UNIT RIVISION COURSE
PLAYING WITH NUMBERS
Compendium
A. Introduction
B. Factors
1. Factor Tree
2. Prime number
3. Composite number
C. Factorization
1. Prime Factorization
D. H.C.F.
1. Common factors
2. H.C.F. by observation
3. Co- Prime
E. L.C.M.
1. Common multiples
2. L.C.M. by observation
F. Divisibility rules
1. Divisibility rule of 2
2. Divisibility rule of 4
3. Divisibility rule of 8
4. Divisibility rule of 3
5. Divisibility rule of 9
6. Divisibility rule of 6
7. Divisibility rule of 7
8. Divisibility rule of 5
9. Divisibility rule of 10
G. Bird eye view
H. Solved example
I. Practise yourself
J. Solutions
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A. INTRODUCTION
Before the start of the chapter, there are basic concepts we need to brush up.
When a number is divided by another number, one number is called the
dividend, and the other is called the divisor. The result is called the quotient, and
left is the remainder.
For example :
75 ÷ 9
Note :
Dividend (D) = Divisor (d) x Quotient (q) + Remainder (r)
Try and learn
1. What are the dividend, and divisor when 106 is divided by 6?
Solution:
106 ÷ 6
Dividend = 106
Divisor = 6
2. What are the dividend, divisor, quotient and remainder when 105 is divided
by 6?
Solution:
105 ÷ 6
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Dividend = 106
Divisor = 6
Quotient = 17
Remainder = 4
3. Find the remainder when 217 is divided by 4?
Divide 217 by 4
Here, Dividend = 217
Divisor = 4
Quotient = 54
Remainder = 1
4. Find the dividend, if the given quotient is 6, the divisor for the same is 9, and
the remainder is 2.
Solution:
Given: Divisor = 9, quotient = 6, Remainder= 2
Dividend (D) = Divisor (d) x Quotient (q) + Remainder
1. Find the dividend, if the given quotient is 6, the divisor for the same is 9, and
the remainder is 2.
Solution:
Given: Divisor = 9, quotient = 6, Remainder= 2
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Dividend (D) = Divisor (d) x Quotient (q) + Remainder
Step 1: Multiply 9 and 6
(9 x 6 = 54)
The product is 54.
Step 2: Add product and remainder.
(54+2 = 56)
Hence, the dividend is 56.
Checkpoint 1
1. Find the quotient
a. 137 1
b. 0 23
2. Find the quotient and the remainder,
a. 6781 8
b. 2908 6
c. 1125 3
d. 2455 6
B. FACTOR
A factor divides a number completely without leaving any remainder, i.e.
remainder equals 0.
OR
What numbers can be multiplied together to get another number?
Try and learn
1. Is 2 a factor of 6?
Solution :
When 6 is divided by 2, then the remainder is 0.
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Since 6 is divisible by 2.
Hence, 2 is a factor of 6.
Methods To Find Factor
Method 1
For example, if we want to find the factors of 10,
Begin with the product of 1 and number itself
1 × 10 = 10
2 × 5 = 10
5 × 2 = 10
10 × 1 = 10
Now, According to the definition of factors 1, 2, 5, and 10 are the factors of 10.
Properties of factors:
1. 1 is the lowest factor of each number.
2. Except 1, Every number will have a minimum of two factors, 1 and the number
itself.
Mental floss!
0 can never be a factor of any number.
Factor tree
A special diagram that helps us find the factors of a number, then the factors of
the following numbers, etc., until it can't be factorized anymore.
The ends of the tree are all the prime factors of the original number.
Try and learn
Factor tree of 48 which reveals that
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48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
Prime number
A number having exactly two factors, 1 and itself, is called a prime number.
Try and learn
Check whether 5 is a prime number?
Solution
1×5=5
5×1=5
Factors are 1 and 5. Since 5 has only two factors, one is 1 and 5 itself; hence it is a
prime number.
