascending order.

e d
Layer A
f g c
a b

Layer A
Atom 1

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 6. In a face centered lattice of X and Y, X atoms are present at the corners while Y atoms are at face centers,
(a) What is the formula of the compound ?
(b) What would be the formula of the compound if
(i) one of the X atoms is missing from a corner in each unit cell
(ii) two atoms of X are missing from the corners,
(iii) one of the X atoms from a corner is replaced by Z atoms (also monovalent) ?

7. Following figure shows an FCC unit cell with atoms of radius r marked
1(corner), 2(face center), 3(face center). A quadrilateral is also shown by
joining the centers of 4 face centered atoms.
Find : (i) The distances between atoms 1&2, 2&3 and 1&3.
(ii) The shape and dimensions of the quadrilateral.

8. A solid A+B– has NaCl type close packed structure. If the anion has a radius of 241.5 pm, what should be
the minimum radius of the cation ? Can a cation C+ having radius of 50 pm be fitted into the tetrahedral
hole of the crystal A+B– ?

9. In a crystalline solid, anions B are arranged in a cubic close packing. Cations A are equally distributed
between octahedral and tetrahedral voids. If all the octahedral voids are occupied, what is the formula of
the solid ?

10. In corundum, oxide ions are arranged in hexagonal close packing and aluminium ions occupy two–third
of the octahedral voids. What is the formula of corundum ?

11. The two ions A+ and B– have radii 88 and 200 pm respectively. In the close packed crystal of compound AB,
predict the co–ordination number of A+.

12. A small sphere of radius 10( was found to fit perfectly in the largest void of Simple Cubic [Link]
the location of the sphere and the volume of the unit cell.

13. A spinal is an important class of oxides consisting of two types of metal ions with the oxides ions arranged
in CCP layers. The normal spinal has one-eighth of the tetrahedral holes occupied by one type of metal ion
and one-half of the octahedral holes occupied by another type of metal ion. Such a spinal is formed by
Zn2+, Al3+ and O2– with Zn2+ in the tetrahedral holes. Give formula of the spinal.
Face centres
14. In Rock Salt type structure cations(radius r) occupy Octahedral holes in the FCC
of anions(radius R) such that there is no distortion in the FCC lattice. Find the
perimeter of the shaded region.

Rock salt type

15. Try to answer the following:
(i) In Zinc Blende structure there is one Zn +2 ion per S2– [Link] the radius ratio lies in the range of Tetrahe-
dral void and there are two tetrahedral voids available per S2–.Can you give the idea about the arrange-
ment of the lattice.
(ii) What is the striking difference between the Fluorite and the Anti-fluorite structures.

16. Given that  is the ratio of the observed to the theoretical densities of a [Link] one give the idea about
the value of  for the following.
(i) Schottky defects are present in the [Link] fraction of the missing units.
(ii) Interstitial defects are present in the solid.
(iii) Frenkel defects are present.

17. Calculate the concentration of cation vacancies if NaCl is doped with 10–3 mole % of SrCl2.

18. The edge length of the unit cube of diamond is 356.7 pm and this cube contains 8 carbon atoms. Calculate:
(a) the distance dC–C between carbon atoms, assuming them to be spheres in contact;
(b) the fraction of the total volume that is occupied by carbon atoms.

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 3

PART-I : NCERT QUESTIONS

1. Define the term 'amorphous'. Give a few examples of amorphous solids.

2. What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions could quartz be con-
verted into glass?

3. Classify each of the following solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, network (covalent) or amorphous.
(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P4O10) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4
(iii) SiC (iv) I2
(v) P4 (vi) Plastic
(vii) Graphite (viii) Brass
(ix) Rb (x) LiBr
(xi) Si

4. (i) What is meant by the term 'coordination number'?

(ii) What is the coordination number of atoms :
(a) in a cubic close-packed structure?
(b) in a body-centred cubic structure?

