MWI

NGITEACHERSTRAI
NING
COLLEGE

FACI
LITATI
ONMANUAL

COURSE:DPTE/
DECTEUPGRADI
NG

UNI
T:CHI
LDGROWTHAND
PSYCHOLOGY

UNI
TCATEGORY:PROFESSI
ONAL

FACI
LITATOR:WI
LLYKI
ETI

Fi
rstEdi
ti
on2021
WEEKONE:
(4TH-10THOCT2021)

SESSI
ON:ONE TI
ME:1HOUR

STRAND1.
0:CHI
LDGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENT

SUBSTRAND1.
1:CONCEPTSI
NCHI
LDGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENT

KeyAr
east
obecov
ered

 Def
ini
ti
onsoft
ermsr
elat
edt
ochi
l
dgr
owt
handdev
elopment

 Pr
inci
plesofgr
owt
handdev
elopment

 Di
ff
erencesbet
weengr
owt
handdev
elopment

 Aspect
sofgr
owt
handdev
elopment

Faci
l
itat
orsNot
es

Uni
t1.
1.1:Def
ini
ti
onsoft
ermsr
elat
edt
ochi
ldgr
owt
handdev
elopment

 Chi
ld-
Anyper
sonundert
heageof18y
ear
saccor
dingt
oKeny
an
Const
it
uti
on.

 Gr
owt
h-Thi
sist
hei
ncr
easei
nsi
ze,
hei
ght
,shapeandmass
dependi
ngonage.

 Dev
elopment
-Thi
sisi
ncr
easei
ncompl
exi
tyoff
unct
ioni
ngi
na
per
son

 Psy
chol
ogy
-Thi
sist
hesci
ent
if
icst
udyoft
hehumanmi
nd,
funct
ions
andbehav
iori
nagi
vencont
ext
.
 Concept
ion-Thi
sist
hef
usi
onofsper
m cel
landov
um f
ormi
ng
zy
got
e.

 Ant
enat
alcar
e-Thi
sist
hecar
egi
vent
oexpect
edmot
herandy
oung
chi
l
dreni
nacl
i
nic.

 Pr
e-nat
alper
iod-Thi
sist
heper
iodaf
terconcept
iont
othebi
rt
hoft
he
baby
.(gest
ati
on/
pregnancyper
iod)

 Per
i-
nat
alper
iod-Thi
sist
heper
iodbet
weent
heonsetofl
abort
othe
bi
rt
hoft
hebaby
.

 Post
-nat
alper
iod-Thi
sist
hecar
egi
vent
othemot
herandchi
l
daf
ter
bi
rt
h.

 Mi
lest
one-Thi
sisasi
gni
fi
cantchar
act
eri
sti
cbehav
iorwhi
chmar
ks
dev
elopmentofachi
l
dindi
ff
erentaspect
s.

 Gene-Thi
sist
hebasi
cbi
ologi
cal
uni
tofher
edi
tyi
nfor
m of
DNA(
Deoxy
riboNucl
eicAci
d)whi
chcont
ri
but
etocer
tai
nfeat
uresof
t
hebody(
col
our
,hei
ghtandsex)

 Chr
omosome-Thi
sisat
hreadl
i
kest
ruct
urei
nthecel
lthatcar
ri
es
her
edi
tar
yinf
ormat
ioni
nfor
m [Link]
nghas23pai
rs
ofchr
omosomes.

The22pai
rsofchr
omosomesar
ecal
l
edaut
osomesandar
e
r
esponsi
blef
ort
hebodychar
act
eri
sti
cswhi
l
ethe23r
dpai
rissex
chr
omosomewhi
chcanbeei
therYXf
ormal
eand XXf
orf
emal
e.

 Qui
ckeni
ng-Thi
sist
hesensat
ionf
eltbymot
herwhi
l
ebabyki
cks.
  Mat
urat
ion-Thi
sist
hepr
ocessofdi
ff
erent
iat
iont
hatpr
oduceadul
t
f
orm ofanor
gani
sm.

 Her
edi
ty-Thi
sist
het
ransmi
ssi
onofgenet
icqual
i
tiesofourpar
ent
s
t
oof
fspr
ings.

 Hor
mone-I
t'
ssubst
ancesecr
etedi
nspeci
fi
cpar
tsoft
hebodyand
t
hatl
i
kemessengermol
ecul
esi
nthebody
.Af
tersecr
eti
on,
theyt
rav
el
t
oot
herpar
tsoft
hebodywher
etheyhel
pcont
rol
howcel
l
sand
or
gansdot
hei
rwor
k.

Forexampl
e,oest
rogenandpr
ogest
eronear
ehor
monespr
oducedi
n
t
hef
emal
eov
ari
esbyt
heCor
pusLut
eum t
oregul
atet
hemenst
rual
cy
[Link]
rogenhel
psi
nov
ulat
ionwhi
l
ePr
ogest
eronepr
epar
est
he
endomet
ri
um (
themucousmembr
anel
i
ningt
hewomb)f
ort
he
pot
ent
ial
ofpr
egnancyaf
terov
ulat
ionandsubsequentmant
ainance
ofpr
egnancyunt
ilgest
ati
onper
iodi
sov
er.

Uni
t1.
1.2:
Pri
nci
plesandDi
ff
erencesofGr
owt
handDev
elopment

1.
1.2.
1:Pr
inci
ples/
char
act
eri
sti
csofGr
owt
handDev
elopment

 Dev
elopmenti
scont
inuosandor
der
ly-
-bot
hlegsgr
owatt
hesame
t
imeandr
ate

 Gr
owt
handDev
elopmentf
oll
owsanor
der
ly/
uni
ver
sal
pat
ter
nof
st
agese.
gfr
om i
nfancy
,tot
oddl
erhood,
toear
lyChi
l
dhoodet
cupt
o
adul
thood

 Fol
l
owst
hePr
inci
pleofcephal
ocaudal
andpr
oxi
modi
stal
pat
ter
nsof
 Dev
el .Thecephal
opment ocaudalpat
ter
nofdevel
opmenti
sthe
gener
alpat
ter
nofphy
sical
andmot
ori
cdev
elopmentwher
eby
dev
elopmentf
oll
owsahead-
to-
toepr
ogr
essi
on(
cephal
o=head,
caudal
=tai
l
)--
li
fthead,
pickupobj
ect
s,wal
ktoobj [Link]
ect
pr
oxi
modi
stalpat
ter
nofdevel
opmenti
swher
egr
owt
hst
art
satt
he
cent
reoft
hebodyout
war
dsorf
rom neart
ofar
.Anexampl
eofsuch
apat
ter
nist
heear
lydev
elopmentofmuscul
arcont
rol
oft
het
runk
andar
msr
elat
ivet
othehandsandf
inger
s

 Gr
owt
handDev
elopmentpr
oceedsf
rom egocent
ri
cism t
o
al
l
ocent
ri
cism

 Gr
owt
handDev
elopmentpr
oceedsf
rom het
eronomy(
dependence)
t
oaut
onomy

 Gr
owt
handDev
elopmenti
sani
ndi
vi
dual
i
zedpr
ocess(
uni
quepace)

 Gr
owt
handDev
elopmenti
spr
edi
ctabl
e

 Gr
owt
handDev
elopmenti
sthepr
oductoft
hei
nter
act
ionbet
ween
mat
urat
ionandl
ear
ning

 Fol
l
owst
hePr
inci
pleofi
nter
rel
ati
onbet
weent
heaspect
sofgr
owt
h
anddev
elopment

 Gr
owt
handdev
elopmentpr
oceedsf
rom t
hesi
mpl
etot
hecompl
ex-
-
sl
eepi
ng,
bei
ngf
ed,
hol
dingt
hebot
tl
e,f
eedi
ngsel
f.

 Gr
owt
handDev
elopmenti
sthepr
oductoft
hei
nter
act
ionbet
ween
her
edi
ty(
nat
ure/
biol
ogi
cal
/i
nher
it
ed)andenv
ironment
(nur
tur
e)
1.
1.2.
2:TheDi
ff
erencesbet
weenGr
owt
handDev
elopment
.

S/
[Link]
owt
h Dev
elopment

1. Changesi
nphy
sical Changesi
ncompl
exi
tyofment
al
si
ze,
shape,
wei
ghtandhei
ght andst
rut
ural
funct
ioni
ng

2. Canbemeasur
edusi
ngst
andar
ds Canbemeasur
edt
hrough
uni
tse.
gwei
ghti
nkgsandhei
ghti
n qual
i
tat
iveanal
ysi
sofl
evel
of
f
eet
(quant
it
ati
ve) per
for
manceoft
asks(
qual
i
tat
ive)

3. St
opsatacer
tai
nst
ageofl
i
fe I
t'
sacont
inuous/
li
fel
ongpr
ocess

4. I
t'
sspeci
fi
ci.
einv
olv
esapar
ti
cul
ar I
t'
sgener
al(
inv
olv
esov
eral
lchanges
par
t i
nfunct
ioni
ng)

5. Changesar
eov
ert
(di
rect
ly Changesar
ecov
ert
(i
ndi
rect
ly
obser
vabl
e) obser
vedt
hrought
est
ing
/
assessment
)

Uni
t1.
1.3:Aspect
sofgr
owt
handdev
elopment

 Thesear
eal
socal
l
edar
eas/
domai
nsofgr
owt
handdev
elopment
.

