Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

BASIC TRACTOR MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION

[Link] TO TRACTORS

FUNCTIONS OF TRACTORS
Tractors are involved in different jobs on farm for crop and animal production. The following are the major
functions of tractors on a farm
Pulling trailers and implements ploughing, planting, fertilizing, cultivating and pulling trailers for
transporting produce to markets.
Pushing implements is involved in transporting implements to and from the field. It also involves
implements such as scrapers and front end loaders.
Lifting implements (harrows, ploughs etc)
Powering implement like PTO implements (water pumps, shellers, grinding mills, mowers).
Power is transferred from the tractor through the Power Take Off (PTO) of the tractor.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS
Tractors are classified into four categories which are according to traction system, use, drive and size.

Classification according to Traction system

There are two systems of traction (i) crawler tractors which are tractors with tracks and (ii) tractors
with wheels which are called wheeled tractors.

Classification of wheeled tractors according to Use

General purpose tractors – these are most popular tractors with farmers because they are used for
general duties and for specific tasks. They have good clearance and provision for adjusting tractor wheel
width to match row crop spacing for cultivation.
High clearance tractors – these have a high clearance and adjustable axles making them suitable
for cultivation of tall crops. They can also be used for spraying crops in a field.
Narrow profile tractors – these are tractors which are narrow in width and they commonly used
orchards, harvesting or spraying because they can fit in small spaces.

Classification according to Type of Drive

Tractor engine power can be transmitted either to 2 wheels or to 4 wheels.
2 wheel dive tractor – the rear wheels drive the tractor. It can be identified by traction tyres on the rear
wheels.
4 wheel drive tractor – both front and rear wheels drive the tractor, it can be identified by traction tyres
on both rear and front wheels
General purpose, high clearance and narrow profile tractors may be driven by 2 wheel drive or 4 wheel
drive.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Classification according size

Wheeled tractors come in different sizes small, medium or big. This classification is mainly based on
power of the engine
Small size tractors have engines up to 45kw (60h.p)
Medium size tractors have engines from 45 – 75kw (60 – 100h.p)
Big size tractors have engines of more than 75kw (100h.p)

[Link] COMBUSTION ENGINE

Power source of a tractor is the engine. In most tractors power is produced inside the engine by a process
of combustion of diesel fuel and air and hence these engines are called known as Internal combustion
engines. In agriculture the four stroke internal combustion engine is found in most tractors and the two
stroke engines are found on small one axle or two wheel garden tractors. Both types of internal
combustion engines are supported by other systems which include fuel system, air intake and exhaust
systems, cooling system and many others.

External parts of 4-stroke engine

1. Cylinder head
2. Cylinder block
3. Crank case
4. Oil sump

Internal parts of 4-stroke engine include Cylinder, Piston, Piston rings, Connecting rod, Inlet Valve,
Outlet exhaust valve, Crank shaft and Fly wheel.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Four stroke cycle in diesel internal combustion engine

There are four strokes that take place inside a diesel engine of a tractor. Below are the four
strokes:
[Link] stroke
- Piston moves downwards by the movement of the crankshaft
- Air sucked in through open inlet valve into the cylinder

[Link] stroke
- Inlet valve closes and the piston moves upwards compressing air in the cylinder

[Link] stroke
- Fuel is injected into compressed air inside the cylinder.
- Following compression fuel and air mixture explodes forcing piston down thus turning
the crankshaft and subsequently the whole engine.

[Link] stroke
- After the fuel and air mixture has exploded exhaust valve opens, piston moves
upwards forcing burnt gases out through the exhaust valve out through the exhaust
manifold.

Power production in 2-stroke engine

Combination of induction and compression strokes into 1 stroke, and power & exhaust strokes into
another stroke.
Induction and compression stroke - When piston closes the transfer port, a partial vacuum is produced in
the crankcase. As the piston continues moving upwards, it uncovers the inlet port and the fuel & air
mixture is sucked into the crankcase. The mixture is further compressed as soon as the piston closes the
exhaust port.
Power and exhaust stroke - Piston moves downwards, covers the inlet port and ignition takes place.
As piston moves downwards, it uncovers the exhaust port and burnt gases escape through it, at the same
time uncovering the transfer port and pre-compressed air is pumped into the cylinder.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

[Link] AND EXHAUST SYSTEM

A tractor engine require clean air in order to achieve good combustion, good performance and long life of
the engine, dirty air is abrasive and wears out engine working parts. The air intake system channels a
supply of air into the engine through a series of cleaners which removes dirty particles. The exhaust system
leads away waste gases from the engine and expels them into the atmosphere.
External parts of intake and exhaust system

1. Pre-cleaner [Link] air-cleaner [Link] manifold [Link] pipes [Link]

manifold [Link] 7. Exhaust stack pipe

Stages of cleaning or Air Flow in the system

Air is drawn through pre-cleaner and down through the air intake inlet pipe into the main air cleaner,
through the intake manifold to the intake valve which opens to allow air into the cylinder.
After combustion, waste gases are expelled through open exhaust valve, into exhaust manifold through
the muffler, and out of exhaust stack pipe into the atmosphere.

Types of Air Cleaners

There are two main types of air cleaners which are Dry element air cleaner and Oil Bath air cleaner.

Dry Element Air cleaner – it constitutes of a cylinder with a perforated metal jacket
surrounding pleated paper filters. Air from the pre-cleaner is drawn through the dry element air cleaner
leaving fine particles of dust in the paper filters.

Oil bath air Cleaner – it consist of an oil bath bowl which holds a quantity of oil and a wire mesh
surrounding the air inlet pipe. Air from the pre-cleaner spins down onto the oil surface at great speed and
splashes the oil up onto the wire mesh. Any dirty particles too heavy to be carried by the air up through the
mesh are dropped onto the oil bath. This is followed by a final stage when the finest particles of dust are
trapped by the oil film splashed up onto the mesh. The dust particles are then washed down into the oil
bath by dripping of the mesh
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Preventive maintenance of air system

[Link]-cleaner
- consists of collecting bowl and screening device
- does initial stage in the air cleaning process
- screens out objects like leaves, small stones before air reaches the main air
cleaner
Maintenance of pre-cleaner
Check collecting bowl for dust and empty out.
Clean bowl with dry cloth

[Link] Air Cleaner

- Two types of air cleaners, dry element and oil bath air cleaner.

Maintenance of dry main-cleaner

- Check dry element for dirt and clean if necessary.
- Tap on palm/against a soft surface or use a compressor to blow air from the
inside at a pressure less than 5 bars.
- If element is greasy, sooty or oily; wash in lukewarm water only and allow to
dry for about 24hrs.

N.B Safety element should not be cleaned but replaced at least once a year.

Maintenance of oil bath air cleaner

- Check for dirt in the oil bath, if there’s any empty it and clean it with
diesel/paraffin; then fill bowl with recommended oil up to the mark.
- Top up with recommended oil if oil level is below the mark.

Maintenance of pipes and hoses

- Check for loose connections between pre-cleaner and main air cleaner, and
between main cleaner and manifold to prevent uncleaned air being sucked
into the engine.
- Check for cracks in the connections and replace any hose with cracks.
- Check hose clamps and tighten if loose or replace.

Maintenance of the exhaust system

- Check for gas leaks on connections between the head cylinder and the
manifold.
- Tighten or replace the clip if there are gas leaks on connections between
manifold and the muffler.
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Safety precautions
- Do not use compressed air to dry the element as this ruptures the filters. -
Handle the dry element with clean hands to avoid attracting dust.
- Always tap the dry element on a soft surface.
- Never reuse empties oil from oil bath as it contains grit collected during air
cleaning.

