Indefinite Integral

Let f ( x) be a function, the family of all its primitives (or antiderivatives) is called the indefinite integral of f ( x)
and is denoted by ∫ f ( x)dx.

1. Standard Intergrals

x n +1 1 ax
n
(i) ∫ x dx = + C, n ≠ −1 (ii) ∫ dx = log | x | + C (iii) ∫e
x
dx = e + C x x
(iv) ∫ a dx = +C (v) ∫ sinxdx = − cos x + C (vi) ∫ cosxdx = sin x + C
n +1 x log a

2
(vii) ∫ sec xdx = tan x + C
2
(viii) ∫ cosec xdx = − cot x + C (ix) ∫ secx tan xdx = sec x + C (x)
∫ cosecx cot xdx = − cosec x + C (xi) ∫ cotxdx = log | sin x | +C
1 x
(xv) ∫ secxdx = log | secx+ tanx | +C ∫ dx = sin −1   + C
(xii) ∫ tanxdx = log | sec x | +C (xiv) ∫ cosecxdx = log | cosec x − cot x | + C (xvi) 2
a −x 2
a

1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 −1 x

(xvii) ∫ − dx = cos −1   + C (xviii) ∫ dx = tan −1   + C (xx) ∫ dx = sec −1   + C (xix) ∫ − a 2 + x 2 dx = a cot  a  + C
2
a −x 2
a 2
a +x 2
a a x x2 − a2 a a  

11 x
(xxi) ∫ − dx = cosec −1   + C
x x −a a2 2
a

2. Integration Using Partial Fractions

3.
Integration By Parts 4.
Integration By Substitution px + q A B px + q A B  du 
= + ,a ≠ b
(i)
(x − a)(x − b) x − a x − b (ii)
(x − a) 2
= +
x − a (x − a) 2 ∫ u ⋅ vdx = u ∫ vdx − ∫  dx ⋅ ∫ vdx dx
Expression Substitution
px 2 + qx + r A B C Follow ILATE
a2 + x2 x = atanθ or acotθ (iii) = + +
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) x − a x − b x − c
a2 − x2 x = asinθ or acosθ
px 2 + qx + r A B C
x −a2 2 x = asecθ or acosecθ (iv) = + +
(x − a) 2 (x − b) x − a (x − a) 2 x − b
a−x a+x x = acos2θ
or,
a+x a−x px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C
(v) = + 2
x −α
or, ( x − α )( x − β ) x = α cos 2θ + β sin 2θ
(x − a) x + bx + c( 2
) x − a x + bx + c
β −x
where x 2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further.

5. QUIK LOOK
dx 1 x −a
• ∫ x2 − a2 =
2a
log
x+a
+C
• ∫
dx
= log x + x 2 + a 2 + C • x 2 − a 2 dx =
x a2
x 2 − a 2 − log x + x 2 − a 2 + C
x2 + a2 2 2
dx 1 a+x
• ∫ a2 − x2 = log +C x 2 a2 x
2a a−x x
f (x) + f (x)  dx = e f (x) + C
′ x • ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = a − x 2 + sin −1   + C
• ∫e   2 2 a
dx x a2
2 2 • x 2 + a 2 dx = x2 + a2 + log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
• ∫ = log x + x − a + C
• ∫  xf
′
(x) + f (x) dx = xf (x) + C 2 2
x2 − a2

Integrals of different forms: 6.

(1)
∫ sin
m
xdx, ∫ cos m xdx , where m ≤ 4
f ′ ( x) { f ( x)}n +1
m m
express sin xand cos x in terms of sines and cosines of (3) ∫ f ( x)
dx = log{ f ( x)} + C (4)
∫ { f (x)} f ‘( x)dx =
n

n +1
, n ≠ −1
multiples of x by using the following identities:
1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
(ii) cos 2 x =
∫ tan xsec 2 n xdx, ∫ cot m xcosec 2 n xdx; m, n ∈ N
m
(i) sin 2 x = (5)
2 2

(iii) sin 3 x = 3sin x − 4sin

3
x (iv) cos 3 x = 4 cos
3
x − 3cos x Put tanx = t and sec 2 xdx = dt

(2) ∫ sinmx cos nxdx, ∫ sinmx sin nxdx, ∫ cosmx cos nxdx
∫ sin
m
(6) x cos n xdx, m, n ∈ N
use the following trigonometrical identities:
If the exponent of sin x is an odd positive integer put cosx=t
2sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin( A − B); 2 cos A sin B = sin( A + B) − sin( A − B)
If the exponent of cos x is an odd positive integer put sinx=t.
2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B) + cos( A − B); 2sin A sin B = cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)
 ∫ sin x cos n xdx , Where m, n ∈ Q, m + n is a negative even integer
m
(7) 1
2
(8) ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx
Change the integrand in terms of tan x and sec x by dividing numerator
k
and denominator by cos x ,where k = −( m + n) then put tan x = t express ax 2 + bx + c as the sum or difference of two squares.

px + q
(9) ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx
(10) ∫ ( px + q) ax 2 + bx + cdx
To evaluate this,
In order to evaluate this, write
d 
px + q = λ 
 dx
( )
ax 2 + bx + c  + µ i.e. px + q = λ (2ax + b) + µ

px + q = λ
d
( )
ax 2 + bx + c + µ i.e. px + q = λ (2ax + b) + µ
dx

P( x) 1 1
(11)
∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx ,where p (x) is a polynomial of degree two or more (12)
∫ a sin 2 2
dx, ∫ dx
x + b cos x a + b sin 2 x
P( x) R( x) 1 1 1
to evaluate this, write ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx = ∫ Q( x)dx + ∫ 2
ax + bx + c
dx
∫ a + b cos 2
x
dx, ∫
(a sin x + b cos x) 2
dx, ∫
a + b sin x + c cos 2 x
2
dx

