NCERT Class 9 Science Question Paper
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nikhilyt909NCERT Class 9 Science Question Paper
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Powered by AIFor the passenger inside the bus, the ball appears to fall straight down due to their shared horizontal motion with the bus. To an observer outside the bus, the ball follows a parabolic trajectory, combining horizontal motion with the bus and vertical motion due to gravity. This situation illustrates the principle of relative motion, which is underlined by Newton's first law of motion, stating that an object in motion continues in its state unless acted upon by an external force, explaining the different perspectives .
A physical change is a change in the state or properties of a substance without any change in its chemical composition, such as melting ice turning into water. A chemical change involves a change in the chemical structure, resulting in new substances, such as burning wood producing ash and smoke. Physical changes are usually reversible, while chemical changes are often irreversible .
Rutherford's model describes the atom as having a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. This nucleus is positively charged and contains most of the atom's mass. Two limitations of Rutherford’s model are that it fails to explain the stability of the atom (why negatively charged electrons do not spiral into the nucleus due to attraction) and does not account for the distribution of electrons in quantized energy levels, which was later addressed by Bohr's model .
Isotopes are different forms of the same element, having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, leading to different atomic masses. For example, carbon isotopes such as Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are used in radiocarbon dating. Another example is the use of Uranium isotopes in nuclear reactors and medicine. Isotopes can be utilized in medicine for imaging and treatment, in archaeology for dating artifacts, and in energy production .
Deforestation leads to habitat loss, reducing biodiversity and leading to the extinction of species. It also contributes to climate change by releasing stored carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming. To mitigate these effects, reforestation and afforestation, along with sustainable forestry practices, are effective solutions. Implementing policies to reduce illegal logging and promoting community-based forest management can also help preserve biodiversity and stabilize the climate .
An iron nail sinks in water because its density is greater than that of water, making it unable to displace enough water to support its weight. In contrast, a ship floats because, despite being made of dense materials, its shape allows it to displace a large volume of water, creating enough buoyant force to support its weight. This phenomenon is explained by Archimedes' principle, which states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object .
Latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state without changing its temperature. During the melting of ice, energy supplied is used to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, allowing them to move freely and transition to the liquid state. This energy exchange occurs without a change in temperature until the phase transition is complete .
According to the kinetic theory, ice is less dense than liquid water due to the hydrogen bonds in its structure, creating an open hexagonal lattice that occupies more volume than water molecules in liquid form. This results in ice having a lower density, causing it to float. This property is significant in natural environments because it insulates water bodies in cold regions, allowing aquatic life to survive under the ice layer .
Desert plants have evolved several adaptations to survive arid conditions. For example, cacti have thick, fleshy stems to store water and reduce surface area to minimize evaporation. Another adaptation is in plants like sagebrush, which have hairs on their leaves to reflect sunlight and retain moisture. These adaptations help plants conserve water and withstand prolonged periods of drought .
Astronauts feel weightless in space because they are in a continuous state of free fall towards Earth due to gravity. However, because the spacecraft and the astronauts inside are falling at the same rate, the effect is similar to being in zero gravity. This phenomenon is explained by the principle that in orbit, objects are in free fall and under the influence of gravity, but because of their forward motion, they continuously miss the Earth, creating a sensation of weightlessness.