[Link] SYSTEM

Good combustion requires a precise amount of atomized fuel to be injected into the cylinders at the
proper time for combustion to take place. The fuel system allows fuel to be delivered into the cylinders.
Without fuel the tractor engine cannot start or operate.

External parts of fuel system

1. Fuel tank [Link] shut off valve [Link] transfer (lift) pump [Link] filters [Link]
pump [Link] nozzles [Link] supply lines 8. Fuel return line

Fuel flow in the system

Fuel flows by gravity pressure from the fuel tank through the supply line to the lift pump. The pump
pushes fuel through filters which clean dirt from fuel from the tank.
Fuel is pushed to the injection pump which times, measures and delivers fuel under high pressure
to each injection nozzle in turn.
The injection nozzles atomize the fuel and spray it into the combustion chamber of each cylinder.
Excess fuel from the nozzles is carried back to the fuel tank through the return line.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Air Lock bleeding of the fuel system

When the fuel system has been opened or has run dry, a lot of air gets into the fuel system. This air will
form air pockets or an AIR LOCK, which will prevent fuel from reaching or going to the injection pump,
hence no fuel will be injected into the cylinders. The result will be that the engine does not start or it may
misfire and lose power. Bleeding air from the diesel fuel system is an important procedure which the
operator should understand and be able to carry out properly.
The following steps should be followed for bleeding air lock: [Link]
the fuel the tank with clean diesel fuel
[Link] the fuel shut-off valve at the tank.
[Link] the bleed plug on the first.
[Link] the priming lever on the fuel lift pump (if fitted) until fuel without bubbles comes
through the filter, and then tighten the bleed plug. If there are two filters, repeat the same
procedure on the second filter.
[Link] the bleed screw on the injection pump and pump the priming lever on the fuel lift
pump until fuel without bubbles comes out of the screw hole and then tighten the screw.
[Link] the engine. If it fails to start, hold the hold the injection line nuts with a spanner, and
loosen the injection lines on at least two injection nozzles. Start the engine again. This will
cause fuel to be pumped along the supply lines. Continue trying to start the engine until fuel
without bubbles flows through the connectors.
Tighten the connectors carefully to avoid bending the connection line and tighten onto the
lines until there are no leaks.
[Link] the system is now free of air the engine should start.

Preventive maintenance of fuel system

Fuel tank
- Clean area around fuel cap before and after filling the tank with clean fuel to prevent
dirt from entering the system causing blockages.
- Check for leaks in the tank before any work.
- Check if tank is closed with correct cap to avoid loss of fuel through evaporation - After
work fill tank with clean fuel to prevent condensation of moisture in the tank -Clean out the tank
at recommended intervals

Fuel lift pump

- A strainer inside the pump which filters out any dirt from the fuel should be checked for
dirt and washed with diesel.
- Check for water in the sediment bowl which prevents bigger particles of dirt from entering
the filters, remove, empty and clean it.
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Fuel filters
- Frequently check the water traps under the filters and drain off any water and sediment
collected there.
- Change the filters periodically as recommended by the manufacturer.

Fuel injection pump

- Control oil level in the drive unit according to operator’s manual.
- Check for any leaks on the pump.
Fuel lines
- Check for fuel leaks and tighten bolts & nuts on these lines/replace worn out sealing
washers.
- Replace cracked rubber /damaged metal fuel lines
N.B Bleed the system if there is an air lock

[Link] COOLING SYSTEM

Function of the engine cooling system

Heat is generated during operation of a tractor engine and the function of the cooling system is
to draws off excess heat which will cause damage to parts of the engine and to maintain correct
operating temperature of the engine.
Some tractors have cooling system which uses water to draw off engine heat and some tractors
have a cooling system which uses air.

External parts of water cooling system

1. Radiator cap 2. Radiator 3. Connecting hoses (top & bottom)

4. Fan 5. V-belt 6. Water pump housing 7. By-pass
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External parts of air cooling system

1. Blower fan 2. Baffle 3. Cooling fins 4. V-belt

Water circulation in water cooling system

Water circulates from the radiator where it has been cooled by air drawn through the radiator by a fan,
through the lower connecting hose to the water pump which pumps the water on through the water
jackets in the engine block.
Water absorbs heat as it passes through the jackets. The water then goes to the engine top where a
thermostat controls a valve which allows hot water into the connecting hose to the top of the radiator
when the operating temperature of the engine is reached.
The thermostat opens the valve only when water has operating temperature of about 800 C Below 800C
valve does not open and water travels down the by-pass to water pump and back to water jackets.

Air flow in the air cooling system

System draws air directly from atmosphere and forces it around the engine to draw off excess heat
caused during tractor operation.
A blower fan creates a blast of cool air drawn from the atmosphere, directed by the baffle over the cooling
fins around the cylinder & cylinder head where it heats up and passes out into the atmosphere taking
excess heat with it.

Preventive maintenance of water cooling system

Radiator - Radiator reduces temperature of hot water coming from engine before it is
circulated again through the cooling system.
- Check water level and top up with clean water if necessary.
- Check for any leaks on the tank or at connections.
- Check if radiator fins are blocked and clean if they are.
- Check flexibility of valve rubber in radiator cap and replace if not.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Connecting hoses - These connect radiator and engine, one hose leads cool water from lower
end of radiator into the engine and the other leads hot water from engine to radiator top.
- Check for leaks on connections at radiator, water pump and cylinder head and tighten
the circlips.
- Check for cracks on the hoses

Preventive maintenance of water cooling system

Fan belt - Drives the fan and water pump which pushes cool water into the water passages
around the engine.
- Check V-belt condition and replace if cracked
- Check belt tension and adjust so that it is not too tight (damages pulley bearing and
belt), or too loose (engine overheats).

By-pass - Diverts water back to the water pump when the thermostat valve is closed.
- Check for leaks/cracks.

Preventive maintenance of air cooling system

V-belt - Drives the blower fan and generator (alternator).
- Check condition and tension of belt.

Baffle - Directs cool air from blower fan around the cylinder and cylinder head.
- Check if baffle is clipped securely to avoid any distortion.
- Clean the inner baffle for free air flow over it.

Cooling fins - Provide surface area into which heat can spread from engine and from which air
will remove heat as it passes.
- Check condition of cooling fins and remove any dirt or oil which may reduce the surface
area.

Faulty finding on tractor cooling system

In most cases trouble will be indicated on the temperature gauge, which will show red if the
engine is overheating.
If the engine is overheating
- Check V-belt tension and adjust if necessary to ensure blower fan is operating efficiently
- Check radiator water, if not full add water (use a wet cloth if the engine has been
running to open the radiator cap)
- Check the position of the baffle and adjust if necessary
- Check condition of cooling fins, which may be clogged with dust or oil thus reducing
surface area for cooling. Remove any blockages.
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[Link] LUBRICATION SYSTEM

To reduce heat and wear caused by friction a lubricating oil is needed which washes away dirt as it
circulates through the engine lubricating system.
The oil also has a sealing effect on the cylinders and prevents ‘blow by’ escape of gases past the pistons
during combustion.
Thus lubrication is necessary for 4 main purposes:
- reduce friction,
- reduce heat,
- clean engine parts
- seal the cylinders.

Two methods of lubricating tractor engine are used which are, SPLASH FEED and FORCE FEED.