 Theyi
ncl
ude;

[Link]
sicalandPsy
chomot
orDev
elopment
-ItI
ncl
udesmuscl
e
coor
dinat
ionandcont
rol
,gr
owt
hinsi
zeandi
npr
opor
ti
[Link]
es:
achi
l
drol
l
ingov
er,
li
ft
ingi
tshead,
orsi
tt
ingup.
[Link]
ti
ve/
ment
alDev
elopment
-Theabi
l
ityoft
hebr
ainormi
ndt
o
t
akei
nandpr
ocessi
nfor
mat
[Link]
es:
achi
l
drecogni
zi
ngt
hei
r
name,
orr
ecogni
zi
ngapar
ent
,recogni
zi
ngt
hatwhent
heyshakea
r
att
lei
twi
l
lmakeanoi
se.

[Link]
elopment
-theabi
l
ityofachi
l
dtousear
bit
rar
ysy
mbol
s
t
oexpr
esst
hei
rthought
s,emot
ionsandf
eel
i
ngs.I
thel
psi
nef
fect
ive
communi
cat
ion.

[Link]
alDev
elopment
-Theabi
l
ityofachi
l
dinl
ear
ninganddi
scov
eri
ng
t
heexpect
ati
onsandr
ulesf
ori
nter
act
ingwi
thot
her
[Link]
es:
a
chi
l
dsmi
l
ingatmot
her
,achi
l
dlear
ningt
oshar
eat
oywi
thaf
ri
end.

[Link]
ionalDev
elopment
-Inv
olv
est
heabi
l
ityt
orecogni
zeand
under
standf
eel
i
ngsandhowt
orespondt
othem appr
opr
iat
ely
.
Exampl
e:achi
l
dfeel
i
ngj
eal
ousyduet
oanewbabyi
nthef
ami
l
y,a
chi
l
dfeel
i
ngl
ovef
oranot
herper
son,
achi
l
dbei
ngaf
rai
doft
hedar
k.

[Link]
aldev
elopment
-inv
olv
esI
dent
if
yingper
sonal
val
[Link]
es:
r
ightorwr
ong,
behav
ingaccor
dingt
owhatot
her
sneedorwant
,
r
espect
inghumanr
ight
s,dev
elopi
ngpr
inci
plest
ogui
debehav
ior
.

[Link]
het
icdev
elopment
-Theabi
l
ityt
oval
ueandconser
vet
hebeaut
y
oft
heenv
ironment
.E.
gchoi
ceofcol
our
swhencol
ori
ngt
oexact
ly
r
epr
esentdi
ff
erentphenomenonsofnat
ure.

[Link]
ri
tualdev
elopment
-theabi
l
ityt
ounder
standt
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
p
wi
tht
hesupr
emebei
ng(
God)
Act
ivi
ty:

Gr
oupwor
k:I
ngr
oupsoff
iveconductadi
scussi
onont
her
elat
ionshi
p
bet
weent
heaspect
sofgr
owt
handdev
elopmentandmakeapr
esent
ati
on

Ext
endedwor
k:Makesummar
ynot
esont
heconcept
sofgr
owt
hand
dev
elopment
.

WEEKONE:
(4TH-10THOCT2021)

SESSI
ON:TWO TI
ME:HOUR

SUBSTRAND1.
2:HUMANREPRODUCTI
ONSYSTEM ANDPRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT

Uni
t1.
2.1:Funct
ionsoft
hemal
eandf
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stems

KeyAr
east
obecov
ered

 Themal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem

 Thef
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem

Faci
li
tat
or'
snot
es

1.
2.1.
1:TheMal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem

Gener
alFunct
ionsoft
hemal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem

 Pr
oduci
ngandt
ranspor
ti
ngsper
m.

 Ej
acul
ati
ngsper
mint
othef
emal
erepr
oduct
ivet
ract
.

 Pr
oduci
ngandsecr
eti
ngmal
ehor
monese.
gtest
est
erone
Par
tsandFunct
ionsofpar
tsofmal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem

Theext
ernalmal
erepr
oduct
ivest
ruct
ures

 Mostoft
hemal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem i
slocat
edout
sideofy
ourabdomi
nal
cav
ityor
pel
vi
s.

 Theexter
nalpart
softhemaler
epr
oduct
ivesy
stem i
ncl
udet
hepeni
s,t
hescr
otum,
the
test
icl
esandtheepi
didymi
s.

1.
Peni
s

 Thepeni
sist
hemal
eor
ganf
orsexual
int
ercour
se.I
thasf
ourpar
ts:

i
)Ther
oot

 Thi
sist
hepar
toft
hepeni
sthatat
tachest
othewal
lofy
ourabdomen.

i
i)
Thebodyorshaf
t

 It
'sShapedli
keat
ubeorcy
li
nder
,thebodyoft
hepeni
sismadeupoft
hreei
nter
nal
chambers.
  I
nsi
dethesechambersther
e’saspeci
al,
sponge-
li
keerecti
leti
ssuethatcontai
ns
t
housandsofl
argespacesthatf
il
lwit
hbloodwhenyou’resexual
lyaroused.

 Ast hepeni
sfi
ll
swithbl
ood,i
tbecomesrigi
danderect
,whi
chall
owsforpenet
rat
ion
dur
[Link]
nofthepeni
sislooseandel
ast
ic,al
l
owingf
orchangesinpeni
ssize
dur
inganerect
ion.

i
ii
)Thegl
ans

 Thi
sist
hecone-
shapedendoft
hepeni
s.

 Theglans,
whichi
salsocal
ledt
heheadoft
hepenis,
iscov
eredwi
thal oosel
ayerof
ski
ncall
edfor
eski
nthati
sremovedi
naprocedur
ecall
edci
rcumci
sion.

i
v)Theopeni
ngoft
heur
ethr
a

 Thisi
sthet
ubethatt
ranspor
tsbot
hsemenandur
ineoutoft
hebody—i
slocat
edatt
he
ti
pofthegl
anspeni
s.

 Thepeni
sal
socont
ainsmanysensi
ti
vener
veendi
ngs.

 Semen,
whi
chcontainssper
m,isexpel
led(ej
acul
ated)t
hrought
heendoft
hepeni
s
whenamanreachessexual
cli
max(orgasm).

 Whenthepeni
siserect,
thefl
owofur
inei
sbl
ockedf
rom t
heur
ethr
a,al
l
owi
ngonl
y
sementobeej
aculatedator
gasm.
2.
Scr
otum

 Thescr
otum i
sthel
oosepouch-
li
kesacofski
nthathangsbehi
ndt
hepeni
s.

 I
thol
dst
het
est
icl
es(
alsocal
l
edt
est
es)
,aswel
lasmanyner
vesandbl
oodv
essel
s.

Thescr
otum pr
otect
syourt
est
es,
aswel
laspr
ovi
dingasor
tofcl
i
mat
econt
rol
syst
em.

 Fornormalsper
m devel
opment
,thet
est
esmustbeatat
emper
atur
esl
i
ght
lycool
ert
han
thebodytemperat
ure.

 Speci
almusclesinthewall
oft hescr
otum al
l
owitt
ocontr
act(
tight
en)andrel
ax,
movi
ngthetesti
clescl
osertothebodyforwarmt
handprot
ecti
onorfart
herawayfrom
t
hebodytocool t
hetemperature.

3.
Test
icl
es(
test
es)

 Thetest
esar
eov alor
gansaboutthesi
zeofver
ylargeol
iv
esthatl
i
eint
hescr
otum,
secur
edatei
therendbyastruct
urecal
l
edthespermati
ccord.

 Mostmenhav
etwot
est
es.

 Thet
estesareresponsi
blef
ormaki
ngt
est
ost
erone,
thepr
imar
ymal
esexhor
mone,
and
f
orpr
oducingsperm.

 Wi
thi
nthet
est
esar
ecoi
l
edmassesoft
ubescal
l
edsemi
nif
eroust
ubul
es.

 Theset
ubul
esareresponsi
blef
orpr
oduci
ngt
hesper
m cel
l
sthr
oughapr
ocesscal
l
ed
sper
mat
ogenesi
s.

4.
Epi
didy
mis

 Theepi
didy
misi
sal
ong,
coi
l
edt
ubet
hatr
est
sont
hebacksi
deofeacht
est
icl
e.

 I
tcar
ri
esandst
oressper
m cel
l
sthatar
ecr
eat
edi
nthet
est
es.

 It
’salsot
hej
oboftheepi
didymi
stobri
ngt
hespermtomaturi
ty—thesper
mthat
emergefr
om t
het
estesar
ei mmatur
eandi
ncapabl
eoff
ert
il
izat
ion.

 Dur
ingsexual
arousal
,cont
ract
ionsf
orcet
hesper
mint
othev
asdef
erens.

Thei
nter
nalmal
erepr
oduct
iveor
gans

1.
Vasdef
erens

 Thev
asdef
erensi
sal
ong,
muscul
art
ubet
hatt
rav
elsf
rom t
heepi
didy
misi
ntot
hepel
vi
c
 cav
ity
,toj
ustbehi
ndt
hebl
adder
.

 Thev
asdef
erenst
ranspor
tsmat
uresper
mtot
heur
ethr
ainpr
epar
ati
onf
orej
acul
ati
on.

2.
Ejacul
ator
yduct
s

 Theseductsarefor
medbythefusi
onofthev
asdef
erensandt
hesemi
nal
vesi
[Link]
ej
aculat
oryductsempt
yint
otheurethr
a.

3.
Uret
hra

 Theur
ethr
aist
het
ubet
hatcar
ri
esur
inef
rom t
hebl
addert
oout
sideofy
ourbody
.