Composite Numbers
A number consisting of more than two factors are known as composite
numbers.
Try and learn
1. Check whether 6 is a composite number?
Solution
1×6=6
2×3=6
3×2=6
6×1=6
Factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, and 6.
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It has 4 number of factors, hence 6 is a composite number
Checkpoint 2
1. Choose the correct option
Factors of 72 are?
a. 8 and 9
b. 12 and 7
c. 36 and 34
d. 9 and 7
e. None of the above
2. All of the factor pairs for the number 40 are listed below.
1 and 40
2 and 20
4 and 10
5 and 8
a. True
b. False
3. How many factor pairs are there for the number 28?
a. 6
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
C. FACTORIZATION
Factors of a number are numbers that completely divides a number leaving the
remainder as 0.
Factorization is a way of writing a number as the product of its factors.
Try and learn
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1. Write the Factorization of 12?
12 = 6 × 2
or
12 = 3 × 4
or
12 = 2 × 2 × 3
Why do we use factorization?
It is used for a variety of things, like to help perform arithmetic operations.
For example, 15 × 8
Factor 15 and 8:
15 = 3 × 5
8= 2 × 4
Now we group the factors to make it easier for us to multiply.
15 × 8 = (2 × 5) × (3 × 4) = 10 × 12 = 120
Prime factorization
Prime factorization of a number is a product of prime factors that result in the
original number.
Interesting fact
Prime factorization is also known as prime decomposition or integer
factorization.
Try and learn
1. Write the Prime factorization of 12?
Prime factor of 12 are 2 and 3
Prime factorization of 12 is 2 × 2 × 3
Checkpoint 3
1. Which one of them are the prime factors of 17?
a. 2, 8.5
b. 1, 17
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c. 3, 5.5
d. None of the above
2. Which is the prime factorization of 100?
a. 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
b. 4 × 25
c. 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
d. 2 × 50
3. What is the prime factorization of 25?
a. 4 × 5.5
b. 5 × 5 × 5
c. 1 × 25
d. 5 × 5
4. What is the prime factorization of 81?
a. 3 × 3 × 9
b. 3 × 27
c. 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
d. All of the above
5. Determine the prime factorization of the numbers below.
a. 2
b. 44
c. 50
6. What is the factorization of the 28 numbers?
D. HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)
Finding common factors
For example, 6 and 10
Factors of 6 are 1,2,3 and 6
Factors of 10 are 1,2, 5 and 10.
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Common factors are 1, 2
HCF (Highest Common Factor)
The greatest common factor among common factors of given numbers is called
H.C.F.
Or
The largest number dividing each of the two or more numbers is called H.C.F. or
Highest Common Factor.
H.C.F. is also known as G.C.D. (Greatest Common Divisor )
H.C.F. by observation
For example, the H.C.F. of 10 and 5.
Solution
Factors of 10 are 1,2, 5 and 10
Factors of 5 are 1,5
Common factors are 1 and 5
The highest common factor is 5; hence the H.C.F. is 5.
For example, find the H.C.F. of 10 and 5?
Solution
Factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10
Factors of 5 are 1, 5
Common factors are 1 and 5.
The highest common factor is 5.
Hence the H.C.F. is 5.
Try and learn
1. Find the H.C.F. of 6 and 12?
Co-Prime
If the H.C.F. of two numbers is equal to 1, then those numbers are said to be Co-
prime.
Try and learn
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1. Check whether 3 and 4 are co-prime?
Factors of 3 are 1,3
Factors of 4 are 1,2,4
Common factor - 1
HCF - 1
Since HCF is equals to 1,
Hence 3 and 4 are co-prime.
