Reactive chemistry
Module 3
Tuesday 18th June
Activities
Watch the following video
Copy out the following notes
Revision of moles
Thursday 20th June
Limiting reagents
LOOK AT THE
RATIOS IN THE
EQUATION!!!!
Cu Ag
Molar Ratios 1 2
Actuals 8.9 15.6
Amounts if we look at Cu 8.9 17.8
Amounts if we look at Ag 7.8 15.6
Compare what you NEED to what you HAVE (your actuals)
Try this one
If a student weighs out 0.5g of magnesium and reacts this with 0.2g of SO2
calculate how many grams of sulfur will be produced.
Answer is 0.1g (1 sig fig)
Steps for calculating a limiting reagent question
1. Write an equation if one hasn’t been provided
2. Work out the moles that you have for each reactant
3. Work out which reactant is the limiting reagent
4. Use the molar ratios to work out how the actual number of moles of each of
the reactants and the products based on the LIMITING REAGENT
Complete the following quiz
Watch the following video
Complete the following activity using the molymod kits
Make a copy of this google doc to record your results. Reshare at nwarnant@[Link]
Complete the following quiz
Watch the following atomi video on common reactions
Complete the following atomi quiz on common reactions
Consolidation
Make sure all quizzes have been completed. Study for your test by completing the
questions on this worksheet
Monday 24th June
LI: Students will conduct investigations to predict
and identify the products of a range of reactions
Syllabus
Practical lesson
Click on the following doc and make a copy for your group.
Please ensure you are familiar with the risks associated with this experiment
Your task is to rotate around the room and complete all the practical activities
Atomi lessons that will help you to prepare for your task
Consolidation
Watch the following video on ionic equations
Complete the following quiz on ionic equations
Flipped learning
Watch the following video on precipitation reactions
Continue to prepare for your test on moles at the end of the week
Dreaming of the
Tuesday 2nd July winter
holidays….
Syllabus dot
points
Activities for you to complete
Watch the following video on metal reactivity part 1
Complete the following quiz on the reaction of metal and the activity series
Watch the following video on metal reactivity part 2
Complete the following quiz on the practical aspects of metal reactivity
Watch the following video on metal reactivity part 3
Read the notes on the next 5 slides
Some
metals are
just more
reactive than
others
Which would react faster if you had the same weight
Penny
Said
Caitlin
Makes
Aluminium and
Zinc
Ingots
To
Lend to
Careless
Sailors
Watch the following video on explaining trends in metal activity and take summary notes for this video
(this one is very important!)
Complete the following quiz on explaining trends in metal activity
Consolidation
Complete the following questions on metal activity
Flipped
Watch the following atomi video on redox reactions (part 1)
Thursday 4th July
So we have classified our metals based on experiments with oxygen, acid
and water BUT there are two main problems with this…..
Problem 1: Problem 2:
It depends on qualitative It’s difficult to completely
observations which can be
control each sample of metal
subjective
Enter the table of standard reduction potentials
This is a table that measures how easy it is for
an element to gain an electron.
Potassium has a value of -2.94V. This means that 2.94 Volts of energy need to be PUT IN for potassium
to gain an electron that’s because potassium finds it a lot easier to lose an electron.
This data table can be used to give
you the order of reactivity of metals.
The higher up the metal, the more
reactive it will be.
Table of standard reduction potentials
1. Ranks elements using quantitative measurements, rather than qualitative
2. Developed under standard conditions (this means the results haven’t
been affected by the conditions)
3. Ranks both metals and nonmetals (this means we can use it to make
predictions of reactions involving both metals and nonmetals)
Standard conditions
Standard temperature Each element is compared to a
hydrogen half-cell (more on this
later)
Standard pressure
Standard concentration
But why are some metals more reactive than others???
Well there’s 3 things we can look at…
Atomic radius
Ionisation energy
Electronegativity
Atomic radius
The atomic radius of an element is the distance from the centre of the
nucleus to the outermost orbital of an electron.
What do you think happens to the atomic radius as
you go down a group?
● It gets bigger going down a group
● This makes sense.