 I
nmales,
ithast
headdi
ti
onal
funct
ionofexpel
l
ing(
ejacul
ati
ng)semenwheny
our
each
or
gasm.

 Whenthepeni
siserectduri
ngsex,t
hef
lowofur
inei
sbl
ockedf
rom t
heur
ethr
a,al
l
owi
ng
onl
ysementobeejaculat
edatorgasm.

4.
Semi
nalv
esi
cles

 Theseminalv
esi
clesar
esac-
li
kepouchest
hatat
tacht
othev
asdef
erensneart
hebase
oft
hebladder
.

 Thesemi
nalvesi
clesmakeasugar
-r
ichf
lui
d(f
ructose)t
hatprov
idessper
m wi
tha
sour
ceofener
gyandhelpswi
ththesper
ms’abi
li
tytomov e(moti
li
ty)
.

 Thefl
uidofthesemi
nal
vesi
clesmakesupmostoft
hev
olumeofy
ourej
acul
ator
yfl
uid,
orej
aculat
e.

5.
Prost
ategl
and

 Theprost
ategl
andi
sawal
nut
-si
zedst
ruct
uret
hat
’sl
ocat
edbel
owt
heur
inar
ybl
adderi
n
f
rontoft
herect
um.

 Theprostat
eglandcont
ri
but
esaddi
ti
onal
flui
dtot
heej
acul
[Link]
ost
atef
lui
dsal
sohel
p
tonouri
shthesperm.

 Theuret
hra,whichcarr
iestheej
acul
atet
obeexpel
l
eddur
ingor
gasm,
runst
hrought
he
cent
eroftheprostat
egland.

6.
Bul
bour
ethr
algl
ands

 Thebul
bouret
hralgl
ands,orCowper
’sgl
ands,
arepea-
sizedst
ruct
uresl
ocat
edont
he
si
desoftheuret
hra,
justbel
owtheprost
ategl
and.

 Thesegl
andspr
oduceacl
ear
,sl
i
pper
yfl
uidt
hatempt
iesdi
rect
lyi
ntot
heur
ethr
a.
  Thisfl
uidser
vestolubr
icatet
heuret
hraandt
oneutr
ali
zeanyaci
dit
ythatmaybe
pr
esentduetoresi
dualdropsofur
inei
ntheur
ethr
a.

How t
hemal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem f
unct
ions

 Theent
ir
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem i
sdependentonhor
mones.

 Thesear
echemi
cal
sthatst
imul
ateorr
egul
atet
heact
ivi
tyoft
hecel
l
soror
gans.

 Thepri
maryhormonesi
nvol
vedi
nthefunct
ioningoft
hemaler
eproduct
ivesy
stem
ar
efol
l
icl
e-st
imul
ati
nghormone(
FSH),
lutei
nizi
nghormone(
LH)andtest
oster
one.

 FSHandLHar eproducedbythepit
uit
arygl
andlocat
edatt
hebaseoft
hebr
ainand
i
t’
sresponsi
blef
ormanyf unct
ionsi
nthebody.

 FSHi
snecessar
yforsper
m pr
oduct
ion(
sper
mat
ogenesi
s).

 LHst i
mul
atestheproduct
ionoftest
oster
onei
nthet
est
es,
whi
chi
snecessar
yto
cont
inuet
heprocessofspermatogenesi
s.

 Test
oster
onei
salsoimpor
tantinthedevel
opmentofmalechar
acter
ist
ics,
incl
udi
ng
musclemassandstr
engt
h,fatdist
ri
but
ion,bonemassandsexdri
ve.
TheFemal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem

Gener
alf
unct
ions/
Rol
es

 I
tpr
oducest
hef
emal
eeggcel
l
snecessar
yforr
epr
oduct
ion,
cal
l
edt
heov
aoroocy
tes.

 Thesy
stem i
sdesi
gnedt
otr
anspor
ttheov
atot
hesi
teoff
ert
il
izat
ion.

 Thesy st
em al
l
owsi
mpl
ant
ati
onofzy
got
eaf
terf
ert
il
izat
ionandchi
l
dgr
owt
hdur
ing
pregnancy.

 Thesy
stem i
sdesi
gnedt
omenst
ruat
e(t
hemont
hlysheddi
ngoft
heut
eri
nel
i
ning)
.

 Thesy
stem pr
oducesf
emal
esexhor
monest
hatmai
ntai
nther
epr
oduct
ivecy
cle.

Thepar
tsandf
unct
ionsoft
hef
emal
esy
stem

Thefemaler
eproduct
iveanat
omyi
ncl
udesi
nter
nalpar
ts(i
nsi
det
hebody
)andext
ernal
par
ts
(out
sidet
hebody)
Theext
ernalpar
ts

-
Thef
unct
ionoft
heext
ernal
femal
erepr
oduct
ivest
ruct
ures(
thegeni
tal
s)ar
e;

 Toenabl
esper
mtoent
ert
hebody
.

 Topr
otectt
hei
nter
nal
geni
tal
organsf
rom i
nfect
iousor
gani
sms.

-
Themai
next
ernal
str
uct
uresoft
hef
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem i
ncl
ude:

1.
Thev
ulv
a

 I
t'
smadeupoft
wot
ypesofl
i
ps;
Labi
amaj
oraandl
abi
ami
nor
a.

i
)Labi
amaj
ora(
lar
gel
ips)

 Thel
abi
amaj
oraencl
oseandpr
otectt
heot
herext
ernal
repr
oduct
iveor
gans.

 Theyar
erel
ati
vel
ylar
geandf
leshy
,andar
ecompar
abl
etot
hescr
otum i
nmal
es.

 Thel
abi
amaj
oracont
ainsweatandoi
l
-secr
eti
nggl
ands.

 Af
terpuber
ty,
thel
abi
amaj
oraar
ecov
eredwi
thhai
r.

i
i)
Labi
ami
nor
a(smal
lli
ps)

 Thel
abi
ami
nor
acanbev
erysmal
lorupt
o2i
ncheswi
de.

 Theyli
ejusti
nsi
det
hel
abi
amaj
ora,
andsur
roundt
heopeni
ngst
othev
agi
naandt
he
ur
ethr
a.

2.
Bar
thol
in'
sgl
ands

 Theseglandsar
elocat
edbesi
det
hev
agi
nal
openi
ngandpr
oduceaf
lui
d(mucus)
secr
eti
on.

3.
Cli
tor
is

 Thetwolabi
aminor
ameetatt
hecl
it
ori
s,asmal
l
,sensi
ti
vepr
otr
usi
ont
hati
s
compar
abletot
hepeni
sinmal
es.

 Thecli
tor
isiscov
eredbyafol
dofski
n,cal
l
edt
hepr
epuce,
whi
chi
ssi
mil
art
othe
f
oreski
nattheendofthepeni
s.

 Li
ket
hepeni
s,t
hecl
i
tor
isi
sver
ysensi
ti
vet
ost
imul
ati
onandcanbecomeer
ect
.
Thei
nter
nalpar
ts
Thei
nter
nal
repr
oduct
iveor
gansi
nthef
emal
eincl
ude:

1.
Vagi
na

 Thevagi
naisacanalt
hatjoi
nsthecerv
ix(t
hel
owerpar
tofut
erus)t
otheout
sideoft
he
body
.Ital
soisknownasthebir
thcanal.

 I
trecei
vessper
msdur
ingsexual
int
ercour
se.

[Link]
erus(
womb)

 Theut
erusi
sahol
l
ow,
pear
-shapedor
gant
hati
sthehomet
oadev
elopi
ngf
etus.

 Theuter
usisdi
videdi
ntot
wopart
s:t
hecerv
ix,
whichisthelowerpar
tthatopensi
nto
thev
agina,
andthemainbodyoft
heuter
us,
call
edthecorpus.

i
)Thecer
vix

 I
tcont
ainsmuscl
eswhi
chr
elaxandcont
ract
.

 Themuscl
edi
l
atet
oleav
eanopeni
ngf
orpassageofsper
msdur
ingsexual
 i
nter
cour
se,
passageofmenst
rual
bloodandal
sopaasageofbabydur
ingdur
ingdel
i
ver
y.

 Theycont
ractt
oclosetoMantai
nthebabyi
nsi
dethewombdur
ingpr
egnancyandal
so
toprev
entsper
m entr
yint
otheuter
usaft
erpr
egnancy
.

i
i)Thecor
pus

 Thi
sist
hepor
ch-
li
kest
ruct
uret
hatcaneasi
l
yexpandt
ohol
dadev
elopi
ngbaby
.

3.
Fal
lopi
ant
ubes

 Thesear
enarr
owtubesthatar
eatt
achedtotheupperpar
toftheuter
usandser
veas
t
unnel
sfort
heova(eggcel
ls)t
otr
avelf
rom t
heovari
estotheuter
us.

 Concept
ion,
thef
ert
il
izat
ionofaneggbyasper
m,nor
mal
l
yoccur
sint
hef
all
opi
ant
ubes.

 Thef er
ti
li
zedeggt
henmov
est
otheut
erus,
wher
eiti
mpl
ant
sint
othel
i
ningoft
he
uter
inewall.

4.
Ovar
ies

 Theovari
esar
etwo,
smal
l
,ov
al-
shapedgl
andst
hatar
elocat
edonei
thersi
deoft
he
ut
erus.

 Theov
ari
espr
oduceeggsandhor
mones.