Checkpoint 4
1. Find the common factor of the two numbers shown.
a. 12 , 26
b. 30 , 40
c. 35 , 28
d. 21 , 15
2. Find the H.C.F. of the two numbers shown
a. 33, 15
b. 27, 3
c. 36, 16
d. 30, 5
3. Find the greatest number dividing 90 and 126 exactly.
4. Check whether 5 and 6 are co-prime?
5. 3 and 5 are co-prime?
a. True
b. False
Multiples
Multiples are numbers resulted when we multiply one number by another
number. Or, in simpler terms, you get the multiples of a number when you
multiply.
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For example, the multiples of 6 are
List of multiples for few numbers
Number First Ten Multiples
3 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30
4 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40
5 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50
10 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
Try and learn
1. Find the first 6 multiples of 3?
Multiply 3 by 1 first, then by 2, then by 3, and so on.
3×1=3
3×2=6
3×3=9
3 × 4 = 12
3 × 5 = 15
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3 × 6 = 18
The first six multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18.
2. What is the first multiple of any number?
Solution:
The first multiple of any number is the number itself. E.g. 9 × 1 = 9, 13 × 1 = 13
3. Write down the multiples of 10 that are also multiples of 5.
Solution:
The multiples of 10 that are also multiples of 5 are 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 etc.
4. Write down the multiples of 24.
Solution:
The multiples of 24 are 24, 48, 72, 96 etc
Checkpoint 5
1. Write the first three multiples of 11.
2. Write the first five multiples of 17.
3. Is 72 is a multiple of:
a. 9
b. 6
4. Write any six multiples of:
a. 6
b. 8
c. 10
d. 15
E. LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)
The least common multiple among given numbers is called L.C.M.
L.C.M. is also known as Smallest Common Multiple (S.C.M.)
Method to find L.C.M.
LCM by observation
Let's take two numbers, 4 and 2
Multiples of 4 are 4,8,12,16,20, 24, …
Multiples of 2 are 2,4,6,8,10,12,...
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Common multiples are 4,8,12,16,...
The least common multiple is 4
Hence L.C.M. is 4
Try and learn
1. Find the lcm of 6 and 8?
Solution :
Solution :
Multiples of 6 are 6,12,18,24,30,36,42,48 and so on
Multiples of 6 are 8,16,24,32,40,48 and so on
Common multiples are 24, 48 and so on
Least Common Multiple is 24.
Hence L.C.M is 24.
Checkpoint 6
1. Write the first two common multiples of 4 and 6?
2. What is L.C.M. of 3 and 7?
3. What is L.C.M. of 31 and 7?
F. DIVISIBILITY RULE
Divisibility rule of 2
If the given number is even, it will be divisible by 2.
Or
if the given number ends with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 are all divisible by 2.
Try and learn
1. Check whether 246 is divisible by 2?
Solution:
246 ends with 6; hence it is divisible by 2.
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Divisibility rule of 4
If the last two digits of a given number are divisible by 4, hence the given
number is also divisible by 4.
Try and learn
1. Check whether 248 is divisible by 4?
Given number - 248
Last two digits - 48
12 x 4 = 48
12 and 4 are factors of 48
Hence 248 is also divisible by 4.
Divisibility rule of 8
If the last three digits of a given number are divisible by 8, hence the given
number is also divisible by 8.
Try and learn
1. Check whether 24888 is divisible by 8?
Solution:
Given number = 888
Last three digits = 888
8 × 111 = 888
8 and 111 are factors of 888
Hence 24888 is also divisible by 8.
Divisibility rule of 3
If the sum of digits of a number is divisible by 3, hence given no, it is also divisible
by 3.
Try and learn
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1. Check whether 243 is divisible by 3?
Solution:
Sum of digit = 2 + 4 + 3 = 9
9 is divisible by 3; hence 243 is also divisible by 3.
Divisibility rule of 9
If the sum of digits of a number is divisible by 9, hence given no is also divisible
by 9.