Splash feed lubrication

This system is generally used in small single axle tractors or lawn mowers and was used in early models of
tractors. A dipper on the end of the big end bearing dips into a narrow trough of oil splashes oil upwards
onto the working engine parts and the oil drips back down into the sump.

Force feed lubrication

Oil pump draws oil from sump, up through oil strainer which prevents large particles of foreign
substances from entering the pump.
Oil is then pumped through the oil filter which screens out finer dirt particles, then forced to working
parts through the oil ways to lubricate the cam shaft, crank shaft, bearings, big end bearings, timing
gears, rocker shaft.
From the working parts the oil drips down to the sump, carrying dirt and heat back into the reservoir
to start circulation again.
Pressure gauge indicates pressure at which oil is pumped and for tractor operator to read warnings
of possible trouble in the engine.

External parts of force feed lubrication system

[Link] oil sump

 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

2. Engine oil dip stick

[Link] oil draining plug
[Link] oil filling cap/point
[Link] oil filter

Preventive Maintenance of lubrication system

Following checks are needed to be carried out

- Level of oil in engine oil sump
- Oil cooler for dirt(not on all tractors)
- Oil filter for dirt
- Oil leaks

Oil sump - Is the oil reservoir and a certain amount of oil is required indicted by the dipstick.
Maintenance of engine oil level
- Daily check oil level in the sump with tractor parked on level area.
- Add recommended oil when necessary but do not overfill as this causes too much
pressure (overheating) in the system and poor performance of the tractor as the crankshaft
tries to rotate through a large volume of oil.
- Too little oil means there won’t be enough oil to reduce effects of friction to wash away dirt from
moving parts or to act as a seal in the pistons resulting in serious damage to the engine.
- Change oil periodically after a certain number of working hours.

Oil cooler - If fitted on a tractor, it looks like a small radiator/coiled pipe; situated near the cooling fins
behind the baffler in an air cooled engine so as to benefit from the blower. Removes heat from the oil
before it is filtered and forced onto the moving parts where it helps to cool them.
Maintenance of engine oil cooler
Check oil cooler everyday before tractor is used and use compressed air to blow off dust or a piece of
cloth to wipe off any sticking dust.

Oil Filter - Removes dirt particles from oil before it gets to moving engine parts.
Maintenance of engine oil cooler
- Replace filter element at recommended times
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Faulty finding in the engine lubricating system

When the engine oil pressure warning light warning light comes on tractor dash board the tractor
operator should stop the tractor and switch off the engine to prevent damage to the engine.
- Check the engine oil level. If the level is too low, top the oil in the sump to correct level.
If the engine oil level it too high serious engine problems are indicated. The temperature gauge
may also warn of problems, as too much oil will lead to the engine overheating. - If the oil level is
correct and the warning light still shows, the fault must be reported to the mechanic, who must
check the circulation of the oil.

[Link] AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

The starting and electrical system of a tractor provides current through the battery for starting (ignition)
the tractor and to provide lighting when the tractor is working at night or night driving.

External parts of starting system

[Link] key
[Link] switch
[Link] indicator
[Link] motor - Starter motor cranks the engine for starting
[Link] - Battery stores electricity produced by the generator while the tractor is
operating and is the source of current which is required to start the tractor engine. The
positive terminal supplies current and the negative terminal is the return point [Link]-
positive & negative - Carry current to the battery from the generator and from the battery to
the starter motor through the starter switch, and back to the battery via the tractor frame.

Some tractors have a starting system which uses an ignition key alone whilst some have an starting
switch in addition to the ignition key but both systems have similar components and functions.

Current flow in the starting system

In the ignition key starting system, when the key is turned one step clockwise in the ignition switch, flow of
current from the battery is completed but not strong enough to start the engine as it is only the flow that is
connected.
Starting procedure is completed by turning the key to the 2nd or 3rd position clockwise and this draws
more current from the battery to the starter motor to crank the engine.
The glow indicator wires turn red-hot when pre-heating is complete
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In the starting switch assisted ignition key starting system, when the ignition key is turned on one step
clockwise in the ignition switch, the flow of current from the battery lights up the warning lights on the
instrument panel. The starting switch is then pulled, pushed or turned left to enable current from the
battery to the starter motor to start the engine

External parts of electrical system

1. Battery – stores current which is generated by an alternator
2. Alternator/generator - Provides electrical current during tractor operation to whole tractor electrical
system as long as engine runs.
3. Regulator - Regulates the amount of electrical current which is sent back to the battery.
4. Bulbs housing (warning lights)
5. Fuses and switches – fuses are safety devices which cut out if there is an electrical shot.

Current flow in the electrical system

With the engine running, the alternator is driven by the engine crankshaft by means of a V-belt. Current
produced by the alternator flows to the battery which stores current.
As soon as battery is fully charged, the regulator stops flow of current to the battery from the alternator.
The lighting system has its current supplied by the battery when engine is not running, but alternator
normally supplies the current when engine is in motion.
Starting and electrical systems

Preventive maintenance of starting system

Maintenance of starter motor

- Clean the starter motor cable terminal to avoid build up of corrosion which can stop
flow of current.
- Ensure good connections of all wires.
- Check mounting bolts for tightness.

Maintenance of battery
- Check for any external damage or cracks in the battery. disconnect the cable on –ve pole
first then the cable on the +ve pole
- If there are cracks, replace the battery. If not put battery back and reconnect +ve cable
first and then –ve cable.
- Check battery terminals and top of battery for any build up of white corrosion deposit.
Remove any deposit by brushing with a wire brush or scrap with a knife.
- Check battery cable clamps for tight connection and any dirt or corrosion, if dirty clean with
clamp socket brush or wire brush to maintain good current flow.
- Check the level of liquid in the battery cells by opening the vent caps. The liquid
(electrolyte) should cover the plates and if below, top up with distilled water.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Maintenance of battery cables

- Check cables for wear, slight wear on outer casing can be protected with insulation tape. -
Badly worn or cracked cables must be replaced with new ones.
- Starting and electrical systems

Preventive maintenance of electrical system

Maintenance of alternator/Generator
- Keep the V-belt at the correct adjustment to make sure the alternator/generator is
driven during tractor operation.
- Periodic lubrication of generator bush is necessary in some cases.
- Listen for unusual sounds from alternator/generator when in operation.

Maintenance of Regulator
- Periodically check the terminal points for corrosion and dirt -
Check the protective cover for damage.

Bulbs (headlights, sidelights, braking & indicating lights)

- Replace broken or burnt out bulbs with new ones of the same type.
- Ensure the light cover has a good seal against water and dust.

[Link] SYSTEM

The engine is the source of power and this power is carried by the transmission system to the wheels to
move forwards or backwards and transmit power also to P.T.O to drive implements for the required
work.

Major components of the Transmission System

Clutch housing and clutch pedal

Consists of a pressure plate, clutch plate (friction disc) and clutch pedal. Situated at the back of the engine
flywheel.
Used to - engage and disengage power between the engine and final drive to enable change of gears.
- engage and disengage power between the engine and power take-off to enable engaging and
disengaging of the P.T.O.
-run the engine without moving the tractor when gears are in neutral position.
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2 ways to operate the clutch, single operation and double operation

In single operation, clutch pedal is depressed completely in order to engage/disengage the ratio lever, gear
lever or P.T.O lever and then released slowly for smooth engaging and disengaging.
In double operation, the P.T.O is engaged/disengaged while the tractor is stationary by depressing the
clutch completely. To achieve tractor movement, clutch pedal is depressed half way down, then
appropriate gear engaged/disengaged and pedal released slowly.

