ASSIGNMENT - 5 (Unit-5)
Course Digital Electronics (BOE 410)
SEM & Section CSE (DS)-IV Semester, Section- A, B
Date of Assignment 13/06/25
Date of Submission 16/06/25
1. Why is ECL logic faster than TTL?
Answer: ECL eliminates saturation and improves speed but uses more power than other
logic families such as TTL and CMOS. ECL is fastest logic family among all and this is
due to avoidance of saturation region for application.
2. Compare static RAM and dynamic RAM.
Answer:
3. Write a short note on interfacing TTL with CMOS.
Answer: Figure-1 depicts TTL to CMOS interfacing and CMOS to TTL interfacing
circuits. When 5V supply is given to TTL and CMOS ICs, logic levels of TTL and CMOS
are different. One TTL IC can drive any number of CMOS ICs. However, TTL output in
'high state' yields 2.4 Volt which is lower than the minimum voltage required by CMOS
IC (which is 3.5V) . For TTL to CMOS interfacing, standard pull up resistor is connected
which solves the interfacing problem as mentioned. This is shown in figure-1(a).
A CMOS IC can easily drive any low power schottky TTL IC directly. But to interface
standard TTL IC, buffer is provided in between CMOS and TTL ICs. This is shown in
figure-1(b).
4. Explain the parameters used to characterize logic families.
Answer: Logic families (like TTL, CMOS, etc.) are characterized based on several
performance parameters. These parameters help in comparing different families for
suitability in digital circuit design.
Parameter Description
1. Propagation Time taken for the output to respond to a change at the input.
Delay (tp) Measured in nanoseconds (ns). Lower delay = faster speed.
2. Power Amount of power consumed by the gate during operation. Measured
Dissipation in milliwatts (mW). Lower is better for low-power applications.
The maximum noise voltage that can be tolerated without affecting
3. Noise Margin
correct operation. Higher noise margin = better reliability.
The number of inputs a logic gate can accept. Example: A 3-input
AND gate has a fan-in of 3.
4. Fan-In
The number of similar gates that a gate output can drive without
loss of signal integrity.
5. Fan-Out
5. Draw a neat diagram of TTL NAND gate and explain its operation.
Or
Describe the circuit implementation and working of TTL logic gates.
Answer:
TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) is a digital logic family built using bipolar
junction transistors (BJTs). The most basic TTL logic gate is the TTL NAND gate,
from which all other gates can be derived.
6. Elaborate the PLA (Programmable Logic Array) along with working and
applications.
Answer: Programmable Logic Array (PLA) and Programming Array Logic (PAL) are the
categories of programming logic devices. In PLA or Programmable Logic Array, there are
massive functions can be implemented. Whereas in PAL or Programmable Array Logic, there
is finite functions can be implemented. The distinction between PLA and PAL is that, PAL
have programmable AND array and fixed OR array. On the other hand, PLA have a
programmable AND array and programming OR array.
7. Implement Inverter, NAND and NOR gate with CMOS.
Answer:
8. Which logic family consume the least power?
Answer:
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) logic family consumes the least
power among all logic families.
Reason:
• CMOS circuits use very little static power because current flows only during
switching (i.e., when the output changes from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0).
• In steady states (logic 0 or 1), almost no current flows through the circuit.
Comparison with Other Logic Families:
Logic Family Power Consumption Notes
CMOS Very Low Best for battery-operated and portable devices
TTL Moderate Higher power due to continuous current paths
ECL Very High Fastest, but consumes high power
RTL, DTL Higher than CMOS Obsolete due to higher power and slower speed
CMOS is the most power-efficient logic family, making it ideal for modern digital devices
like smartphones, laptops, and embedded systems.