Try and learn
1. Check whether 729 is divisible by 9?
Solution:
Sum of digit = 7 + 2 + 9 = 18
18 is divisible by 9; hence 243 is also divisible by 9
Divisibility rule of 6
If a given number is divisible by both 2 and 3, then the given number is divisible
by 6.
Try and learn
1. Check whether 12 is divisible by,
12 ends with 2; it is divisible by 2
The Sum of digits of 12 is 1 + 2 = 3
3 is divisible by 3; hence 12 is divisible by 3
Since 12 is divisible by 2 and 3 both, hence it is also divisible by 6.
Divisibility rule of 5
If a given number end with 0 or 5, then the given number is divisible by 5
Try and learn
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1. Check whether 4550 is divisible by 5?
Solution:
4550 end with 0,
Hence it is divisible by 5.
Divisibility rule of 10
If a given number end with 0, then the given number is divisible by 10.
Try and learn
1. Check whether 1234550 is divisible by 10?
Solution:
1234550 end with 0,
hence it is divisible by 10.
Divisibility rule of 7
There is no direct method to find divisibility by 7, but yes, we can find it by using
the below steps.
Step 1:
From the given number, separate the last digit.
Step 2:
Double the last digit.
Step 3:
Take the difference of the remaining number and resultant from step 2.
If the number is still a very big one, repeat the steps from step 1.
If not, then check if the result from step 3 is divisible by 7.
If yes, then the given number is divisible by 7.
Try and learn
1. Check whether 2478 is divisible by 7?
Step 1:
The last digit is 8. Double it, and we get 16.
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Step 2:
Subtract 16 from 247.
The difference between them is 231.
That's still a pretty big number, so we just do the same steps again. Double the
last digit 1 that is equal to 2.
23 - 2 = 21.
21 is evenly divisible by 7,
Hence the 2478 number is divisible by 7.
Checkpoint 7
1. The number 11011110 is divisible by the numbers
a) 3, 4, and 10
b) 3, 10, and 11
c) 3, 4, and 11
d) 4, 10, and 11
2. The number 42, 435, 210 is not divisible by.
a) 3
b) 5
c) 6
d) 9
3. Which of the numbers below is divisible by 3, 6, and 8?
a) 29608
b) 43254
c) 29712
d) 47626
Bird’s-eye view
1. Prime factorization is the process to break up a number into factors until only
prime factors are left.
2. The advantage of Factor Tree is that we can get the factors in order.
3. We have also seen that,
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a. The Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) of two or more given numbers is the
highest of their common factors.
b. The Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.) of two or more given numbers is the
lowest of their common multiples.
4. Divisible by 2: Right-most (one's) digit is even.
5. Divisible by 3: The sum of the digits of the given number is divisible by 3.
6. Divisible by 4: The rightmost 2 digits (taken together) are divisible by 4.
7. Divisible by 5: Right-most (one's) digit is 0 or 5.
8. Divisible by 6: Number is divisible by 2 AND divisible by 3.
9. Divisible by 7:
Step 1: From the given number, separate the last digit
Step 2: Double the last digit.
Step 3: Take the difference of the remaining number and resultant from step 2
If the number is still a very big one, repeat the steps from step 1.
If not, then check if the result from step 3 is divisible by 7
If yes, then the given number is divisible by 7.
10. Divisible by 8: The right-most 3 digits (taken together) are divisible by 8.
11. Divisible by 9: The sum of the digits of the given number is divisible by 9.
12. Divisible by 10: Right-most (one's) digit is a 0.
13. Divisible by 11:
Step 1: Separate all the digits at odd and even position.
Step 2: Add up the digits at odd positions.
Step 3: Add up the digits at an even position.
Step 4: Take the difference, check whether the difference is equal to 0 or the
result is divisible by 11.
If yes, then the number given is divisible by 11
Else, the number is not divisible by 11.