Gear box (transmission) housing, gear lever and ratio lever

It is composed of gearbox, ratio lever, gear selector lever and the P.T.O lever and gears housed in the
gearbox. It is found between the clutch and differential.
Carries power from clutch to the differential and provides: -
a range of speed ratios through gears.
- reverse direction of movement of the tractor.
- power link from the clutch to the P.T.O

Differential housing and differential lock.

Composed of differential housing in which are the crown wheel, half shafts and pinion gears and
differential lock. It carries power from gearbox to the final drive. It enables wheels to travel at the same
speed when tractor is going straight but when turning it allows wheels to turn at different speeds by
slowing/stopping wheels on one side while the wheels on the other side travel faster.
Differential lock helps operator to control the tractor when steering in a straight line or in slippery
soil.
When differential lock is engaged, the tractor must not be turned left or right because it might break.
Maintenance of the differential
Maintain hydraulic oil level.

4. (a) Final drive housing (b) Front final drive housing. 5.

P.T.O stub

Flow of power from the engine to the wheel

Power generated from the engine is transmitted through the clutch and then carried by the input
shaft into the gearbox.
Power is carried by an output shaft into the differential where it is transmitted through the 2-half shafts
(rear final drive) to the 2 rear wheels.
For accomplishing 4-wheel drive, a shaft from the gear box transmits power through the half shafts
(front final drive) to the front wheels.
The P.T.O shaft connected to the gear box transmits power to the implements connected to the P.T.O stub.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Preventive maintenance of transmission system

Maintenance of clutch
- Never use clutch pedal as foot rest!
- Clutch pedal free play should be between 10-35mm.(free play is the distance the pedal
travels before it starts to disengage the clutch from the engine flywheel)
- -too little clutch free play may cause clutch release bearing to operate continuously
resulting in early failure or slippage.
- -too much free play may prevent the clutch from completely disengaging and so wear it
out.
Maintenance of Gearbox
- Check gearbox oil level and top up if necessary.
- Check for leaks which may indicate loose nuts/cracks or damaged gasket.
- Change gearbox oil periodically.

Faulty finding checks

For the following fault should be attended by the mechanic:
- Unusual noise in the transmission
- Gears engaged but no movement
- Gears cannot engage

[Link] System

Function of the Brake system

The brake system of a tractor has a function to slow down or stop and to assist in steering and
to prevent rolling of the tractor when parked. The brakes on most tractors are situated on the
rear wheels and are operated by foot pedals. A hand lever is used to lock the system when the
tractor must be held in a stationary position.
Tractor brake system may be mechanical or hydraulic and may use shoe or band brake.

External parts of mechanical brake system

 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

[Link] pedals
[Link] lever
[Link] latch (coupler)
[Link]
[Link] drums

There are three main types of mechanical braking mechanism of mechanical braking system which are:
- Shoe brakes
- Disc brakes
- Band brakes

Shoe Brakes
Brake shoes are curved metal parts with brake linings attached to the outer surfaces. When the operator
depresses the foot brake pedals, the force is transmitted by the linkages to a cam mechanism which forces
the brake shoes out against the brake drum and slows or stops their rotation, thus slowing or stopping the
movement of the wheels

Disc Brakes
Disc brakes consist of two actuating discs and two driven discs with friction facings attached each side.
When the brake pedals are depressed, the linkages force the actuating discs apart by means of a steel ball
between them. The actuating discs press against the friction facings of the driven discs which rotate with
the wheels. By slowing or stopping the movement of the driven discs, the movement of the wheels is also
slowed or stopped.

Band Brakes
Band brakes operate on the brake drums. The force transferred from the foot pedals through the
linkages. Pulls the bands around the brake drums and slows or stops their rotation, and hence the
movement of the wheels

Operation of hand Brake Lever

The hand brake lever is located on the left or right hand side of the driver’s seat, or next to the
instrumental panel and is connected to the linkages of the brake system.
The function of the hand brake lever is to lock the brakes and hold the tractor stationary. A certain amount
of free play is necessary on the hand brake to prevent wear of the braking mechanisms. Generally about
two notches are allowed before the locking of the brakes occurs.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

External parts of hydraulic brakes

[Link] pedals
[Link] lever
[Link] latch
[Link] (lines)
[Link] drums
[Link] Cylinder

Hydraulic brakes
Major components of the hydraulic brake system are similar to those of mechanical brake system in that
there are foot brake pedals linkages (lines) and brake drums. The linkages are however, hollow and contain
either oil or brake fluid. A main cylinder or brake fluid container is a reservoir of the hydraulic fluid used in
the system.

Maintenance of Brake System

- Adjust hand lever and foot pedal for correct free play and proper breaking.
- Check for leakages from hydraulic brake system
- Check for even braking when foot brake pedals are depressed -
Check oil/brake fluid level in hydraulic brake system
- Grease all nipples on the brake system

Fault Finding checks

Breaks not holding/no brakes – check brake lining or linkage adjustment.

Brakes not releasing – check linkages and brake mechanism.

Pulling to one side – check brake adjustment

Brake pedal spongy/no brakes – check for air in hydraulic system, bleed brakes if necessary.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

10. TRACTOR WHEELS

Agricultural tractors are classified as crawler tractors or wheeled tractors. Wheeled tractors are equipped
with wheels and tyres which are suitable for the work they must do and according to whether they are
two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive tractors

Parts of Tractor Wheels

There are four parts of tractor wheels. A tractor wheel consists of a rim, wheel disc, tyre, tube. The tube fits
inside the tyre and cannot be seen, although its presence is indicated by a valve which protrudes into the
well base of the rim.
Tractor wheel Rim - The rim is the outer ring of the framework of the wheel. Its function is to hold the
inner tube and the tyre in their positions and is the connection between the tyre and wheel disc.
Tractor Wheel Disc - The disc is at the centre of the rim and its function is to attach the wheel to the hub of
the axle. The disc is normally made out of cast iron and is bolted to the rim to facilitate adjustments of rear
wheel tyre width for different field operations.

TRACTOR TYRES
Tyres fit onto wheel rims and serve two purposes, namely to provide a cushioning action and to give
traction. Cushioning is the softening of jolts caused by road irregularities. The flexibility of the tyre
construction absorbs the shocks.

Traction, or pulling ability, is provided by the tread on the tyre which grips the ground surface and enables
the tractor to drive itself forward, helps with the steering and allows for fast stopping.
In general, tyres used on the farm tractors are either traction or steering tyres.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Traction Tyres
Traction tyres are fitted on the rear wheels of two-wheel drive tractors and on front and rear wheels of four
wheel drive tractors. Their function is to propel the tractor during operations and to help support the
weight of the tractor.

