BIOLOGY - Brance of science that deals with the study of life
1. Nasal Cavity 5. Lungs
Also called: Nose or nasal passage. Function: Main site of gas exchange – oxygen
Function: Filters, moistens, and warms incoming enters blood, carbon dioxide is removed.
air. Other role: Regulates pH by controlling carbon
Other role: Contains smell receptors (olfactory).
dioxide levels.
Fact: Mucus and cilia trap dust, pathogens, and
Fact: Left lung has 2 lobes, right lung has 3 lobes.
foreign particles.
2. Pharynx 6. Bronchi
Also called: Throat. Also called: Main airways.
Function: Common passageway for both air and Function: Transport air from the trachea into
food. each lung.
Other role: Helps direct food to the esophagus Fact: Right bronchus is wider and shorter,
and air to the larynx. making it more prone to blockages.
Fact: Divides into the esophagus (for food) and
larynx (for air). 7. Bronchioles
Function: Small branches of bronchi that
3. Larynx
distribute air within the lungs.
Also called: Voice box.
Fact: End in alveolar sacs, which contain alveoli
Function: Produces sound (voice) using vocal
for gas exchange.
cords.
Other role: Prevents food from entering the
trachea using the epiglottis. 8. Alveoli
Fact: Vibration of vocal cords causes sound; Function: Tiny air sacs where oxygen diffuses
tension controls pitch. into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Other role: Surrounded by capillaries for
4. Trachea efficient gas exchange.
Also called: Windpipe. Fact: Human lungs contain about 300 million
Function: Carries air from the larynx to the alveoli.
bronchi.
Other role: Has rings of cartilage to keep the
9. Diaphragm
airway open.
Function: Muscle that contracts and flattens to
Fact: Lined with cilia to move mucus and trapped
allow inhalation.
particles upward.
Also involved in: Coughing, sneezing, and
. vomiting.
Fact: Controlled by the phrenic nerve; plays a
major role in respiration
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Carries blood and dissolved substances to and from
different places in the body
HEART - Pumps blood throughout the body BLOOD VESSEL - Carries blood throughout
ARTERIES - Carry oxygenated blood away the body tissues and organs of the body.
from the heart to the cells, tissues, and
organs of the body.
VEINS - Carry deoxygenated blood to the
heart.
CAPILLARIES - The smallest blood vessel in
the body, connecting the smallest veins.
Site where gases and nutrients are exchanges
HEART:
FOUR CHAMBERS:
Two ventricles and Two Atria
ATRIA - Receiving chambers of the heart
accepting blood from the body.
RIGHT ATRIUM
LEFT ATRIUM - From the lungs
VENTRICLES - Pumping chambers, moving blood to lungs
RIGHT VENTRICLE
TWO PUMPS:
LEFT VENTRICLE - Into the body
Each pump has two chambers (Upper and Lower
chambers)
UPPER CHAMBER (ATRIUM) - Receives blood coming in
from the veins.
LOWER CHAMBER (VENTRICLE) - Forces blood out into
the arteries.
VALVE - Between atrium and ventricle, one way door that
keep the blood moving in only one direction.
HEART CHAMBERS---AORTA---PULMONARY ARTERY
4. Flow of Oxygen-Rich Blood (Oxygenated):
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via
1. Size & Function:
The heart is a fist-sized muscular organ. the pulmonary veins.
Its main function is to pump blood throughout the body
It flows into the left ventricle.
2. Flow of Oxygen-Poor Blood (Deoxygenated):
Blood enters the right atrium via:
Inferior vena cava Then it is pumped through the aorta to the rest
Superior vena cava of the body.
Blood moves to the right ventricle.
Then it is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary
artery.
5. Daily Heart Activity: Pumps about 2,000
gallons (7,600 liters) of blood daily.
3. In the Lungs: Blood is enriched with oxygen. Carbon Beats approximately 100,000 times per day.
dioxide is removed.
PLATELETS - Cell fragments, Repair damaged blood vessels,
BLOOD CELLS Responsible for blood clotting
RED BLOOD CELLS PLASMA - Liquid portion of blood, Mixture of water with dissolved
WHITE BLOOD CELLS substances, Carries many things.
THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)
FUNCTION OF RBC:
RBC: RED BLOOD CELLS TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN FROM LUNGS TO TISSUES
(ERYTHROCYTES) - Carry Hemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen, Contains
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE FROM TISSUES TO LUNGS
hemoglobin (protein)
Hemoglobin + carbon dioxide = carbhemoglobin
ARTERY BLOOD VESSELS - Deliver blood to the organs and tissues in your
CAPILLARIES
body. 60,000 miles
TYPE OF BLOOD VESSELS:
ARTERIES - Carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to yout body.
Contains oxygen from lungs.
ARTERIOLES - Smaller branches that extend out from arteries as they
move toward your tissues. Get smaller and bigger to maintain blood
VEIN
pressure.
CAPILLARIES - Smallest blood vessels, connects arteries and veins.
VENULES - Receive blood from capillaries
and lead to veins.
VEINS - Carry oxygen-poor blood back to
your heart, and goes to your lungs for
more oxygen.
WBC: WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(LEUKOCYTES)
Fight Infections/ Immunity
Fight foreign invader and Infections
BLOOD
Connective tissue in fluid form. Also called fluid of life.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SMOKING
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
INCREASED HEART RATE (Pulse Abnormality)
BLOOD PRESSURE (Pressure exerted by
blood)
CORONARY HEART DISEASE (Condition
caused by coronary artery disease)
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (A common arterial
diseas which raised areas of degeneration
and cholesterol deposits plaques)
VASCULAR DISEASES (Inflammation of
blood or lymph)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
BRONCHITIS - Inflammation of lungs:
inflammation of the mucuos membrane in
NEGATIVE LIFESTYLE
the airways.
CHANGE:
EMPHYSEMA - Lung condition causing breathing
HEALTHY FOODS
impairment: a chronic medical disorder of the
AVOIDING VICES
lungs in with air sacs are dilated or enlarged.
EXERCISING REGULARLY
ASTHMA - Respiratory diesease: a disease of ADEQUATE REST
the respiratory system, sometimes caused by BALANCED DIET
allegies.
TUBERCULOSIS - Tubercle-forming disease:
an infectious disease that causes small
rounded swellings tubercles to form.
MUCOUS - Secretes increase in response to
the viral attack, creating runny nose or colds.
LUNG CANCER - Malignancy of the lungs
that is the leading cause of cancer deaths,
LARYNGITIS - An inflammation of the larynx,
is cause d by viral infection, irritants such as
cigarrete smoke or overuse of voice.
TUBERCULOSIS - Caused by a bacterium that
attack the lungs and sometimes other body
tissues.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
ALVEOLI - Where gas exchange takes CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD:
place. Arteries
FLOW OF OXYGEN THAT GOES INTO
3 KINDS OF BLOOD VESSEL:
YOUR LUNGS:
Arteries
NOSE-NASAL CAVITY-PHARYX-LARYX- Veins
BRONCHI-BRONCULES-ALVEOLI Cappiliaries
WORK OF THE LUNGS AND DIAPHRAM SMALLEST ARTERY:
WHEN YOU EXHALE AND INHALE Arteriole
When the air goes in, the lungs WHAT VEINS THAT RECIEVE BLOOD
expand, the diaphram goes down. FROM THE UPPER PART OF YOUR
When the air goes out, the diaphram BODY:
goes up and the lungs contract, Superior Vena Cava
ANOTHER TERM FOR TRACHEA:
WHAT VEINS THAT RECIEVE BLOOD
Wind pipe FROM THE LOWER PART OF YOUR
BODY:
ANOTHER TERM FOR ALVEOLI:
Inferior Vena Cava
Air Sacks
4 MAIN CHAMBERS OF THE HEART:
LARYX:
Right Atrium Right Ventricle
Voice box Left Atrium Left Ventricle
PHARYX:
Throat WHAT DO YOU CALL THE UPPER
CHAMBER:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
Atria
Breathing system.
RESPIRATORY: WHAT DO YOU CALL THE LOWER
CHAMBER:
Takes in Oxygen takes out Carbon
Dioxide Ventricles
MAIN ORGAN OF THE CIRCULATORY WHAT ARE THE FOUR VALVES
SYSTEM: Tricuspid Valve – located between
Heart the right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve – located between
3 ORGANS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: the right ventricle and the
Heart pulmonary artery
Blood Vessel Bicuspid Valve – located between
Blood the left atrium and left ventricle
CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD: Aortic Valve – located between the
left ventricle and the aorta
VEINS