Solved examples
1. Find the H.C.F. of 16, 24, 32, and 48?
Solution:
The factors of 16 are: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
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The factors of 24 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
The factors of 32 are: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
The factors of 48 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48
Then the greatest common factor (GCD) is 8
2. What is the L.C.M. of 10, 15 and 30?
Solution:
Find and list the multiples of each number until we find the first common
multiple. This is the lowest common multiple.
Multiples of 10: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
Multiples of 15: 15, 30, 45, 60
Multiples of 30: 30, 60, 90
Therefore, LCM(10, 15, 30) = 30
3. Two wires are of length 12 m and 16 m. The wires are to be divided into pieces
of equal length. Find the greatest length of each piece.
Solution :
To calculate the maximum length, we have to find the H.C.F. of 12 and 16
Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Factors of 16: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
H.C.F. = 4
Hence, the maximum length of each piece is 4 m.
4. Rachel has 24 red candies. Maya has 18 green candies. Both want to arrange
the candies in such a way that each row comprises an equal number of candies.
Also, each row should have either only red candies or green candies. Find the
largest number of candies possible to be arranged in each row.
Solution:
To find the greatest number of candies possible to be arranged in equal rows,
we need to find the H.C.F. of two given numbers.
Factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24.
Factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18.
The highest common factor is 6. Hence, the greatest number of candies possible
to be arranged in each row is 6.
5. Calculate the lowest number that is exactly divisible by both 18 and 24?
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Solution:
We have to find the L.C.M. of 18 and 24 to get the required number.
Multiples of 18: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108
Multiples of 24: 24, 48, 72, 96, 120
Therefore, LCM (18, 24) = 72
Therefore, 72 is the required number.
6. A storekeeper sells candles in packets of 12 and candle stands in packets of
8. What is the smallest number of candles and candle stands Nita must buy so
that there will be one candle for each candle stand?
Solution: To find a quantity that is the lowest common multiple of different
quantities, we find the L.C.M.
Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, ……
Multiples of 8 are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, ……
The lowest common multiple of 12 and 8 is 24. Hence, the least number of
candles and candle stands that Nita should buy is 24.
7. A florist wants to arrange 24 bouquets of flowers in different rows.
Determine how many ways he can arrange the bouquets with the same number
in each row.
Solution: We need to check for all the factors of 24.
24 = 1 × 24, 24 = 2 × 12, 24 = 3 × 8, 24 = 4 × 6
The factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24
Thus, he can arrange rows of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 bouquets.
Novice level
1. Divide 300 by 8, list out the dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder.
2. Atomic fireballs come in packages of 6. Janet ate 21 Atomic Fireballs. How
many whole boxes did she eat, and how many Atomic Fireballs does she have
left?
3. Skittles come in packages of 8. Theresa ate 12 Skittles. How many whole boxes
did she eat, and how many Skittles does she have left?
4. Which of the following are prime numbers?
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a. 383
b. 72
c. 54
d. 211
5. 79 is a prime number.
a. True
b. False
6. What is a factor of 120? Please choose ALL that apply.
a. 1
b. 5
c. 15
d. 25
e. 20
7. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are all of 12.
a. factors
b. dividends
c. Operations
d. Multiple
8. Write all the factors of 12?
9. What are the prime factors of 125?
a. 5 × 25
b. 5 × 5 × 5
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
10. What is the prime factorization of 12?
a. 4 x 3
b. 2 x 2 x 3
c. 2 x 6
d. None of the above
11. Determine the prime factorization of the following numbers.
a. 18
b. 24
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c. 50
12. What is the factorization of the following numbers?
a. 30
b. 16
13. Which digit should occupy the blank space in the number 88889_ such that
the number is divisible by 10?
a. 0
b. 4
c. 6
d. 9
14. For what value of a is the number 6a839859 divisible by 9?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 6
d. 9
Advanced level
1. Keshav has 6 cans of regular soda and 15 cans of diet soda. He wants to
create some similar refreshment tables that will operate during the American
football game. He also does not want to have any sodas left over. What is the
highest number of refreshment tables that Kamal can stock?