 Ever
ymont
honeov
um mat
uresf
rom oneov
aryi
nter
changeabl
yinapr
ocesscal
l
ed
oogenesi
s.
Act
ivi
ty:

Gr
oupwor
k:I
ngr
oupsofconductadi
scussi
ononhowt
hemal
eand
f
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stemsar
eadapt
edt
othei
rfunct
ionsandmakea
pr
esent
ati
on

Ext
endedwor
k:Makesummar
ynot
esont
hehumanr
epr
oduct
ivesy
stems
WEEKTWO(
11TH-17THOCT2021)

SESSI
ON:ONE TI
ME:1HOUR

Uni
t1.
2.2:Fer
ti
li
zat
ioni
nhumanbei
ngs

Keyar
east
obecov
ered

 Ov
erv
iewoft
her
epr
oduct
ivecel
l
s(gamet
es)
-sper
m andov
um

 Ov
ulat
ionandmenst
rual
cycl
e

Faci
li
tat
or'
snot
es

I
ntr
oduct
ion

-
Fer
ti
li
zat
ioni
sthepr
ocessoff
usi
ngoft
hemal
egamet
e(sper
m)and
f
emal
egamet
e(ov
um)
tof
orm adi
ploi
dzy
got
e-wi
th46chr
omosomeswi
th
23pai
rsofchr
omosomesf
rom t
hemal
ecel
land23pai
rofchr
omosomes
f
rom t
hef
emal
ecel
l
.

1.
2.2.
1:Ov
erv
iewoft
her
epr
oduct
ivecel
ls(
gamet
es)

St
ruct
ureoft
hesper
m cel
l(
sper
mat
ozoon,
plur
alsper
mat
ozoa)

 Sper
m dev
elopi
nthet
est
icl
eswi
thi
nasy
stem oft
inyt
ubescal
l
edt
he
semi
nif
eroust
ubul
es.

 Atbi
rt
h,t
heset
ubul
escont
ainsi
mpl
eroundcel
l
[Link]
ingpuber
ty,
t
est
ost
eroneandot
herhor
monescauset
hesecel
l
stot
ransf
ormi
nto
sper
m cel
l
s.
  Thesper
m cel
lhast
hreemai
npar
ts;
Thehead,
middl
epi
eceandt
he
t
ail

a)
Theheadcont
ainshapl
oidnucl
euscar
ryi
nggenet
ici
nfor
mat
ion

f
orf
ert
il
izat
ion.
Theacr
osomei
ntheheadcont
ainsenzy
messo

t
hatasper
m canpenet
rat
eanegg.

b)
Themi
ddl
epi
ecei
spackedwi
thmi
tochondr
iat
orel
easeener
gy

neededt
oswi
m andf
ert
il
iset
heegg.

c)
Thet
ailpr
opel
sthesper
mtot
heeggandhel
psi
ttobur
rowt
hrough

t
heeggcoat
.

Theov
um cel
landov
ulat
ionpr
ocess

TheMenst
rualCy
cle

 Dur
inganor
mal
menst
rual
cycl
e,t
hel
i
ningofawoman'
sut
erus
 sheds.

 Thi
scy
clei
spar
tofawoman'
srepr
oduct
ivesy
stem andpr
epar
es
t
hebodyf
orapossi
blepr
egnancy
.Iti
sal
socal
l
edaper
iod,
menses
orcy
cle.

Whati
smenst
ruat
ion?

 Menst
ruat
ioni
sthemont
hlysheddi
ngoft
hel
i
ningofawoman’
s
ut
erus(
mor
ecommonl
yknownast
hewomb)
.

 Menst
ruat
ioni
sal
soknownbyt
het
ermsmenses,
menst
rual
per
iod,
cy
cleorper
[Link]
rual
blood—whi
chi
spar
tl
ybl
oodandpar
tl
y
t
issuef
rom t
hei
nsi
deoft
heut
erus—f
lowsf
rom t
heut
erust
hrough
t
hecer
vixandoutoft
hebodyt
hrought
hev
agi
na.

 Themenst
rual
cycl
eisat
erm usedt
odescr
ibet
hesequenceof
ev
ent
sthatoccurwi
thi
nawoman’
sbodyasi
tpr
epar
esf
ort
he
possi
bil
i
tyofpr
egnancyeachmont
h.

 Gi
rl
sst
artmenst
ruat
ingatt
heav
erageageof12.

 Howev
er,
gir
lscanbegi
nmenst
ruat
ingasear
lyas8y
ear
sofageor
asl
ateas16y
ear
sofage.

 Womenst
opmenst
ruat
ingatmenopause,
whi
choccur
sataboutt
he
ageof51.

 Atmenopause,
awomanst
opspr
oduci
ngeggs(
stopsov
ulat
ing)
.
Menopausei
sdef
inedasoney
earwi
thoutper
iods,
andaf
tert
hist
ime
 awomancannol
ongerbecomepr
egnant
.

 Anor
mal
menst
rual
cycl
eisconsi
der
edt
obegi
nont
hef
ir
stdayofa
per
iod.

 Theav
eragecy
clei
s28day
slong;
howev
er,
acy
clecanr
angei
n
l
engt
hfr
om 21day
stoabout35day
s.

 Thest
epsi
nthemenst
rual
cycl
ear
etr
igger
edbyt
her
iseandf
all
of
chemi
cal
sint
hebodycal
l
edhor
mones.

 Thepi
tui
tar
ygl
andi
nthebr
ainandt
heov
ari
esi
nthef
emal
e
r
epr
oduct
ivet
ractmanuf
act
ureandr
eleasecer
tai
nhor
monesat
cer
tai
nti
mesdur
ingt
hemenst
rual
cycl
ethatcauset
heor
gansoft
he
r
epr
oduct
ivet
ractt
orespondi
ncer
tai
nway
s.

 Thespeci
fi
cev
ent
sthatoccurdur
ingt
hemenst
rual
cycl
ecanbe
descr
ibedasf
oll
ows:

1.
Themensesphase:

 Thi
sphase,
whi
cht
ypi
cal
l
ylast
sfr
om dayonet
odayf
ive,
ist
het
ime
whent
hel
i
ningoft
heut
erusi
sact
ual
l
yshedoutt
hrought
hev
agi
nai
f
pr
egnancyhasnotoccur
red.

 Mostwomenbl
eedf
ort
hreet
ofi
veday
s,butaper
iodl
ast
ingonl
ytwo
day
stoasmanyassev
enday
sisst
il
lconsi
der
ednor
mal
.
2.
Thef
oll
icul
arphase:

-
Thi
sphasest
art
sont
hef
ir
stdayoft
heper
iods.

-
Duringthef
oll
i
cul
arphaseoft
hemenst
rual
cycl
e,t
hef
oll
owi
ngev
ent
s
occur:

 Twohormones,fol
l
icl
estimul
ati
nghormone(FSH)andlut
eini
zing
hormone(LH),
arerel
easedfr
om thebr
ainandtr
aveli
nthebloodto
theovar
ies.

 Thehormonesst
imul
atethegrowthofabout15to20eggsi
nthe
ovar
ies,
eachi
nit
sown" shel
l
,"cal
l
edaf ol
li
cle.

 Thesehormones(
FSHandLH)al
sotr
iggerani
ncr
easei
nthe
product
ionoft
hef
emal
ehormoneest
rogen.

 Asestr
ogenlevel
sri
se,l
i
keaswi
tch,
itt
urnsof
fthepr
oduct
ionof
fol
l
icl
e-st
imul
ati
nghormone.

 Thi
scaref
ul bal
anceofhor
monesal
l
owst
hebodyt
oli
mitt
henumber
off
oll
i
clesthatmature.

 Asthefoll
i
cularphaseprogr
esses,onef
oll
i
clei
noneov
arybecomes
dominantandcontinuestomatur
e.

 Thisdomi
nantf
oll
i
clesuppr
essesal
loft
heot
herf
oll
i
clesi
nthe
gr
oup.

 Asar
esul
t,t
heyst
opgr
owi
nganddi
e.

 Thedomi
nantf
oll
i
clecont
inuest
opr
oduceest
rogen.

 Dur
ingday
s10t
o14,
oneoft
hedev
elopi
ngf
oll
i
cleswi
l
lfor
m af
ull
y
mat
ureegg(
ovum)
.
3.
Ovul
ati
on/
ovul
ator
yphase

-
Theov ul
atoryphase,
orov
ulat
ion,
star
tsabout14day
saf
tert
hef
oll
i
cul
ar
phasestar
ted.

-
Theovulat
oryphaseist
hemidpoi
ntoft
hemenstr
ual
cycl
e,wi
tht
henext
menst
rualper
iodstar
ti
ngaboutt
woweeksl
ater
.

-Dur
ingt
hisphase,
thef
oll
owi
ngev
ent
soccur
:

 Theri
seinestr
ogenfr
om thedominantf
oll
icl
etr
igger
sasurgei
nthe
amountofl
uteini
zi
nghor
monet hati
sproducedbythebr
ain.

 Asuddeni
ncr
easei
nlut
eini
zi
nghor
monecausest
hedor
minant
f
oll
i
clei
ntheov
aryt
orel
easei
[Link]
sev
enti
scal
l
edov
ulat
ion.

 Astheeggisr
eleased,i
tiscapt
uredbyf
inger
-l
ikepr
oject
ionsont
he
endofthef
all
opiantubes(fi
mbriae)
.

 Thef
imbr
iaesweept
heeggi
ntot
hef
all
opi
ant
ube.

 Alsoduri
ngthi
sphase,t
hereisanincr
easeintheamountand
thi
cknessofmucusproducedbythecervi
x(l
owerpartoft
heuter
us)
.