To evaluate this type of integrals, divide numerator and

1 1 1
(13) ∫ dx, ∫ dx, ∫ dx denominator both by cos x.
2
a sin x + b cos x a + b sin x a + b cos x
1
∫ a sin x + b cos x + c dx a sin x + b cos x
2 tan x / 2 1 − tan 2 x / 2
(14) ∫ c sin x + d cos x dx
To evaluate this, put sin x = and, cos x =
1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2 To evaluate this, write Numerator
and simplify. = λ(Diff.
( of denominator)) + µ (Denominator))

e ax e ax
(16) ∫ e cos bxdx =
ax
(15) ∫ e sin bxdx = 2
ax
(a sin bx − b cos bx) + C (a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
a + b2 a 2 + b2

1 1
(17) ∫ ( px + q) ax 2 + bx + cdx (18) ∫ (ax + b) cx + d
dx (19) ∫ ( ax 2
+ bx + c ) px + q
dx

In order to evaluate this, write px + q = t 2

d put cx + d = t2 put
px + q = λ
dx
( )
ax 2 + bx + c + µ i.e. px + q = λ (2ax + b) + µ

1 1 −tdt
(20) ∫ (ax + b) dx (21) ∫ dx (22) ∫
2
px + qx + r ( ax 2
+b ) 2
cx + d ( a + bt ) 2
c + dt 2
1
put ax + b = 1 substitute c + dt 2 = u 2
t put x= to obtain
t

(1) Reduction Formula for Exponential Functions

Reduction formulas
7.
(2) Reduction Formula for Trigonometric Functions
• ∫ x e dx =  (1/ m) x e  −  ( n / m) ∫ x e  dx
n mx n −1 mx
n mx
  − Sin n −1 ( x) Cos( x) n − 1
•
∫ sin ( x)dx = ∫ Sin n − 2 ( x)dx
n
+
n n
• ∫e
mx
/ x n dx = − e mx / (n − 1) x n −1  + (m / n − 1) ∫ e mx / x n −1  dx, n ≠ 1
 
∫x cos( x)dx = x n sin( x) − n ∫ x n −1 sin( x) dx
n
•
(3) Reduction Formula for Logarithmic Functions
x n +1ln m x m
∫x sin( x)dx = − x n cos( x) + n ∫ x n −1 cos( x) dx
n
∫ x ln xdx = ∫ •
m
•
n
− x n ln m −1 xdx
n +1 n +1
ln m x ln m x m l m −1 x sin n +1 ( x) cos m −1 ( x) m − 1
∫ sin ( x) cos ( x)dx = ∫ sin n ( x) cos m − 2 ( x) dx
n m
• ∫ n =− • +
(n − 1) x n +1 n − 1 ∫ x n
+ dx, n ≠ 1
x n+m n+m

(4) Reduction Formula for Inverse Trigonometric Functions dx cos x (n − 2) dx

xn +1
1 x n +1
•
∫ sin n
x
=− + ∫
(n − 1) sin x (n − 1) sin n − 2 x
n −1
,n ≠1
• ∫x
n
arcsin xdx =
n +1
arcsin x − ∫
n + 1 1 − x2
dx
dx sin x (n − 2) dx
x n +1 1 x n +1
• ∫ cos n
x
= + ∫
(n − 1) cos x (n − 1) cos n − 2 x
n −1
,n ≠1
∫ x arccos xdx = n + 1 ∫ 1 − x2
•
n
arccos x + dx
n +1 tan n −1 ( x)
•
∫ tan ( x)dx = − ∫ tan n − 2 ( x)dx
n

x n +1 1 x n +1 n −1
∫ x arctan xdx = n + 1 ∫ 1 + x2
•
n
arctan x − dx
n +1
 (5) Reduction Formula for Algebraic Functions

dx −2ax − b 2(2n − 3)a dx dx x 2n − 3 dx

•∫ = −
( )∫
,n ≠1 • ∫ = + ∫ ,n ≠1
(x ) (x ) (x )
n −1 n −1
( ax ) ( )( ) ( ax )
n
2(n − 1)a 2
n n −1 n −1
(n − 1) b 2 − 4ac 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2(n − 1)a
2 2 2 2
+ bx + c (n − 1) b − 4ac ax + bx + c + bx + c +a +a +a

dx x 2n − 3 dx
• ∫ = − ∫ ,n ≠1
( ) ( ) ( )
n n −1 n −1
x2 − a2 2(n − 1)a 2 x 2 a 2 2(n − 1)a 2 x2 − a2

8.
Derived substitutions:
A. Algebraic Twins
2 x2 2
2x 2
x +1 2
x −1 2 2 x2 + 1 x2 −1 •∫ dx ⋅ ∫ 4 dx
•∫ 4
dx = ∫ 4 dx + ∫ 4 dx, ∫
• 4
x +1
dx = ∫
x4 + 1
dx − ∫
x4 + 1
dx ( 4
x + 1 + kx 2
)
x + 1 + kx 2 ( )
x +1 x +1 x +1

B. Trigonometric twins
1 1 ± sin x ± cos x
• ∫ tan xdx, ∫ cot xdx, • ∫ ( sin 4 4
x + cos x
dx, ∫ 6
)6
sin x + cos x
dx, ∫
(
a + b sin x cos x
dx.
)