Steering Tyres

Today’s higher horse power two-wheel drive tractors require front tyres with uniform pressure
distribution, good mobility and excellent flotation. They must steer easily, ride smoothly and wear
uniformly on road surfaces. For this reason, tractor front tyre come in a variety of tread designs of single
rib, double rib, triple rib and flotation to meet the above requirements and to provide the best steering
control for different conditions.
TYRE SIZE
The size of a tyre is indicated by numbers moulded onto the sidewall of the tyre. A typical tractor tyre size is
16.9-34 inches. The first number refers, in inches, to the width of the tyre. The second number refers to the
diameter of the rim. Tyres should be selected first of all to fit the wheel rim and then by width.
PLY RATING
A layer of “cord” or thread in the tyre casing is called a ply. The number of plies is indicated on the wall of
the tyre. For example:
6 ply means there are six layers
In the casing of the layer
Sometimes the plies are reinforced so that fewer plies can be used. The indication may read “12 ply rating”
and this means that the strength of the tyre is equal 12 layers or plies, but in actual fact there are only six
reinforced plies in the casing. In the same way a 2 ply tyre with a 4 ply rating means that the tyre has two
layers of cords with the strength of four layers.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Increasing Traction of Tyres

The traction or pulling power which a tyre can exert is in proportion to the weight it carries. The greater the
load on the tyre, the more traction it can provide. If tyres do not carry enough weight to help “bite” into the
soil surface on which they are working, they may slip. Slippage results in tread wear from friction between
the tyre and the soil surface.
To secure more traction and reduce slippage and tread wear, weight can be added to the tyres either by
attaching cast iron weights to the wheels or by filling the tyres with water to the recommended level.
Often cast iron weights and water ballast are used together.
Ballasting with water is the most satisfactory and widely used method of adding weight to tyres because of
its economy and simplicity. Rear tyres must be filled as shown in the following illustrations.

Front tyres may be weighted with water when extra weight is required at the front of the tractor. The tyre
air pressure does not change when the tyre is filled.

Tyre with water ballast to recommended level

 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Cast iron weights are designed to be bolted into position on rear wheels, or attached directly to the tractor
front frame as shown:

The weights can be added or removed to suit varying requirements. Some tractors use a large number of
relatively light weights, while other tractors use a few heavy weights, as can be seen in the following
illustration:

Maintenance of Wheels and Tyres

Tractor operators should carry out the following maintenance checks and remedial actions when
necessary:
- Daily check tyre inflation pressure. Inflate if necessary, according to recommendation of
tyre manufacturer.
- Inspect valve cores and sealing cap. Replace any damaged cores or caps. Replace any
damaged cores or caps.
- Clean and inspect wheel rim for damage and secure wheel nuts. Report any damage to
mechanic.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

11. STEERING SYSTEMS

TYPES OF STEERING SYSTEM

There are three types of tractor steering systems:

1)Mechanical steering
2)Power assisted steering
3)Hydrostatic steering

[Link] Steering System

A mechanical steering system on a tractor consists of a series of links which convert the turning
movement of the steering wheel into left or right direction of the front wheels.

External parts (linkages) of steering systems:

Mechanical steering system:

[Link] wheel
[Link] shaft housing
[Link] arm
[Link] link
[Link] arm
[Link] arm
[Link] rod
[Link] pin
[Link] axle
[Link] beam
[Link]
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

[Link] Assisted Steering System

Tractors with power assisted steering have mechanical linkage with a simple hydraulic system to help move
the steering arms to the left or right.
Power steering reduces the effort required to steer a tractor and therefore makes driving less fatiguing.

[Link] wheel
[Link] shaft housing
[Link] unit
[Link] pump housing
[Link] reservoir
[Link] acting ram
[Link] arm
[Link] pressure hoses
[Link] pin
[Link]

The hydraulic system consists of a pump, oil reservoir and double acting cylinder. A control valve, allowing
oil to be pumped to either side of the cylinder, is operated by a linkage from the steer box. When the
operator turns the steering wheel to the left, the linkage operates the control valve to direct oil to the side
of the cylinder which will move the wheels to the left. Oil from the other side of this cylinder is released and
goes back to the cylinder is released and goes back to the reservoir.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

[Link] Steering System

This kind of steering relies completely on hydraulics .The system consists of a hydraulic pump with integral
reservoir ,a control unit beneath the steering column, hydraulic lines and a double acting ram. In most
conditions the steering wheel operates the spool sleeve and metering valves which re-circulate oil to the
reservoir or deliver it under pressure to the ram.

If hydraulic power is lost, the oil in the hydraulic line trapped when the operator turns the steering wheel
the valves open or close in response to the turning movement and pump oil from one side of the double
acting ram to the other as required. The operator is thus able to continue steering, although with much
increased effort.

Maintenance of Steering Systems

Maintenance of Mechanical Steering System
1)Steering system nuts and bolts should be checked and tightened with appropriate
spanners if necessary .Check split pins and replace if broken or missing.
2)Grease nipples are small entry points of grease, through which points of grease, through which
grease can be pumped to where it is needed. They are usually to be found on the steering arms,
stub axles, track rod and drag link ends. Grease at intervals as recommended in the operator’s
manual.
3)The steering box oil level should be checked periodically and topped up to the level recommended
in the operator’s manual.
4)Steering wheel free play is the small amount of swing from left to right or vice versa before turning of
the steering wheel affects the wheels. Free play should be about three fingers in an arc of up to 45
If the steering wheel play angle is too big, there will be too long a delay in wheel reaction and the
operator will not have good control of the tractor .Ask the mechanic to adjust free play.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

If the free play angle is too small, the steering will be seriously affected by unevenness in the road
or small obstacles such as stones which may be in the path of the wheels.
There will be no ‘give’ in the system and the operator will be continually correcting the steering
direction as the wheels are knocked of course. Ask the mechanic to adjust the free play.
5)Wheel alignment affects steering performance and the condition of front tyres. The natural tendency
of front tyres to roll outward as the tractor moves forward. Thus causes uneven wear of the tyre
surface.

Toe-in
To counter the roll out tendency, the front wheels are set to toe-in slightly. This helps to steer the tractor
straight and prevents uneven wear on the front tyres.
Front wheels are said to have toe-in when the measurement between the rims is less at the front than it is
at the back. The measurement is taken at wheel bearing height.

Maintenance of Power Assisted System

Carry out the same maintenance checks and adjustments as for the mechanical steering system and, in
addition, do the following:
-check for oil leaks on all hoses and on the cylinder and all joints between components .If there are any
leaks ,report to the mechanic.
-if there is an oil filter in the power steering system ,change the oil and the oil filter periodically as
recommended in the operator’ s manual.

Maintenance of Hydrostatic Steering System

Carry out the same maintenance checks and adjustments as for the mechanical steering system and, in
addition, do the following:
- Check for oil leaks on hydraulic lines and double –acting ram and at all joints between
parts of the system. If any leaks are found, report to the mechanic.
- Check oil level in hydraulic system and top up if necessary.

Fault Finding and Safety Precautions

Faults in Mechanical Steering System
If the wheels do not turn in the direction required, or if there is a delay in response to the turning of the
steering wheel, the operator should check the free play on the steering wheel and the wheels. If the free
play is too big, the mechanic should correct it .If one of the linkages
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

has broken or lost its connecting bolts or nuts, replace the broken linkage or connect to the next linkage
with a new bolt nut.

Faults in Power Steering Systems.

If any of the following faults occur on a tractor with power steering the operator should call a mechanic:
- Steering wheel hard to turn
- Tractor steers in wrong direction
- Excessive steering wheel play
- Steering responds too slow
- Steering wheel turns on its own
- Violent ‘kicking’ of the steering wheel

Safety Precautions
- Maintain the steering system in good condition because it is of critical importance in the
safe operation of the tractor.
- Drive at safe speeds to avoid losing control of the tractor on curves.
- Keep both hands on the steering wheel when driving in order to have complete control of the
steering.

12. DRAWBARS AND HITCHES

Function of draw bar and hitching systems

In order to connect and control drawn, mounted or semi-mounted implements quickly and accurately and
to keep them in position for safe, correct operation, tractors have a drawbar and hitching systems.