 I
fawomanwer
etohav
eint
ercour
sedur
ingt
hist
ime,
thet
hick
mucuscapt
urest
heman'
ssper
m,nour
ishesi
t,andhel
psi
ttomov
e
t
owar
dst
heeggf
orf
ert
il
izat
ion.

Si
gnsofov
ulat
ion

I
ncr
easeddesi
ref
orsex

I
ncr
easedov
ari
anpai
n/cr
ampssensat
ion

 Dr
iedmout
h
 I
ncr
easedbasal
bodyt
emper
atur
e

 Changesi
nvagi
namucus

4.
Thel
utealphase:

-
Thi
sphasel
ast
sfr
om aboutday15t
oday28.

-Thelut
ealphaseofthemenst r
ualcy
clebegi
nsr
ightaf
terov
ulat
ionand
i
nvolv
esthefoll
owingprocesses:

 Oncetheeggisreleasedi
tst
art
str
avel
i
ngt
owar
dst
heut
erus
t
hroughthefal
l
opiantube.

 Theemptyfoll
i
cleaf
terrel
easingt
heeggnowdev
elopsi
ntoanew
st
ruct
urecal
ledthecorpuslut
eum.

 Thecor
pusl
uteum secr
etest
hehor
monepr
ogest
erone.

 Highl
evel
sofProgest
eronepr
epar
est
heut
erusf
oraf
ert
il
ized
eggtoi
mplant
.

Ifinter
coursehast
akenpl
aceandaman' ssperm hasfer
til
i
zedthe
egg( aprocesscal
l
edconcept
ion)
,thef
erti
l
izedegg(embr yo)wi
ll
travelthr
oughthefal
l
opi
antubetoimpl
antintheuterus.

 Thewomani
snowconsi
der
edpr
egnant
.

I
ftheeggi
snotf
ert
il
ized,
itpassest
hrought
heut
erus.

 I
fpr
egnancydoesnotoccur
,est
rogenandpr
ogest
eronel
evel
s
dr
opandt
het
hickenedl
i
ningoft
heut
erusi
sshedandt
henext
menst
rual
per
iodbegi
ns.

NOTE:

 Atbi
rt
h,t
her
ear
eappr
oxi
mat
ely1mi
l
li
ont
o2mi
l
li
oneggs;
byt
he
 t
imeofpuber
ty,
onl
yabout300,
000r
emai
n.

 OutOfthese,
onlyabout500wi
l
lbeov
ulat
eddur
ingawoman'
s
r
eproducti
vel
ifet
ime.

 Anyr
emai
ningeggsgr
adual
l
ydi
eoutatmenopause.
Thesy
mpt
omsofanor
malmenst
ruat
ion

 Moodi
ness

 Tr
oubl
esl
eepi
ng

 Foodcr
avi
ngs

 Cr
ampsi
nthel
owerabdomenandback

 Bl
oat
ing

 Tender
nessi
nthebr
east
s

 Acne

Act
ivi
ty

Gr
oupwor
k:I
ngr
oupsdi
scusst
hest
ruct
ureandadapt
ati
onsofhuman
r
epr
oduct
ivegamet
es

Ext
endedwor
k:Makesummar
ynot
esont
hest
ruct
ureofsper
m andov
um
andt
heov
ulat
ionpr
ocess.
WEEKTWO(
11TH-17THOCT2021)

SESSI
ONTWO TI
ME:1HOUR

1.
2.2.
2:Fer
ti
li
zat
ion,
concept
ionandpr
enat
aldev
elopment

Keyar
east
obecov
ered

 Fer
ti
li
zat
ionandt
ypesofpr
egnanci
es

 Si
gnsofpr
egnancy

 Thest
agesofpr
enat
aldev
elopment

 Pr
egnancycompl
i
cat
ions

Faci
li
tat
or'
snot
es

 Thesper
m meett
heov
um i
nthef
all
opi
ant
ubeswher
efer
ti
li
zat
ion
t
akespl
acet
ofor
m azy
got
e.

 Att
hispoi
ntt
hezy
got
est
art
smov
ingt
owar
dst
heut
erusf
or
i
mpl
ant
ati
onandt
hemot
heri
ssai
dtohav
econcei
ved.

Mul
ti
plepr
egnanci
es

-Mult
ipl
epr
egnanci
esoccurwhenmor
ethanoneembr
yoi
mpl
ant
siny
our
uter
us(womb)

Ty
pesofmul
ti
plepr
egnancy

Themostcommont
ypeofmul
ti
plesar
e:

1.
Frat
ernal(
dizy
got
ic)
twi
ns

 Twosepar
ateeggsar
erel
easedbyov
ari
esandar
efer
ti
li
sedby
 di
ff
erentsper
msandi
mpl
anti
ntheut
erus.

 Thebabi
esshar
ethesameut
erus.

 Theymaylooksi
mil
arordi
ff
erent
,andmayeitherbet
hesame
gender(
2gir
lsor2boy
s)orofdif
fer
entgenders.

 Eachbabyhasi
tsownpl
acent
aandamni
oti
csac

2.
Ident
ical(
monozy
got
ic)
twi
ns

I
dent
ical
twi
nsar
efor
medwhenasi
ngl
efer
ti
li
sedeggi
sspl
i
tinhal
f.

I
dent
ical
twi
nsmayshar
ethesameplacent
aandamniot
icsac,
or
t
heymayhavet
hei
rownplacent
aandamnioti
csac.

 Eachhal
f(embr y
o)i
sgenet
ical
l
yident
ical
,sot
hebabi
essharethe
sameDNA. Thatmeanst
hebabieswil
lshar
emanychar
acter
ist
ics.

 However,becauset
heirappear
anceisinf
luencedbytheenv
ironment
aswellasbygenes,sometimesident
ical
twinscanlookqui
te
di
ff
erent.

3.
Tri
plet
sand'
hi
gheror
dermul
ti
ples'
(HOMs)

 Tri
plet
s(3)
,quadrupl
ets(
4),
qui
ntupl
ets(
5),sext
uplet
s(6)ormor e
canbeacombi nati
onbothofi
denti
calandfrat
ernalmulti
ples.

 Forexampl e, t
ri
plet
scanbeeitherfr
ater
nal(
tri
zygot
ic),
for
ming
fr
om 3individualeggsthatar
eferti
l
isedandi
mpl ant
edinthe
uter
us;ortheycanbei denti
cal
,whenoneeggdi vi
desinto3
embryos;ort heycanbeacombi nati
onofboth.

Di
ff
erencesbet
weeni
dent
icalandf
rat
ernalt
wins

I
denti
calt
winsmustbeoft
hesamesex,
alt
houghf
rat
ernal
twi
nscan
beofthesamesex

 butt
heyar
eli
kel
ytobedi
ff
erent
.
  Theident
ical
twi
ns'phy
sicalchar
act
eri
sti
csar
eident
icalwithahi
gh
degr
eeofcorrel
ati
onal
thoughtheyhav
eadegreeofv ar
iat
ion.

 Thel
evelofint
ell
igenceofident
ical
twi
nshasacor
rel
ati
onof.
88
compar
edt othatoffrat
ernalt
winsoft
hesamesexwhichi
s63.

Si
gnsofpr
egnancy

1.
Spot
ti
ngandCr
ampi
ng

 Af
terconcept
ion,
thef
ert
il
izedeggat
tachesi
tsel
ftowal
loft
he
ut
erus.

 That
'scal
l
edi
mpl
ant
ati
onbl
eedi
ng.

I
toccur
sany
wher
efr
om si
xto12day
saf
tert
heeggi
sfer
ti
li
zed.

 Thecrampsresembl
emenst
rualcr
amps,sosomewomen
mist
akethem andt
hebl
eedi
ngforthest
artoft
hei
rper
iod.

 Thebl
eedi
ngandcr
amps,
howev
er,
aresl
i
ght
.

 Besi
desbleedi
ng,
awomanmaynot
iceawhi
te,
mil
kydi
schar
ge
fr
om thei
rvagi
na.

 That
'sr
elat
edt
othethi
ckeni
ngofthevagi
na'
swal
l
s,whi
chst
art
s
al
mostimmedi
atel
yaft
erconcept
ion.

 Theincreasedgr
owt
hofcel
l
sli
ningt
hev
agi
nacausest
he
di
scharge.

2.
BreastChanges

 Br
eastchangesar
eanot
herv
eryear
lysi
gnofpr
egnancy
.

 Awoman'
shor
monel
evel
srapi
dlychangeaf
terconcept
ion.

 Becauseoft
hechanges,t
hei
rbreast
smaybecomeswol
len,sor
e,
orti
nglyaweekort
wol at
erOrt
heymayfeel
heavi
erorf
ull
eror
 f
eel
tendert
othet
ouch.

 Thear
eaar
oundt
heni
ppl
es,
cal
l
edt
hear
eol
a,mayal
sodar
ken.

3.
Fat
igue

 Feel
i
ngv
eryt
ir
edi
snor
mal
inpr
egnancy
,st
art
ingear
lyon.

 Awomancanst ar
tfeel
i
ngunusual
l
yfat
iguedassoonasoneweek
af
terconcei
vi
ng.

It
'softenrel
atedtoahighlev
elofahormonecall
edprogester
one,
althoughotherthi
ngssuchaslowerl
evel
sofbloodsugar,l
ower
bloodpressure,andaboostinbl
oodproduct
ioncanal
lcontri
but
e.

I
ffati
gueisrel
atedt
opregnancy
,it
'si
mport
anttogetpl
entyofr
est
.
Eat
ingfoodsthatar
eri
chinprot
einandi
roncanhelpof
fseti
t.