● There are more shells
● but why does it get smaller going across a period?
As you go across a period you increase a proton and an electron everytime.
There is a force of attraction between them which draws the atom inwards.
Ionisation energy
Ionisation energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an
atom of an element when the element is in a gaseous state
What do you think happens to ionisation energy as you go
down a group of the periodic table?
What do you think happens to ionisation energy as you go
across a period?
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of the
tendency of an atom to attract a pair
of electrons
Consolidation
STOP HERE
Redox reaction
Watch the following video Watch the following video
Complete the following quiz on Complete the following quiz on redox
redox reactions (part 1) reactions (part 2)
Watch the following video on redox
reaction equations
Complete the following quiz on
redox reaction equations
Friday 21st July
LI:
● To work out oxidation numbers of different
elements
● Construct half-equations and balanced
overall reactions to represent a range of
redox reactions
● Predict the reaction of metals in solution
using the table of standard reduction
potentials
● Predict the spontaneity of redox reactions
using the value of cell potentials.
Syllabus
Rules for working out oxidation states
Group 1 metals will be +1
Group 2 metals will be +2
Group 13 metals will be +3
Usually metals form positive
oxidation numbers
Try this example
Click here to view the periodic table of oxidation states
Activities for you to complete
Complete the following quiz
Watch the following video
Complete the following quiz on
oxidation states: worked examples
Consolidation
Note: You can get E0 values from the table
of standard reduction potentials on your
data sheet. Work out the equations first
and then look up the values
Flipped learning
Watch the following video on an introduction Watch the following video
to galvanic cells
Complete the following quiz on galvanic cells
Complete the following quiz on salt bridges
and galvanic cell notation
Tuesday 25th July
Students will conduct first-hand
investigations in order to
measure the reduction potential
of galvanic half-cells and
construct relevant ½ equations
and overall balanced equations
to represent redox reactions
Syllabus
Electrochemistry key points
1. Displacement Reactions
2. REDOX and the Activity Series
3. Galvanic Cells
4. Electrochemical Data
5. Cells and Batteries
1. Displacement Reactions
Recall the Activity Series of Metals
What does “activity” relate to?
Ability to give up electron(s)
A MORE active metal will displace ions of a LESS active metal from solution.
Displacement Demonstration
Iron nail + Copper Sulfate Copper metal deposited
solution on the nail
Clearly, the Cu2+ ions have become Cu metal – how?
TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS HAS OCCURRED!!!
Electron Transfer
Cu2+ (aq) + 2 e- → Cu (s)
Where did these electrons come from???
The iron has given them up
(remember Fe is more active than Cu)
Fe (s) → Fe 2+(aq) + 2 e-
The reaction between an active metal and a less active
metal is a REDOX reaction
REDOX reaction – REDuction and Oxidation
More active metal loses electrons (oxidation)
Less active metal gains electrons (reduction)
Both processes must happen together
2. REDOX and the Activity Series
Oxidation is loss (of electrons),
Reduction is gain (of electrons)
Look at our displacement reaction:
Iron was oxidised, copper was reduced
OIL RIG
Oxn ½ equation: Fe (s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e-
Redn ½ equation: Cu2 +(aq) + 2e- → Cu (s)
2+ 2+
Overall equation: Fe (s) + Cu → Fe + Cu (s)
(aq) (aq)
Key Point
More active metals will displace less active metal ions from solution in an
oxidation-reduction reaction.
Tend to lose
electrons
Higher up in the
activity series =
more likely to be
oxidised
Tend to gain
electrons
Oxidation States
Oxidation state (or oxidation number) of an element is zero.
The oxidation state of a metal cation (Mn+) is (+)n.
Change in Oxidation State
Oxidation 🡺 increase in the oxidation number of the metal from 0 to n.
Reduction 🡺 decrease in the oxidation number of the species (the number is
REDUCED in size)
Reaction of metal with acid – what is oxidised and what is reduced?
“Calculating” Oxidation States
Da Rulz:
1. Oxidation state of uncombined element = 0
2. Sum of oxidation states of all atoms/ions in neutral compound = 0
3. Sum of oxidation states all atoms in
an ion = charge on the ion.