Types of Drawbars
There are two main types of drawbars, regular and swinging, and tractors are usually fitted with one or
other type as standard equipment .The drawbar connects the tractor to the implement or trailer, but it
cannot normally raise or lower an implement.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Swinging Drawbar

Hitching heavy implement is made easier by the use of hydraulically operated couplers or a pick up hook
which enables the operator to hook up which enables the operator to hitch the implement without leaving
the driving seat. This is usually an optional extra and is not provided as part of the standard equipment.
A three point linkage system operated by hydraulics connects the implement to the tractor and also allows
the operator to raise or lower the implement.
Maintenance of the drawbar and hitching system is important for safe ad efficient performance of the
tractor and implement as a unit.
Parts of Three-Point Linkage
Three point linkage is a hydraulic operated hitching system at the rear of the tractor .The system
provides for connection and control of mounted or semi-mounted equipment. The three-point hitch
assembly connects to an implement at the two lower link arms and he top link. Tractor pull and lift
power is transmitted to the implement by the two lower link arms. The top link resists the implement
roll-over force and prevents backward lifting.

Parts of Three –Point Linkage

The following are parts of the 3-point linkage which can be seen on a tractor:
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

[Link] Link [Link]

[Link] Lower Link Arms 5. Leveling Box
[Link] Lift Arms 6. Check Chains

Hitching Implements
Hitching an implement to the other involves reversing the tractor to the implement with the implement
with the lower links (draft links) down, and stopping when the ends of the links are in line with the
attachment pins on the implement.
The non-adjustable (left) link is fitted first to the implement and then secured. Then the other link is fitted
and can be adjusted by using the leveling box, if necessary, to bring it in the line for attachment.
Finally the top link is attached to the implement.

Power Take-Off Shaft (P.T.O)

The power shaft transmits power from the tractor t driven machines such as balers, thrashers, mowers etc,
which may be drawn, 3 point mounted or stationery .Some tractors have the option to drive the P.T.O at
engine related speed (engine P.T.O) or travel related speed(ground P.T.O ) e.g. some fertilizer /planter
combinations.
It is important when using P.T.O equipment not to have the driven shaft too far out of the line (either
vertically or laterally) with the tractor P.T.O stub. A maximum angle of 30 0 is generally advised.
The tractor P.T.O stub and the driven P.T.O stub should always be set with their axes parallel. Ensure
that there is at least 14cm of sliding shaft in the house at all times.
Check that the sliding hat does not ‘bottom’ when the implement is raised or lowered.
Whenever possible, disengage the P.T.O drive gear when lifting the implement or when making tight turns.

Preventive Maintenance of Hitching System

Preventive Maintenance of Drawbars
Before hitching an implement, check the following:
- Check the bolt that holds the drawbar to the underside of the tractor. Tighten if
necessary.
- Check that the drawbar is in correct position to suit the implement to be hitched .Adjust if
necessary.
- Check for any cracks on the whole drawbar.
If any are found, the drawbar must be repaired or replaced.
- Check drawbar pin and linch pin. Replace if they are cracked or broken.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Preventive Maintenance of Three Point Linkage

In order to prevent unnecessary delays during operation of the tractor, it is important to carry out
preventive maintenance checks and simple remedial actions on the 3-point linkage.
The following parts should be checked and maintained regularly:
Top link, lower link arms .lift rods
Leveling box and check chains
Top Link
- This is the top connecting point and it is a ball-ended free floating top link which is
adjustable for length.
- It is provided with a turnbuckle and links up with the implement head stock and tractor. By
lengthening or shortening the top link, the implement is leveled off.
- On some tractors the top link bracket is the draft sensing point.
- If necessary, apply graphite on the threads of the top link to facilitate easy turning.

Lower Links
- These are two ball-ended link arms at the bottom of the rear axle (See Fig 12.5) and they
are hydraulically raised, but lowered only by the force of gravity. They can also be used
to sense draft on tractors during operation.
- Check for cracks and bends in the lower links. Straighten if there is a bend and send
them for welding if there is a crack.
Lift Rods
- The Lift rods connect the lift arms and the lower link arms .They transfer power from
the lift arms to the lower link arms when the hydraulic system is operated.
- Apply grease to grease nipples of the rods at least once a week.
- Check for the bends on lift rods and straighten if there are any.
Leveling Box
- This is usually found on the right hand side, on the top of the right hand lift rod. It is
used to adjust the lift rod either longer or shorter to give the implement the required level.
- Grease the nipples on the leveling box at least once a week.

Check Chains/Stabilizers
- These are connected to the lower links and to the underside of the rear axle housing.
They are provided with turnbuckles for tightening to prevent sway when carrying an implement;
they are generally loosened slightly when operating tillage equipment.
- Some tractors ate fitted with stabilizers as well as check chains.
- Check that bolts and nuts attaching the chains to the lower links are tight.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

- Check for cracks in the check chains and repair if any are found. -
Ensure full travel of turnbuckles is possibly by hand.

13. TRACTOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Function of tractor hydraulic system

The Hydraulic system of most tractors generally provides two services.
[Link] lift and control of three point mounted equipped, e.g. ploughs, harrows, sprayers, fertilizer
distributors.
[Link] control and power supply to externally operated equipment ,e.g. tipping trailer ,lift
assistant wheels ,front end loaders and, although not common in Zimbabwe, equipment
with hydraulic motor drives e.g. post-hole diggers, hedge cutters etc
The hydraulic pump may be mounted externally (as in International, John Deere tractors) or inside the
transmission housing as in many other tractors. The oil is usually drawn from the transmission housing,
pumped to the control valve from where the tractor operator controls its use with the levers provided.

Parts of Tractor Hydraulic System

Depending on the make of the tractor, some or all of the following parts of a hydraulic system can be seen
on a tractor:

[Link]
[Link]
[Link] or hoses
[Link] unit (Valves)
[Link]
[Link] cooler
[Link] cylinder outlets and hoses with couplers.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Hydraulic control of the three point linkage allows for the operator to lift the linkage (and implement) by
the hydraulic pressure and lower it by allowing the mass of the implement of lift arms to force oil out of the
system. It is important to understand that, with very few expectations, most tractors cannot force the lift
arms downwards by hydraulic pressure.

Lift Controls of Hydraulic System

Draft Control
Draft control is achieved when the draft control on the quadrant is set on draft.
The control is a device built into the tractor to automatically raise or lower the implement to maintain the
same load or resistance. This is used on all implements that work in the soil, e.g. ploughs rippers etc.
The valve that lowers or raises the implement is connected to the draft lever and this valve is controlled by
a load-sensing spring that overrides the manual control linkage. The load-sensing spring, may be connected
to either the top link or bottom link arms of the three point linkage. The implement will only rise to
maintain a uniform resistance to the tractor. When the resistance of the implement decreases, the load –
sensing spring relaxes and allows the implement to go deeper into the soil.

Position Control
Position control is a device built into the tractor to hold and implement at a constant height above ground
level, e.g. sprays, fertilizer spreaders etc. The control works with all mounted implement.
The control valve that raises or lowers the rear lift is connected to a hand control lever which can be the
same as the draft lever moved by the operator and this valve is controlled by a cam ring located on the
cross shaft of bell crank that turns as the lift is raised or lowered. As the lift raises, the linkage riding on the
cam ring will override the manual control and stop the lift at a
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

position dictated by the position of the control lever I the quadrant. This will keep the implement at a
constant position.

Mixed Control – Draft Position Control

This is again a device built into the tractor but now mixes the two controls, that is, position and draft, in
equal proportions. The effect of both controls is now halved. With varying soils the draft and position
controls affects the draft only slightly, i.e. it boosts traction with only slight change in working depth and
with light soils, the position control prevents the its required depth.

