META-ANALYSIS
Definition
•It is the examination of data from multiple studies of the same subject or similar research
questions by which statistical method is performed to determine overall trends and draw a
single conclusion.
When to utilize Meta-analysis?
•Meta-analysis is used when there are several, independent studies on the same research
question that has enough methodological similarity to enable significant pooling of data and
when the studies are of sufficient quality to minimize bias, allowing a strong combined analysis
of the effect size across all studies.
In simple terms, it is the appropriate procedure to be done if the goal is to calculate the
direction and/or magnitude of an effect across all relevant studies.
Strengths
1. More Reliable Than One Study
2. Finds Hidden Patterns
3. Saves Time & Money
4. Reduces Bias
Weaknesses
1. Bad Studies = Bad Results
2. Studies Might Be Too Different
3. Publication Bias
4. Takes a Long Time
Advantages:
Provides strong evidence by combining many studies.
Identifies patterns that might be missed in single studies.
Improves decision-making by giving a clear answer.
Saves money and time compared to conducting new experiments.
Disadvantages:
Studies must be high-quality – If bad studies are included, the results will be unreliable.
Different methods across studies – If studies measure things differently, comparing them is
difficult.
Publication bias – Studies with negative results might not get published, affecting the
accuracy.
Procedures in conducting/execution of Meta-analysis
•To conduct meta-analysis in the aspect of research it follows certain procedures:
-Choosing a research question.
-Search for all the potentially relevant research articles.
-Exclude articles that are duplicates, unusable, or irrelevant.
-Extract the data you need.
-Perform statistical analyses.
JOURNAL
Discussion about Journal and why it falls under Meta-analysis
•"A Meta-Analysis Study of Leadership and Project Success" by Damayanti et al., 2019
analyzes the relationship between leadership and project success using a meta-analysis of 115
cases from 36 research studies. The study focuses on how specific
leadership–transformational, transactional, and competency-based leadership influence
project success. That being said, this study falls under meta-analysis because it combines and
analyzes data from several existing research studies to identify overall trends. Instead of
carrying out new experiment, it examines and synthesizes current findings to determine
whether leadership truly influences project success.
Paradigm
•Independent Variable : Leadership styles (transformational, transactional, and
competency-based)
•Dependent Variable : Project success
(measured by cost, time, quality and customer satisfaction)
Purpose/objective
•This study analyzes the relationship or influence of leadership styles to project success.
Theories
•Transformational Leadership Theory
•Transactional Leadership Theory
•Emotional Intelligence (EQ) Theory
•Managerial Intelligence (MQ) Theory
•Contingency Leadership Theory
Methodology
•The study conducted a meta-analysis method by gathering articles from databases and select
those that focuses on leadership and project success as its subjects. To remove errors and
estimate appropriate correlations, statistical methods were used to assess studies with
statistical data (correlation, significance, variance). The effect of leadership on project success
was calculated using equations, and contextual elements such as project type and regional
variations were also looked at.
Findings
•The study found that leadership has a positive but not strong correlation with project success,
which means leadership influences success but is not the sole factor. Managerial intelligence
(MQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ) are the most effective leadership traits, while
transformational leadership is beneficial mainly in construction projects.