Calculating Oxidation States
Element Usual oxidation state Exceptions
Group 1 metals always +1
Group 2 metals always +2
Oxygen usually -2 except in peroxides and F2O
except in metal hydrides where it
Hydrogen usually +1
is -1
Fluorine always -1
Chlorine usually -1 except in compounds with O or F
HSC Question
Memory aid
An OX Red CAT
3. Galvanic Cells
We have seen that REDOX involves movement of electrons from one species
to another.
Moving electrons = ELECTRICITY
Separate the oxidation and reduction reactions and provide a wire for
electrons to flow:
GALVANIC CELL
Definitions
ANODE: ½ cell where OXIDATION occurs.
CATHODE: ½ cell where REDUCTION occurs.
ELECTRODE: conductor which picks up or releases electrons.
ELECTROLYTE: substance which will conduct electricity when molten, or in
solution.
Things to Know
HSC Question
4. Electrochemical Data
The voltage in a Galvanic cell depends on:
○ electrode metals used (how far apart they are in the Activity Series)
○ concentration of electrolyte solutions
○ temperature
○ gas pressure, if any gases are involved
So to make comparisons, we need a set of STANDARD CONDITIONS
Standard Conditions
Standard conditions are (predictably)
● all solutions are 1.0 molL -1
● temperature and gas pressure at SLC (25oC & 1 atmosphere)
Under these conditions, each half-cell has a “Standard Electrode Potential”
when measured against a “Reference Half-Cell”
Reference Half Cell
Each half cell’s voltage is measured against this Reference Half Cell:
All other half-cells are Standard
Electrode
measured against this. Potential (Eo)
of zero volts
Standard Electrode Potentials
Each ½ equation is
written as a
reduction. If you
need to write it
backwards as an
oxidation, you must
REVERSE the sign
of the Eº value
Using Electrochemical Data
The Half-Cell reactions, with Eo values are:
Reverse
the sign
Under standard conditions, this cell will produce a voltage
(technically, an “Electromotive Force” (EMF), or “Potential
Difference”) of 1.10 volts.
Combining Half Equations
Overall equation: add together 2 half-equations. Make sure each
side has the same number of electrons.
Sometimes you will need to multiply the half-equation by a number
to balance out electrons.
You need to multiply everything in the 2nd equation x2 before
combining them
BUT when you do this, the Eº values
DO NOT CHANGE
Consolidation
Watch the following video and explain how a salt bridge works
Complete the write up for the practical task
Flip learning
● Watch the following video
● Complete the following quiz on standard reduction potentials (part 1)
● Watch the following video
● Complete the following quiz on standard reduction potentials (part 2)
● Watch the following video
● Complete the following quiz on standard reduction potentials (part 3)
Friday 28th July
LI: Students will be able to
understand that various
factors determine the
speed at which a reaction
occurs
Rates of reactions
What makes a reaction go faster?
Watch the following video and complete the table below
What you need to do to speed up a chemical reaction
What you actually do to the reaction Analogy from the video
Work for you to do
Complete the following quiz on introduction to rates of reactions
Watch the following video and answer the questions below:
1) Define the term activation energy
2) Explain why the proper orientation is necessary for a chemical
reaction to occur.
3) What is the collision theory?
4) Why is it necessary for a reaction to have a particular activation
energy?
Work for you to do
● Complete the following quiz on the collision theory and activation energy
● Complete the following quiz on Collision theory and Reaction rates (part 1)
● Complete the following quiz on Collision theory and Reaction rates (part 2)
Complete the following MC questions in 30 minutes
Click here to access the questions. Do NOT complete questions 7, 14,
16 and 18
Check your answers here
Consolidation
Start working on revision for your exam
Flip learning
Watch the following video on enthalpy
Complete the following quiz on enthalpy
Watch the following video on endo and exothermic reactions
Complete the following quiz on endo and exothermic reactions
Flip learning
Research: Investigate the chemical processes
that occur when Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander peoples detoxify poisonous food items. Watch
the following video and make your own summary
notes.