Response Control
Many tractors are now equipped with an adjustable control known as response or speed control, which
requires the speed at which implements are lifted or lowered. This valve is an adjustable flow divider ,built
into the line that supplies oil flow to the cylinder, some of the oils flows back to the reservoir and the other
amount of the lift cylinder hence the speed and response of lifting is governed by supplying more or less oil
to the lift cylinder.

Tractor External Hydraulics

Sometimes termed AUXILLARY HYDRAULICS, this facility is provided sometimes as standard, otherwise as
an optional extra. A separate control valve in the system allows oil to be pumped to external rams (or
motors) for lifting and tipping purposes, e.g. tipping trailer, reversible ploughs etc.
Care should be taken when using external to ensure the external ram is in its ‘down’ or closed position
prior to disconnecting from the tractor otherwise a significant amount of transmission oil may be removed
from the tractor.

Preventive Maintenance of Tractor Hydraulic System

In order to keep the hydraulic system operating efficiently, the following parts should be checked regularly
by the operator:
Reservoir, suction line pump, pressure line and oil filter, hoses remote cylinders.

Hydraulic Reservoir
The hydraulic reservoir is usually immediately below the operator’s seat and can be separate or together
with gearbox oil.
The reservoir stores the oil for the hydraulic system.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Maintenance checks on the reservoir and any necessary remedial action:

- Check the oil level in the reservoir before using the tractor .Use dipstick or eye level
glass to check the level. If below the recommended level, fill to the required level.
- Fill with the correct type of oil, and no other.
- When filling, observe cleanliness, i.e. fill the tan with clean oil as the system is a delicate one.
First wipe the filler cap and the area around it with lint-free cloth and use funnels for filling.

Suction line
The suction line takes oil from the reservoir to the pump.
The line can be internally or externally located on the side of the tractor.
Maintenance of the line when it is external:
- Check for leaks and cracks on the line to the pump.
Replace if damaged.
- Check for leaks and loose nuts on connections of the lines. Tighten them until no oil is coming
out and replace the washers if oil continues to leak.

Pump
The hydraulic pump can be inside the hydraulic reservoir, or can be outside, in front, or at the side of the
engine. The pump pumps oil from the reservoir and pushes it to where it is required.
Maintenance of the pump when it is external:
- Only check for leaks and loose bolts on the pump and if any are found loose, do not over
tighten.
- Any problem on the pump should be reported to the mechanic.

Pressure Line
The pressure line is from the pump to the control valve and carries oil under pressure from the pump.
Maintenance of the pressure line when it is external:
- Check for leaks on the pressure line and connections.
- Tighten connection if they are leaking and only tighten until the leaks stops. Replace the washer
if it is damaged.
- Replace heavily cracked lines and send for welding if the crack is not serious.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

Oil Filters
Oil filters are usually located under an in front of the driver’s seat. They filter out dirt that might have been
collected from the reservoir during filling or during operation. On some tractors, a magnetic plug is fitted
and this helps to remove metallic particles.
Se operator’s manual for individual tractors.
Maintenance of oil filters:
- Check that the bolts and nuts on the filters are tight. Tighten if necessary.
- Change the filter at the recommended period, i.e. as recommended by the manufacturer.
Hoses
These are usually steel reinforced rubber hoses designed for very high pressure.
Maintenance of the hoses:
- Check foe leaks on the horses and their connections.
Tighten carefully.
- Replace badly damaged hoses.

Remote cylinders
These are cylinders (or rams) on the equipment to be lifted, e.g. on front end loaders, and are actuated by
oil from the control valve to lift and lower the load. They can be double acting or single acting, depending
on the make.
Maintenance of the cylinders:
- Check for leaks on the cylinders and send for repair if there are any.
- When lifting fails because of air in the cylinder bleed the cylinder to get rid of air.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

14. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

This includes regular servicing which encompasses daily, weekly and periodic services. It also includes
keeping accurate records of tractor operations.

Regular maintenance of tractors and other machinery will:

- Reduce tractor failures on the farm and therefore increases productivity. -
Save on operation cost.
- Keep the tractor in good operational condition.

Daily service
These are daily checks and procedures carried out daily before starting the day’s work.
As a general rule all tractors need the following care after every 8-10 tractor hours: [Link]
oil checking
[Link] oil checking
[Link] system (Radiator water level/Fins)
[Link] liquid level, security clamps, terminals
[Link] pressure (front and rear)
[Link] in the tank
[Link](axle, 3 point linkage, implement)
[Link] cleaners

Engine /Transmission oil levels

The level of engine oil is checked in the sump with the Dip stick.
Dip stick is marked with max and min points, the oil level should be in between the 2 points. The tractor
with a separate dip stick for transmission, the same procedure as above should be followed.

Air cleaner
Main air cleaners can be either Dry element or Oil bath type.
For Dry element use a compressor to blow out dirty dust from inside.
For Oil bath check the oil level mark and add if necessary, change oil if the colour turns brownish
in colour.

Cooling system
The tractor can either have an air cooling system or a water cooling system.
Air cooling system:
- clean cooling fins for dust or dirty.
- check the v-belt tension and adjust if necessary.
Water cooling system:
- check the water level in the radiator, top if necessary.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

- check the v-belt tension and adjust if necessary.

- check radiator for dirty, leaves, insects which blocks the fins and clean if necessary.
Battery
- Check security clamps, tighten nuts if need be.
- Check terminals for acid corrosion, clean with warm water if there is need.
- Liquid level of battery to be checked, top with distilled water if the liquid is below the
cells.
Fuel
- Fuel tank should be filled after each day’s work to avoid condensation overnight.
- Regularly check the fuel sediment bowl for dirty and water, clean if necessary.

Grease
- Bolts and nuts should be checked by spanner to see if they are tight.
- Special attention should be given to wheel nuts and wheel weighs bolts, tighten if there
is need.

Weekly service
- Weekly service of the tractor done after 5 or 6 working days (50 tractor working hours).
- This service includes all daily maintenance checks mention above plus washing the
tractor and implement with detergent.

Periodic Service (200hrs)

- Complete all weekly servicing requirements.
- Change Engine oil (SAE 30/40).
- Change oil and fuel filters.

Yearly service (800-1000hrs)

- Complete all 200Hrs servicing requirements.
- Change gearbox/transmission oil and steering oil.
- Check and adjust engine valve clearance.
- Check and adjust injection pump pressure.
- Clean Fuel tank.
- Check or change oil in the final drives.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

15. TRACTOR OPERATION AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Common sense, judgment and self discipline must be exercised by tractor operators when driving a
tractor. A clear understanding of what the tractor can do, either on its own or attached to an implement
will help to make safe for the machinery and the driver.

TRACTOR DRIVING
Important checks before starting the tractor.
check engine oil level and take corrective action
check gear box oil level and take corrective action
check coolant level and take corrective action
Check tyre pressure (use pressure gauge/lugs on front wheels must touch the ground and on
rear must be slightly above ground for visual judgment.
check fuel level (use dipstick or ignition key)
Blow/clean air filters, use palm method or compressed air at recommended pressure.
grease all parts that need greasing (for example universal joints, wheel hub)
check any possible leaks and rectify for example pipes, unions, reservoirs for the following
systems. (Hydraulics, fuel and lubrication).
NB: also place hydraulic controls in neutral, disengage the PTO, apply brakes, depress clutch pedal

Tractor safety
By using care to avoid accidents and damage to the tractor you will prolong the life of the tractor and
reduce danger of personal injury. Two essential skills in operating tractors include: (1)Clutch
operation
(2)Transmission operation

Operating the clutch

Never engage the clutch quickly for manual /synromesh types. When tractor is under
heavy load quick engagement of the clutch puts tremendous strain on the tractor power
train and can even cause the tractor to tip backwards in some cases.
Never ride the clutch pedal while the machine is moving, this habit causes premature wear of the
clutch facing and puts strain on throw out bearings and on pressure plate assembly.
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

When increasing engine speed do so slowly, opening throttle suddenly in some

instances causes tractor to tip over backwards and overloads tractor power train.
Never engage the clutch when the engine is running at high speeds doing so can score
or burn the clutch facing and damage other parts.