4.
Nausea(
Mor
ningSi
ckness)

 Morni
ngsicknessi
safamoussy
mpt
om ofpr
egnancy
.Butnot
ev
erypregnantwomanget
sit
.

 Theexactcauseofmorni
ngsi
cknessi
snotknownbutpr
egnancy
hor
monesl i
kelycont
ri
but
etot
hissymptom.

 Nauseadur
ingpr
egnancymayoccuratanyt
imeoft
hedaybut
mostcommonlyi
nthemorning.

[Link]
avi
ngsorav
oidance

 Somewomencr av
e,orcan'
tst
and,
cer
tai
nfoodswhent
hey
becomepr
egnant.

 That
'sal
sor
elat
edt
ohor
monal
changes.

 Theeff
ectcanbesost
rongt
hateventhethoughtofwhatusedt
o
beafavor
it
efoodcant
urnapregnantwoman'sstomach.
 I
t'
spossi
blethatthenausea,
crav
ings,
andf
oodav
ersi
onscanl
ast
f
ortheent
irepregnancy.

 For
tunat
ely
,thesy
mpt
omslessenformanywomenataboutt
he
13t
hor14thweekoft
hei
rpr
egnancy.

6.
MissedPer
iod

 Themostobv
iousear
lysymptom ofpregnancy--andt
heonethat
prompt
smostwoment ogetapregnancytest--i
samissedperi
od.

 Themi ssedperi
odsduet
opregnancyi
sbecauset
heimplantat
ion
hastakenplaceandnowthel
ini
ngoftheut
erusdoesnotshed
fur
ther.

 Butnotal
lmi
ssedordel
ayedper
iodsar
ecausedbypr
egnancy
.

 Ther
ear
ereasons,
besi
despr
egnancy
,formi
ssi
ngaper
iod.

I
tmightbethaty
ougainedorlosttoomuchwei ght
.Hor
monal
pr
oblems,f
ati
gue,orst
ressar
eot herpossi
bil
i
ties.

 Somewomenmi
sst
hei
rper
iodwhent
heyst
opt
aki
ngbi
rt
h
cont
rol
pil
l
s.

[Link]
equentur
inat
ion.

 Formanywomen,
thi
sst
art
sar
oundt
hesi
xthorei
ght
hweekaf
ter
concept
ion.

 Alt
houghthi
scoul
dbecausedbyaur i
naryt
ractinfect
ion,di
abet
es,
orusi
ngdiur
eti
cs,i
fyou'
repr
egnant
,it
'smostli
kelyduet o
hormonal
level
s.

[Link]
ipat
ion.

 Dur
ingpr
egnancy
,hi
gherl
evel
soft
hehor
monepr
ogest
eronecan
 makey
ouconst
ipat
ed.

 Pr
ogesteronecausesf
oodt
opassmor
esl
owl
ythr
oughy
our
i
ntest
ines.

 Toeaset
heprobl
em, dr
inkpl
ent
yofwat
er,
exer
cise,
andeat
pl
ent
yofhi
gh-
fi
berfoods.

[Link]
ngs.

 Thesear
ecommon, especi
all
ydur
ingt
hef
ir
stt
ri
mest
[Link]
e
al
sorel
atedt
ochangesinhormones.

[Link]
zzi
nessandf
aint
ing(
conv
ulsi
ons)

 Thesemayber el
atedtodi
lat
ingbloodv
essel
s,l
owerbl
ood
pressur
e,andl
owerbloodsugar.

[Link]
argedabdomen

 Theabdomensenl
argesduet
ogr
owi
ngbabyi
nsi
det
hewomb

[Link]
lenl
egs

 Thi
sisduet
ohor
monal
changesi
nthebody
.

[Link]

 Manypr
egnantwomenr
epor
tfr
equentmi
l
dheadaches,
andot
her
s
exper
iencebackpai
n.

St
agesofpr
enat
alDev
elopment

-
Thepr
egnancy
/gest
ati
on/
prenat
alper
iodofawomani
sappr
oxi
mat
ely9
mont
hs
-Thepr
ocessofpr
enat
aldev
elopmentoccur
sint
hreemai
nst
agesnamel
y;

[Link]
minal
stage(f
ir
stt
ri
mest
er)

[Link]
yoni
cst
age(
secondt
ri
mest
er)

[Link]
alst
age(t
hir
dtr
imest
er)
[Link]
minalst
age(
0-2weeks)
  Theger
minal
stagebegi
nsatconcept
ionwhent
hesper
m andegg
cel
luni
tei
noneoft
het
wof
all
opi
ant
ubes.

 Thef
ert
il
izedeggi
scal
l
edazy
got
e.

Ect
opi
cpr
egnancy

-
Thi
sispregnancyt
hatoccur
swhent
hezy
got
eimpl
ant
sint
hef
all
opi
an
t
ubeinst
eadoftheuter
us.

-
Thesebabi
escan'
tsur
viv
eandt
heyar
eev
ent
ual
l
yremov
edt
osav
ethel
i
fe
oft
hemother.
 Justaf
ewhour
saf
terconcept
ion,
thesi
ngl
e-cel
l
edzy
got
ebegi
ns
maki
ngaj
our
neydownt
hef
all
opi
ant
ubet
otheut
erus.

 Cel
ldi
vi
sionbegi
nsappr
oxi
mat
ely24t
o36hour
saf
terconcept
ion.
Thr
ought
hepr
ocessofmi
tosi
s,t
hezy
got
efi
rstdi
vi
desi
ntot
wocel
l
s,
t
heni
ntof
our
,ei
ght
,si
xteen,
andsoon.

 Oncet
heei
ght
-cel
lpoi
nthasbeenr
eached,
thecel
l
sbegi
nto
di
ff
erent
iat
eandt
akeoncer
tai
nchar
act
eri
sti
cst
hatwi
l
ldet
ermi
ne
t
het
ypeofcel
l
stheywi
l
lev
ent
ual
l
ybecome.

 Ast
hecel
l
smul
ti
ply
,theywi
l
lal
sosepar
atei
ntot
wodi
sti
nct
ive
masses:
theout
ercel
l
swi
l
lev
ent
ual
l
ybecomet
hepl
acent
a,whi
l
ethe
i
nnercel
l
sfor
mtheembr
yo.

 Cel
ldi
vi
sioncont
inuesatar
api
drat
edur
ingt
heappr
oxi
mat
elyweek-
l
ongj
our
neyf
rom f
all
opi
ant
ubet
out
eruswal
l
.

 Thecel
l
sdev
elopi
ntowhati
sknownasabl
ast
ocy
st.

 Thebl
ast
ocy
sti
smadeupoft
hreel
ayer
s,eachofwhi
chdev
elops
i
ntodi
ff
erentst
ruct
uresi
nthebody
.

a)
Ect
oder
m(out
erl
ayer
):Ski
nandner
voussy
stem

b)Endoder
m(i
nnerl
ayer
):Di
gest
iveandr
espi
rat
orysy
stems

c)
Mesoder
m(mi
ddl
elay
er)
:Muscl
eandskel
etal
syst
ems

 Fi
nal
l
y,t
hebl
ast
ocy
star
ri
vesatt
heut
erusandat
tachest
otheut
eri
ne
wal
l
,apr
ocessknownasi
mpl
ant
ati
on.
 I
mpl
ant
ati
onoccur
swhent
hecel
l
snest
lei
ntot
heut
eri
nel
i
ningand
r
upt
uret
inybl
oodv
essel
s.

 Theconnect
ivewebofbl
oodv
essel
sandmembr
anest
hatf
orm
bet
weent
hem wi
l
lpr
ovi
denour
ishmentf
ort
hedev
elopi
ngbei
ngf
or
t
henextni
nemont
hs.

2.
Embr
yoni
cSt
age(
3-8weeks)

 Att
hispoi
nt,
themassofcel
l
sisnowknownasanembr
yo.

 Thebegi
nni
ngoft
het
hir
dweekaf
terconcept
ionmar
kst
hest
artof
t
heembr
yoni
cper
iod,
ati
mewhent
hemassofcel
l
sbecomes
 di
sti
nctasahuman.

 Theembr
yoni
cst
agepl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
nthedev
elopmentof
t
hebr
ain.

 Appr
oxi
mat
elyf
ourweeksaf
terconcept
ion,
theneur
alt
ubef
orms.
Thi
stubewi
l
llat
erdev
elopi
ntot
hecent
ral
ner
voussy
stem i
ncl
udi
ng
t
hespi
nal
cor
dandbr
ain.

 Theneur
alt
ubebegi
nst
ofor
m al
ongwi
thanar
eaknownast
he
neur
alpl
ate.

 Theear
li
estsi
gnsofdev
elopmentoft
heneur
alt
ubear
ethe
emer
genceoft
wor
idgest
hatf
orm al
ongeachsi
deoft
heneur
al
pl
ate.

 Ov
ert
henextf
ewday
s,mor
eri
dgesf
orm andf
oldi
nwar
dunt
ila
hol
l
owt
ubei
sfor
med.

 Oncet
hist
ubei
sful
l
yfor
med,
cel
l
sbegi
ntof
orm neart
hecent
er.
3
Thet
ubebegi
nst
ocl
oseandbr
ainv
esi
clesf
orm.