5. How can you determine the atomic mass of an unknown metal if you know its density and the dimension of
its unit cell? Explain.

6. 'Stability of a crystal is reflected in the magnitude of its melting points'. Comment. Collect melting points of
solid water, ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether and methane from a data book. What can you say about the
intermolecular forces between these molecules?

7. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of terms :

(i) Hexagonal close-packing and cubic close-packing?
(ii) Crystal lattice and unit cell?
(iii) Tetrahedral void and octahedral void?

8. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of each of the following lattice?
(i) Face-centred cubic
(ii) Face-centred tetragonal
(iii) Body-centred

9. Explain
(i) The basis of similarities and differences between metallic and ionic crystals.
(ii) Ionic solids are hard and brittle.

10. Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of a metal crystal for

(i) simple cubic
(ii) body-centred cubic
(iii) face-centred cubic (with the assumptions that atoms are touching each other).

11. Silver crystallises in fcc lattice. If edge length of the cell is 4.07 ; 10–8 cm and density is 10.5 g cm–3,
calculate the atomic mass of silver.

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 12. A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners of the cube and P at the
body-centre. What is the formula of the compound? What are the coordination numbers of P and Q?

13. Niobium crystallises in body-centred cubic structure. If density is 8.55 g cm–3, calculate atomic radius of
niobium using its atomic mass 93 u.

14. If the radius of the octahedral void is r and radius of the atoms in closepacking is R, derive relation between
r and R.

15. Copper crystallises into a fcc lattice with edge length 3.61 ; 10–8 cm. Show that the calculated density is in
agreement with its measured value of 8.92 g cm –3.

16. Analysis shows that nickel oxide has the formula Ni 0.98 O1.00 . What fractions of nickel exist as Ni2+ and Ni3+
ions?

17. What is a semiconductor? Describe the two main types of semiconductors and contrast their conduction
mechanism.

18. Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu2O can be prepared in laboratory. In this oxide, copper to oxygen
ratio is slightly less than 2:1. Can you account for the fact that this substance is a p-type semiconductor?

19. Ferric oxide crystallises in a hexagonal close-packed array of oxide ions with two out of every three octahedral
holes occupied by ferric ions. Derive the formula of the ferric oxide.

20. Classify each of the following as being either a p-type or a n-type semiconductor :
(i) Ge doped with In (ii) Si doped with B.

21. Gold (atomic radius = 0.144 nm) crystallises in a face-centred unit cell. What is the length of a side of the
cell?

22. In terms of band theory, what is the difference

(i) between a conductor and an insulator
(ii) between a conductor and a semiconductor?

23. Explain the following terms with suitable examples :

(i) Schottky defect (ii) Frenkel defect
(iii) Interstitials and (iv) F-centres.

24. Aluminium crystallises in a cubic close-packed structure. Its metallic radius is 125 pm.
(i) What is the length of the side of the unit cell?
(ii) How many unit cells are there in 1.00 cm3 of aluminium?

25. If NaCl is doped with 10–3 mol % of SrCl 2, what is the concentration of cation vacancies?

26. Explain the following with suitable examples :

(i) Ferromagnetism (ii) Paramagnetism
(iii) Ferrimagnetism (iv) Antiferromagnetism
(v) 12-16 and 13-15 group compounds.