Operating the transmission (Gear Changing)

Depress the clutch pedal
Select the speed range which you wish to operate in Place
transmission into gear
Slowly engage clutch with engine in slow to fast idle speed Move
throttle to desired operating speed

NB: To avoid transmission damage stop tractor then engage reverse rather than engaging
reverse while the tractor is in forward motion.
Low range gears can be used for braking the engine but when going uphill use the high range to
avoid tipping over.

Tractor controls
The operator must always be alert and check the signals on the control board for useful
information which is conveyed by the tractor engine .These instruments may include:
ammeter
oil pressure gauge
fuel gauge
engine coolant temperature gauge
tachometer/dynamometer
speedometer
warning lights
Weight transfer pressure gauge

Stopping the tractor

slow down
declutch ,find neutral gears positions and apply brakes evenly lower all
hydraulic equipment
place gear shift in park
turn ignition key off
disengage PTO
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

OPERATING HYDRAULICS
When the tractor engine is running, after the implementhas been hitched, lifting or lowering of the
implement can be achieved by moving the control lever backwards or forwards.
Most tractors have mechanical stops on the rocker-shaft control lever which can be set so that after raising
an implement the lever can be pushed back and will stop at the required operating level for the
implement.
For equipment working in the soil, the tractor has an automatic depth (or draft) control on the rocker-
shaft. This control will respond to increase or decrease in load caused by changes in the soil or uneven
surface, and make the rocker-shaft automatically raise or lower the implement to maintain a constant
draft load.
For equipment working above the ground, the tractor has position control which keeps the implement at a
constant height.
Remote cylinders are usually controlled by levers for each outlet with some provision for adjusting the
speed of lift or drop.
Depth control on remote cylinders is usually adjusted at the cylinder and not at the control lever.

HITCHING OF IMPLEMENTS
Proper hook up and tractor adjustment is vital for safe and efficient performance of all implements e.g.
minor changes in hitching can have a pronounced effect on trash flow and draft load of a mould board
plough.
Before hitching always consult the operator’s manual for specific procedure for the implement and tractor.

Attaching equipment to the drawbar

Always use high grade hitch pins only
Never attach load on axle
It is mandatory when towing any type of equipment with single hitch point always use
the drawbar.
Hitching to other parts damages the tractor and equipment and can cause fatal accidents. Hitching on axle
impose heavy load on final drive, differential and axle housing which can cause expensive damage .using
bolts and makeshift pins is dangerous, hitch pins must be fastened to prevent bounce out of hitch point .
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Drawbar adjustments
- 13 -17 “clearance from the ground allows safety for towing heavy loads and satisfactory
PTO hook-ups.
- Stay bars must be installed to hold drawbar at correct position this avoids using hydraulics to
support drawbar and prevents accidents caused by accidentally touching the hydraulic controls.
When turning implements attached to PTO attach drawbar extension to lock side movement of
drawbar to reduce stress on PTO.
- Use a jack stand to hold tongue of implement in position then slowly back the tractor to align
with the implement, set brakes /park, insert hitch pin and secure then remove jack stand.
- Lengthen drawbar to prevent implement climbing tyres at short turns and when operating PTO
equipment.
- Never position tractor from the ground, operating tractor and transmission from the ground
is extremely dangerous.
- Ensure brakes are on when hitching on sloppy grounds otherwise you may be pinned
between tractor and implement or the tractor could roll away.

3 point hitched implements

Has rockshaft, two lift arms, two draft links, upper link.
Attach left draglink first followed by right link and finally upper link.
Before hitching three point implements check the drawbar if it does not interfere with draft
links.

OPERATING P.T.O

Tractor will have one of the following types of P.T.O controls:

a)Transmission Drive P.T.O
The P.T.O is controlled by the clutch pedal and P.T.O shift lever
- When the tractor engine is running, press clutch pedal down and move P.T.O drive.
- Engage or disengage the clutch to control P.T.O rotation

b)Continuous Running P.T.O (2 Stage clutch)

With the tractor engine running:
- Press clutch down and engage forward gear
- Engage P.T.O shift lever
 Basic Tractor Maintenance And Operation

- Partially release clutch for P.T.O rotation

- Fully release clutch for forward motion and P.T.O rotation.
To stop tractor forward motion - press clutch down half-way
To stop P.T.O rotation - press clutch down fully.

c)Independent P.T.O
The independent P.T.O uses two clutches, one for forward motion of the tractor and one for control
of the P.T.O. The P.T.O clutch may be operated manually or hydraulically assisted.

Attaching PTO powered equipment

Never hitch 540 rpm speed driven equipment to 1000 rpm equipment setting or vice versa . Five and half
inches of shaft must remain within housing when power shaft is connected to the tractor. If shaft
disconnect during operation disconnect PTO immediately.

PTO shaft alignment

Shaft alignment is vital for machinery life, if shaft runs at extreme angles the universal joints quickly fail.
Extreme angles increase wear, for better machinery life keep the shaft as straight as possible.
For integral equipment the shaft must be level when machine is at operating height .semi integral
equipment must keep shaft straight

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Safety on the farm
Tractors are the main cause of accidental deaths on the farms. Over the year many farmers, farm workers
and others visiting farms have been killed or seriously injured. Falling from moving tractors being run over
by tractors, being crushed when the tractor rolls sideways or backwards and being trapped by power take
off powered machinery and equipment.

Identifying the hazard

The tractor driver must regularly check for hazards relating to tractors, attached implements and unsafe
field working conditions. The majority of hazard areas are listed herewith;
other people e.g. assistants even the driver in other cases
mechanical parts e.g. power take off, hydraulics
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operator training, untrained assistant operators may fall prey to accidental deaths or
injuries.
unsafe jacking
improper weight transference especially in uneven terrain chemicals
especially when using boom sprayers or mist blowers weather conditions

Tractor operator safety

Always read and follow safety procedure procedures in the manufacturer’s manual. If the
operator is illiterate as is the case with the majority of farm tractor operators then farmers or
farm managers will need to explain the meaning of instructions to the operators.
To reduce risk of back strain, fit a seat with side restraints and a back rest.
Not all tractor cabs are sound proof so wearing hearing protection is encouraged, this
reduces risk of hearing impairment in the long run.
Keep children away from tractors and machinery.
Always remove starter keys from tractors when they are not in use.
Have an up to date maintenance schedule.
Follow safe maintenance and jacking procedure.
Operators must not attempt to use tractors and machinery they are not sure of how to
operate.
always mount or dismount on a tractors left side where there are steps to avoid
disturbing
Controls, this might result in an accident causing injury or death.
Use correct ignition keys to start the tractor.
Adjust seat belts to ensure that all controls are safely reached.
Never carry passengers on the cab or mudguards or on implements.
Keep all guards in place including the PTO.
Always wear well fitting clothes /avoid loose clothes especially when working with the
PTO.