 Thesev
esi
cleswi
l
lev
ent
ual
l
ydev
elopi
ntopar
tsoft
hebr
ain,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hest
ruct
uresoft
hef
orebr
ain,
midbr
ain,
andhi
ndbr
ain.
​

 Ar
oundt
hef
our
thweek,
theheadbegi
nst
ofor
m,qui
ckl
yfol
l
owedby
t
heey
es,
nose,
ear
s,andmout
h.

 Thebl
oodv
essel
thatwi
l
lbecomet
hehear
tst
artt
opul
[Link]
ingt
he
f
if
thweek,
budst
hatwi
l
lfor
mthear
msandl
egsappear
.
 Byt
heei
ght
hweekofdev
elopment
,theembr
yohasal
loft
hebasi
c
or
gansandpar
tsexceptt
hoseoft
hesexor
gans.

 Att
hispoi
nt,
theembr
yowei
ghsj
ustonegr
am andi
saboutonei
nch
i
nlengt
h.

 Byt
heendoft
heembr
yoni
cper
iod,
thebasi
cst
ruct
uresoft
hebr
ain
andcent
ral
ner
voussy
stem hav
ebeenest
abl
i
shed.

 Att
hispoi
nt,
thebasi
cst
ruct
ureoft
heper
ipher
alner
voussy
stem i
s
al
sodef
ined.

 Thepr
oduct
ionofneur
ons,
orbr
aincel
l
s,begi
nsar
oundday42af
ter
concept
ionandi
smost
lycompl
etesomet
imear
oundt
hemi
ddl
eof
pr
egnancy
.

 Asneur
onsf
orm,
theymi
grat
etodi
ff
erentar
easoft
hebr
[Link]
t
heyhav
ereachedt
hecor
rectl
ocat
ion,
theybegi
ntof
orm
connect
ionswi
thot
herneur
alcel
l
s,est
abl
i
shi
ngr
udi
ment
aryneur
al
net
wor
ks.
3.
Fet
alSt
age(
9-42weeks)

 Oncecel
ldi
ff
erent
iat
ioni
smost
lycompl
ete,
theembr
yoent
erst
he
nextst
ageandbecomesknownasaf
etus.

 Thef
etal
per
iodofpr
enat
aldev
elopmar
ksmor
eimpor
tantchanges
i
nthebr
ain.

 Thi
sper
iodofdev
elopmentbegi
nsdur
ingt
heni
nthweekandl
ast
s
unt
ilbi
rt
h.

 Thi
sst
agei
smar
kedbyamazi
ngchangeandgr
owt
h.

 Theear
lybodysy
stemsandst
ruct
uresest
abl
i
shedi
ntheembr
yoni
c
st
agecont
inuet
odev
elop.
 Theneur
alt
ubedev
elopsi
ntot
hebr
ainandspi
nal
cor
dandneur
ons
cont
inuet
ofor
m.

 Oncet
heseneur
onshav
efor
med,
theybegi
ntomi
grat
etot
hei
r
cor
rectl
ocat
ions.

 Sy
napses,
ort
heconnect
ionsbet
weenneur
ons,
alsobegi
ntodev
elop.

 Bet
weent
heni
nthandt
wel
ft
hweekofgest
ati
on(
att
heear
li
est
),
r
efl
exesbegi
ntoemer
ge.

 Thef
etusbegi
nst
omaker
efl
exi
vemot
ionswi
thi
tsar
msandl
egs

 Dur
ingt
het
hir
dmont
hofgest
ati
on,
thesexor
gansbegi
nto
di
ff
erent
iat
e.

 Byt
heendoft
hemont
h,al
lpar
tsoft
hebodywi
l
lbef
ormed.

 Att
hispoi
nt,
thef
etuswei
ghsar
oundt
hreeounces.

 Thef
etuscont
inuest
ogr
owi
nbot
hwei
ghtandl
engt
h,al
thought
he
maj
ori
tyoft
hephy
sical
growt
hoccur
sint
hel
aterst
agesof
pr
egnancy
.

 Theendoft
het
hir
dmont
hal
somar
kst
heendoft
hef
ir
stt
ri
mest
erof
pr
egnancy
.

 Dur
ingt
hesecondt
ri
mest
er,
ormont
hsf
ourt
hroughsi
x,t
he
hear
tbeatgr
owsst
rongerandot
herbodysy
stemsbecomef
urt
her
dev
eloped.
 Fi
nger
nai
l
s,hai
r,ey
elashes,
andt
oenai
l
sfor
m.

 Thef
etusi
ncr
easesaboutsi
xti
mesi
nsi
ze.

 Thebr
ainandcent
ral
ner
voussy
stem al
sobecomemor
eresponsi
ve
dur
ingt
hesecondt
ri
mest
er.

 AtAr
ound28weeks,
thebr
ainst
art
stomat
uref
ast
er,
wit
hanact
ivi
ty
t
hatgr
eat
lyr
esembl
est
hatofasl
eepi
ngnewbor
n.

 Dur
ingt
heper
iodf
rom sev
enmont
hsunt
ilbi
rt
h,t
hef
etuscont
inues
t
odev
elop,
putonwei
ght
,andpr
epar
eforl
i
feout
sidet
hewomb.

 Thel
ungsbegi
ntoexpandandcont
ract
,pr
epar
ingt
hemuscl
esf
or
br
eat
hing.

 Atar
ound40weekst
hef
etusget
sreadyf
ordel
i
ver
yandt
hisper
iod
i
scal
l
edper
inat
alst
ageandt
hewomanent
ersi
ntol
aborst
age.
Pr
egnancycompl
i
cat
ions

 Hi
ghbl
oodpr
essur
e

 Di
abet
es

 St
eel
bir
th

 Mi
scar
ri
age
 Ect
opi
cpr
egnancy
-impl
ant
ati
ont
akespl
acei
nfal
l
opi
ant
ube
i
nst
eadofut
erus

 Ecl
ampsi
a-sei
zur
es/
coma/
conv
ulsi
onsdur
ingpr
egnancyduet
o
hi
ghbl
oodpr
essur
e
WEEK:THREE(18TH-24THOCT2021)

SESSI
ON:
ONE. TI
ME:1HOUR

Thel
abor/
per
inat
alper
iod

KeyAr
east
obecov
ered

 Si
gnsofl
abor

 St
agesofl
abor

 Laborcompl
i
cat
ions

Faci
li
tat
or'
snot
es

Fi
gur
eshowi
ngpr
esent
ati
onofbabydur
ingbi
rt
hpr
ocess
Si
gnsofLabor

1.
Light
eni
ng.

 Thi
soccur
swhent
hebaby
'sheaddr
opsdowni
ntoy
ourpel
vi
sin
pr
epar
ati
onf
ordel
i
ver
[Link]
l
ymayl
ookl
owerandmayf
indi
t
easi
ert
obr
eat
heast
hebabynol
ongercr
owdst
hel
ungs.

 Themot
hermayal
sof
eel
ani
ncr
easedneedt
our
inat
e,becauset
he
babyi
spr
essi
ngont
hebl
adder
.Thi
scanoccuraf
ewweekst
oaf
ew
hour
sfr
om t
heonsetofl
abor
.

[Link]
oodyshow.

 Abl
ood-
ti
ngedorbr
owni
shdi
schar
gef
rom t
hecer
vixi
sther
eleased
mucuspl
ugt
hathasseal
edof
fthewombf
rom i
nfect
[Link]
scan
occurday
sbef
oreoratt
heonsetofl
abor
.

3.
Diar
rhea

 Fr
equentl
oosest
ool
smaymeanl
abori
simmi
nent
.

[Link]
uredmembr
anes.

 Fl
uidgushi
ngorl
eaki
ngf
rom t
hev
agi
nameanst
hemembr
anesof
t
heamni
oti
csact
hatsur
roundedandpr
otect
edt
hebabyhav
e
r
upt
ured.

 Thi
scanoccurhour
sbef
orel
aborst
art
sordur
ingl
abor
.
  Mostwomengoi
ntol
aborwi
thi
n24hour
s.I
flabordoesnotoccur
nat
ural
l
ydur
ingt
hist
imef
rame,
doct
orsmayi
nducel
abort
hrough
Ar
ti
fi
cial
Rapt
ureofMembr
anes-
AROM t
opr
eventi
nfect
ionsand
del
i
ver
ycompl
i
cat
ions.

5.
Cont
ract
ions

 Al
thoughi
t'
snotunusual
toexper
ienceper
iodi
c,i
rr
egul
ar
cont
ract
ions(
uter
inemuscl
espasms)asy
ourl
abornear
s,
cont
ract
ionst
hatoccurati
nter
val
sofl
esst
han10mi
nut
esar
e
usual
l
yani
ndi
cat
iont
hatl
aborhasbegun.

Thebi
rt
h/l
aborpr
ocess

St
agesofLabor

Labori
sty
pical
l
ydi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreest
ages:

St
age1(
cer
vicaldi
lat
ion)

Thef
ir
stst
ageofl
abori
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreephases:
lat
ent
,act
ive,
and
t
ransi
ti
on.

i
)Thel
atentphase

I
tist
hel
ongestandl
easti
ntense.

 Dur
ingt
hisphase,
cont
ract
ionsbecomemor
efr
equent
,hel
pingt
he
cer
vixt
odi
l
atesot
hebabycanpasst
hrought
hebi
rt
hcanal
.
  Di
scomf
ortatt
hisst
agei
sst
il
lmi
nimal
.

 Dur
ingt
hisphase,
thecer
vixwi
l
lbegi
ntodi
l
ateandef
face,
ort
hinout
.

