Sapthagiri NPS University
Department of Mathematics
Question Bank
MODULE 1: Differential calculus – II
Taylor Series:
Taylor series expansion about the point is given by
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Maclaurin’s series Expansion:
If then we have the following expansion for ( ) around the origin (0,0)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING (5 Marks)
1. Expand ( ) in powers of ( ) upto third degree terms.
2. Using Maclaurin’s series expand ( ) ( ) up to the term containing .
3. Expand ( ) ( ) in powers of upto the terms containing .
4. Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of upto the term containing
5. Expand using Maclaurin’s theorem up to the terms containing
6. Expand ( ) by the Maclaurin’s series up to the term containing of term.
7. Expand ( ) using Maclaurin’s series up to the term containing .
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING (7 or 8 marks)
1. Using Maclaurin’s series expand ( ) up to sixth degree terms.
2. Expand ( ) using Maclaurin’s series up to the term containing .
3. Using Maclaurin’s theorem prove that √
4. Expand by using Maclaurin’s series for the function ( ) up to fourth degree
terms.
Indeterminate forms
While evaluating certain limits, we come across expressions of the form
0
, , 0 , , 00 , 0 and 1 which do not represent any value. Such expressions are called
0
Indeterminate Forms. There is no actual value for these expressions.
We can evaluate such limits that lead to indeterminate forms by using L’Hospital’s Rule.
L’Hospital’s Rule
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that
(i) lim f ( x) 0 and lim g ( x) 0
x a x a
(ii) f ( x) andg( x) exist and g(a) 0
f ( x) f ( x )
Then lim lim
xa g ( x) x a g ( x)
(Differentiate both numerator and denominator separately)
The above rule can be extended, i.e, if
f ( x) f ( x) f ( x)
f (a ) 0 and g (a ) 0 then lim lim lim .....
xa g ( x) x a g ( x ) x a g ( x )
Limits of the form and : The indeterminate forms of this type can be evaluated using
0
0
L’Hospital’s Rule by replacing the functions by their derivatives.
Limits of the form: 00 , 0 and 1
To evaluate such limits, where function to the power of function exists, we call such an
expression as some constant, then take logarithm on both sides of the function whose limit is
0
required and rewrite the expressions to get or form and then apply the L’Hospital’s Rule.
0
Working procedure is as follows:
To evaluate the limits of the form 00 , 0 and 1 i.e, where function to the power of function
exists, first identify the form
Take such an expression as some constant A.
0
Take logarithm on both sides and rewrite the expressions to get or form and then apply
0
the L’Hospital’s Rule.
See any possible simplification can be done
Continue till we obtain the finite value
Evaluate the following (5 Marks)
9. ( )
1. ( ) 10. ( )
( ⁄ )
2. ( ) 11. ( )
3. 12. ( )
4. ( ) 13.
5. ( ) 14. ( )
6. ( ) 15. ( )
16. ( )
7. ( )
17.
8. ( )
Radius of Curvature
(5, 6 or 7 Marks)
1. Find the radius of curvature at any point P(x, y) on the parabola
2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve ( ) at any point (x,y)
3. Find the radius of curvature of the curve at the point ( )
4. Find the radius of curvature of at ( ) on it.
5. Find the radius of curvature of the curve ( ) at the point ( ).
6. Find the radius of curvature of the curve at the point where the curve
cuts x-axis or at the point ( ).
( )
7. Find the radius of curvature for the curve at the point where the curve cuts
x-axis or at the point ( ).
8. Find the radius of curvature of the curve ( ) ( )
9. Find the radius of curvature of the curve * ( )+ .
10. Find the radius of curvature of the curve ( ) ( )
11. Find the radius of curvature of the curve
12. Find the radius of curvature of the curve
13. S.T for the curve ( )
14. Prove that is a constant for the cardioid ( ) where is the radius of
curvature.
15. For the curve , prove that
16. Find the radius of curvature of the curve