2. For a dinner party, Amir is creating separate servings of starters. He has 9
potatoes and 18 tomatoes. If he wants each serving to be similar, with no food
left over, what is the greatest number of servings Abraham can create?
3. Veronica is arranging calamity-preparedness kits to share with her friends.
She has 20 bottles of water and 12 boxes of food, which she would like to give
out equally among the kits, with nothing left over. What is the largest number
of kits Veronica can make?
4. Oscar wants to courier 14 metal rock C.D.s, 12 jazz C.D.s, and 8 folk C.D.s. He
can pack only one type of CD in each box, and he must pack the same number
of C.D.s in each box. What is the largest number of CDs Oscar can pack in each
box?
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5. Find the lowest number that leaves 3 as the remainder when divided by 8,
12 and 16.
6. At the gym, Hillary swims every 6 days, runs every 4 days and cycles every 16
days. If she did all three activities today, in how many days will she do all three
activities again on the same day?
7. If Mary inspects every sixth calculator and Nancy inspects every fifth
calculator, which calculator will be the first that they both inspect?
8. If the six-digit number 469x51 is exactly divisible by 3, then what is the
maximum value of x?
9. If the six-digit number 469x51 is exactly divisible by 3, then what is the
maximum value of x?
10. The information in which alternative is incorrectly matched for divisibility?
Number Divisible by 8 Divisible by 9 Divisible by 11
5445
Number Divisible by 8 Divisible by 9 Divisible by 11
4788
Number Divisible by 8 Divisible by 9 Divisible by 11
3800
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Number Divisible by 8 Divisible by 9 Divisible by 11
3432
11. Which of the numbers below is divisible by 2 but not by 6?
a. 31548
b. 38764
c. 78258
d. 89844
12. A five-digit number 318xy is divisible by 2 and is also a multiple of 3. If both
the digits x and y are greater than 6, then what is the value of the x and y?
13. What is the smallest digit that should occupy the? in the number 2716975?4
such that the number is divisible by 3?
Solutions
Checkpoint 1
1. (i) 137
(ii) 0
2. (i) q-847, r- 5
(ii) q-484, r- 4
(iii) q-375, r- 0
(iv) q-409, r- 1
Checkpoint 2
1. A
2. True
3. A
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Checkpoint 3
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. (i) 2
(ii) 2 x 2 x 11
(iii) 2 x 5 x 5
6. 2 x 14 or 2 x 2 x 7 or 4 x 7
Checkpoint 4
1. (i) 1,2
(ii) 1,2,5,10
(iii) 1,7
(iv) 1,2,4,8
2. (i) 3
(ii) 3
(iii) 4
(iv) 5
3. 18
4. Yes
5. A
Checkpoint 5
1. 11,22,33
2. 12,34,51,68,85
3. (i), (ii)
4. (i) 6,12,18,24,30,36
(ii)8,16,24,32,40,48
(iii) 10,20,30,40,50,60
(iv) 15,30,45,60,75,90
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Checkpoint 6
1. 12,24
2. 21
3. 217
Checkpoint 7
1. Option 1
2. Option 2
3. Option 3
Novice level
1. D-300, d- 8, q-37, r-4
2. 3boxes, 3left
3. 1 box, 4 left
4. A,b
5. A
6. A
7. A,b,c,e
8. A
9. Factors- 1,2,3,4,6,12
10. B
11. B
12. (i) 2 x 3 x 3
(ii) 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
(iii) 2 x 5 x 5
13. (i) 2 x 3 x 5
(ii) 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
14. Option 1
15. Option 3
Advance level
1. 3
27
UNIT RIVISION COURSE
PLAYING WITH NUMBERS
2. 9
3. 4
4. 2
5. 51
6. 48 days
7. 30th calculator
8. 8
9. Option 2
10. Option 2
11. x-7, y-8
12. 4
28