 I
fthecont
ract
ionsar
eregul
ar,
themot
herwi
l
lpr
obabl
ybeadmi
tt
ed
t
othehospi
tal
dur
ingt
hisst
ageandhav
efr
equentpel
vi
cexamst
o
det
ermi
nehowmucht
hecer
vixi
sdi
l
ated.

i
i)Act
ivephase

 Dur
ingt
heact
ivephase,
thecer
vixbegi
nst
odi
l
atemor
erapi
dly
.You
mayf
eel
int
ensepai
norpr
essur
eint
hebackorabdomendur
ingeach
cont
ract
ion.

 Themot
hermayal
sof
eel
theur
get
opushorbeardown,
butt
he
doct
orwi
l
laskt
hemot
hert
owai
tunt
ilt
hecer
vixi
scompl
etel
yopen.

i
ii
)Tr
ansi
ti
onphase

 Dur
ingt
ransi
ti
on,
thecer
vixf
ull
ydi
l
atest
o10cent
imet
ers.

 Cont
ract
ionsar
ever
yst
rong,
pai
nful
,andf
requent
,comi
ngev
ery
t
hreet
ofourmi
nut
esandl
ast
ingf
rom 60t
o90seconds.

St
age2.(
Expul
sion/del
iv
eryoft
hebaby
)

 Thi
sbegi
nswhent
hecer
vixi
scompl
etel
yopened.

 Att
hispoi
nt,
thedoct
orwi
l
lgi
vet
hemot
heranOKt
opush.

 Thepushi
ng,
alongwi
tht
hef
orceoft
hecont
ract
ions,
wil
lpr
opel
the
babyt
hrought
hebi
rt
hcanal
.Thef
ont
anel
s(sof
tspot
s)ont
hebaby
's
 headal
l
owi
ttof
itt
hrought
henar
rowcanal
.

 Thebaby
'sheadcr
ownswhent
hewi
destpar
tofi
treachest
he
v
agi
nal
openi
ng.

 Assoonast
hebaby
'sheadcomesout
,thedoct
orwi
l
lsuct
ion
amni
oti
cfl
uid,
blood,
andmucusf
rom t
hei
rnoseandmout
h.

 Themot
herwi
l
lcont
inuet
opusht
ohel
pdel
i
vert
hebaby
'sshoul
der
s
andbody
.

 Oncet
hebabyi
sdel
i
ver
ed,
thedoct
orcl
ampsandcut
stheumbi
l
ical
cor
d.

St
age3(expul
sionofaf
ter
bir
th/
placent
a)

 Af
tert
hebabyi
sdel
i
ver
ed,
thepr
ocessent
erst
hef
inal
stageofl
abor
.

I
nthi
sst
age,del
i
ver
yoft
hepl
acent
aisdone,
theor
gant
hat
nour
ishedt
hebabyi
nsi
det
hewomb.

NOTE:
Eachwomanandeachl
abori
sdi
ff
erent
.Theamountoft
imespent
i
neachst
ageofdel
i
ver
ywi
l
lvar
y.I
nthef
ir
stpr
egnancy
,laboranddel
i
ver
y
usual
l
ylast
sabout12t
o14hour
[Link]
ocessi
susual
l
yshor
terf
or
subsequentpr
egnanci
es.

Laborcompl
icat
ions

 Pr
olongedl
aborduet
osmal
lbi
rt
hcanal
,
bigbaby
,fai
l
ureofcer
vixt
o
di
l
[Link]
ti
fi
cial
rapt
ureofmembr
anes(
AROM)i
sper
for
medandi
f
 needbeacaeser
eansect
ioni
sdonet
oext
ractt
hebaby
.

 Fai
l
ureoft
hebabyt
opr
ogr
ess-i
fthebaby
'sheadi
sexpel
l
edbutt
he
ot
herpar
tsr
emai
ninsi
deandt
hemot
hercan'
tpushenough,
an
epi
siot
omyi
sdonet
oenl
arget
hebi
rt
hcanal
.

 Conv
ulsi
ons-f
ail
uret
opusht
hebabyduet
ofai
nti
ngoft
hemot
her
.
Assi
stancei
sgi
venbyuseofav
acuum ext
rat
ionorf
orceps

 Laboracci
dent
s-f
all
i
ngofbabyoruseofunst
eri
l
izedequi
pment

 Br
eechpr
esent
ati
on-whent
hebaby
'sshoul
der
scomef
ir
sti
nst
eadof
t
hehead.

Act
ivi
ty

I
ngr
oupsdi
scusst
hel
aborpr
ocess

 Makenot
eswi
thi
l
lust
rat
ionsont
hel
aborpr
ocess
WEEK:THREE(18TH-24THOCT2021)

SESSI
ON:TWO. TI
ME:1HOUR

Uni
t1.
2.3:Fact
orst
hati
nfl
uencepr
enat
aldev
elopmenti
nhumanbei
ng

1.
2.3.
1:Genet
ic/
her
edi
tar
y/i
nher
it
ed/bi
ologi
calf
act
ors

KeyAr
east
obecov
ered

 Sexdet
ermi
nat
ion.

 Rhesuaf
act
ori
ncompat
ibi
l
ity

 Genet
icdi
sor
der
s

 Sexchr
omosomesdi
sor
der
s

Faci
li
tat
or'
snot
es

I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Whi
l
edev
elopmentusual
l
yfol
l
owst
hisnor
mal
pat
ter
n,t
her
ear
e
t
imeswhenpr
obl
emswi
thpr
enat
aldev
elopmentoccur
.

 Di
sease,
mal
nut
ri
ti
on,
andot
herpr
enat
ali
nfl
uencescanhav
ea
power
ful
impactonhowt
hebr
aindev
elopsdur
ingt
hiscr
it
ical
per
iod.

 Genet
icspl
aysamaj
orr
olei
ndev
elopment
.Insomecases,
genet
ic
pr
obl
emscanemer
get
hatmayi
mpactbot
hthecur
rentandf
utur
e
gr
owt
hoft
hedev
elopi
ngchi
l
dint
hewomb.

 Usuall
yeachofthesperm andovum cel
lcarr
ies23chromosomes
(her
edit
arymateri
als)t
hatcont
aingenes(her
edit
aryfact
orst
hat
 det
ermi
nei
ndi
vi
dual
char
act
eri
sti
cs)
.

 Whenr epr
oduct
ivecell
sfuse,af
terfer
ti
li
zat
ion,
thenewl
yfor
medcel
l
(
zygote)has23pairsofchromosomesorasetof46chromosomes
l
ikeanyotheror
dinarybodycell
(somati
ccell
)

 Thechromosomespai
rsfrom t
hefat
herandmot herar
ei dent
icali
.e
atypi
calpai
rcar
ri
esgeneswhichhav
esimil
argeneti
cinformation.

 Itdependswhi
chgenesar
edomi
nantorr
ecessi
vef
rom t
het
wo
parent
s.

 Thechi
ldtakesupthedominantgenesandhemayr
esembl
eone
par
entoveronecharact
eri
sti
corinever
ythi
ng.

 Thef
act
orsar
edi
scussedbel
ow;

[Link]
ermi
nat
ion

 Anormalbodycel
li
nanormalhumanbeingisknownt
ohav
ea
pai
rofchr
omosomesforsexandsex-
rel
atedtr
ait
s.

 Amal
ewoul
dhav
ety
peXYwhi
l
eaf
emal
ewoul
dhav
ety
peXX.

 Attheti
meoff ormati
onofr epr
oduct
ivecell
s,amalesper
m cel
l
wouldei
therhaveanXchr omosomeoraYchr omosome,whi
lea
f
emal er
eproduct
ivecel
l(ovum)wouldcarryXchromosomesonly.

 Att het
imeoffer
ti
li
sat
ion,i
fthesper
m cel
lcar
ryi
ngtheX
chromosomefuseswit
ht heovum Xt
heresul
ti
ngoff
spri
ng
becomesafemale.

 Ontheotherhandi
fthesperm cel
lthatcausesfert
il
isat
ioni
s
carr
yingaYchromosome,theresul
tingoffspr
ingbecomesamal
e
baby.

I
tist
her
efor
ethef
atherwhodet
ermi
nest
hesexoft
hebaby
 al
thoughhehasnocont
rol
overi
t.

[Link]
act
ori
ncompat
ibi
li
ty

 ARhf
act
ori
sapr
otei
nfoundonsomer
edbl
oodcel
l
s(RBCs)
.

 Peopl
ewhocarr
ythisprot
einint
hei
rbloodisRh-
posi
ti
veandPeopl
e
whodon'
tcar
rytheprot
einareRh-
negati
ve
 Thisf
actori
sdor
minantmeaningt
hati
fonepar
enti
sposi
ti
vet
hen
theof
fspri
ngswi
ll
beposit
ive.

Key
:

DshowstheparenthasadorminantRhesusfactorGene(Rh+)whi
l
e
dshowst
heparenthasarecessi
veRhesusf act
orGene(Rh-
)

 Whenamot her
-t
o-beandf at
her-
to-
bearenotbothposi
ti
veor
negat
ivef
orRhfactor
,it
'scall
edRhincompati
bil
i
ty.

 Ther
iski
swhenaf
atheri
sposi
ti
veandt
hemot
heri
snegat
ive.

IfawomanwhoisRhnegati
veandamanwhoi sRhpositi
ve
concei
veababy
,thef
etusmayhaveRh-
posi
ti
veblood,
inheri
tedf
rom
thefat
her
.

 Rhincompat
ibi
l
ityusual
l
yisn'
tapr
obl
em i
fit
'st
hemot
her
'sf
ir
st
pr
egnancy.