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 Exercise # 1
PART - I

A-1 (A) A-2. (A) A-3. (C) A-4. (C) B-1. (A) B-2. (A) B-3. (B)
B-4. (C) C-1. (A) C-2. (A) C-3. (C) C-4. (D) C-5. (B) C-6. (D)
C-7. (B) D-1. (B) D-2. (C) D-3. (A) D-4. (D) D-5. (C) D-6. (C)
D-7. (C) D-8. (C) D-9. (A) D-10.* (B*C) D-11. (C) D-12. (A) E-1. (C)
E-2. (A) E-3. (D) E-4. (A) E-5. (C) E-6. (A) E-7. (B) F-1. (C)
F-2. (C) F-3. (A) F-4. (A) F-5. (C) F-6. (C) F-7. (D) F-8. (C)
F-9. (B) F-10. (A) F-11. (D) F-12. (A) F-13. (B) F-14.* (ABD) F-15.* (AB)
G-1. (B) G-2. (B) G-3. (C) G-4. (B) G-5. (B) G-6. (B) G-7. (B)
G-8. (D) G-9. (A)
PART - II
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (A) 7. (C)
8. (B) 9. (A) 10. (C) 11. (A) p, s (B) p, q (C) q (D) q, r
12. (A) p (B) q, s (C) r 13. (A) r, s (B) p, q, r, s (C) q 14. (C) 15. (A)
16. (B) 17. (A) 18. F 19. T 20. T 21. T
22. T 23. T 24. T 25. T 26. F 27. F 28. F

29. 3 a = 4r 30. cubic close, FCC 31. hexagonal close, HP

3a
32. least or minimum 33. 12 34. 0.732 35.
2
36. decreases, remains constant 37. 23 38. simple cubic
39. ZnAl2O4

Exercise # 2
PART - I

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (A)

8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (A) 11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (C)
15. (C) 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (A) 20. (D) 21. (B)

22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (C) 25. (B) 26. (D) 27. (A) 28. (D)
29. (B) 30. (A) 31. (C) 32. (B) 33. (C) 34. (A) 35. (AC)
36. (AC) 37. (ACD) 38. (ABC) 39. (ABD) 40. (ABC) 41. (ABC)

PART - II
1. Z= N0a3/M = 10.7 × 103
× 6.023 × × (4.06 × 10–10)3/(108 × 10–3) = 4
1023
Thus there are 4 atoms per unit cell. Hence it is FCC.
2. XY3, 4.38 g/cm3
3. (a) 3.52 ),(b) 1.24 )
4. (i) r 2 3 ; (ii) 2r 2 / 3 ; (iii) Yes, of course
5. (i) b, f, g are identical; c, e are identical. (ii) da < [db = df = dg]< [dc = de]< dd

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 6. (a) XY3 (b) (i) X7Y24 (ii) XY4 (iii) X7Y24Z 7. (i) 2r, 2r, 2 3r ; (ii) Square, side = 2r.
8. No 9. A2B 10. Al2O3 11. 6
12. At the center of the cube, Volume = 1000( 3  1)3 Å3 13. ZnAl2O4 14. 4( r + 2R )

15. (i) Zn2+ ions occupy alternate Tetrahedral holes ; (ii) Anti-Flourite: Anions in FCC and Cations in Tetrahedral
holes, Fluorite: Cations in FCC and Anions in Tetrahedral holes

16. (i)  < 1, fraction = ( 1 -  ); (ii)  > 1 ;(iii)  = 1. 17. 6.02 × 1018

18. (a) 154.4 pm (b) 0.34

Exercise # 3

3. Ionic  (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH 4) 3PO 4, (x) LiBr

Metallic  (viii) Brass, (ix) Rb
Molecular  (i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P O
4 10
), (iv) I2, (v) P4.
Covalent (network)  (iii) SiC, (vii) Graphite, (xi) Si
Amorphous  (vi) Plastic

4. (i) The number of nearest neighbours of any constituent particle present in the crystal lattice is called its
coordination number.
(ii) The coordination number of atoms
(a) in a cubic close-packed structure is 12, and
(b) in a body-centred cubic structure is 8

8. (i) There are 14 (8 from the corners + 6 from the faces) lattice points in face-centred cubic.
(ii) There are 14 (8 from the corners + 6 from the faces) lattice points in face-centred tetragonal.
(iii) There are 9 (1 from the centre + 8 from the corners) lattice points in body-centred cubic.

11. 107.13 u 13. 14.32 nm 16. 0.041 21. 0.407 nm

24. (i) 354 pm (approximately) (ii) 2.27 × 1022 25. 6.022 × 1018 mol–1

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