Power System Analysis-1

Module-4: Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

Introduction
The unsymmetrical faults are basically categorized into two types, namely,
1) Shunt type of faults and
2) Series type of faults.
Shunt type of fault involves short circuit between conductors or between the conductors and
ground. They are characterized by an increase in current and fall in voltage and frequency in the
faulted phase. Shunt type of faults are in turn classified as:
1) Single line to ground(LG) fault
2) Line to line (LL)fault
3) Double line to ground (LLG) fault.
4) 3-phase fault (3L) or (3LG)
When one or two lines in a three phase system get opened while other lines or line
remain intact, such faults are called as series type of faults. They are characterized by increase in
voltage and frequency and fall in current in the faulted phase series type of faults can be grouped
as:
1) One conductor open fault
2) Two conductor open fault
3) Three conductor open fault
Relative frequency of occurrence of different kinds of faults
Relative frequencies of occurrence of different kinds of faults in a power system in the
order of decreasing severity are listed below.

Symmetrical faults (3L) or (3LG) -5%

Double line to ground (LLG) faults -10%
Double line (LL) faults -15%
Single line to ground (LG) fault-70%

It can be observed that three phase faults (3L) has the maximum severity, though its occurrence
is infrequent. Hence the rupturing capacity of circuit breakers is calculated on the basis of a three
phase symmetrical fault. However, for relay setting, single phase switching and performing the
system stability studies, the analysis of unsymmetrical faults are very important. Since any
unsymmetrical fault causes unbalanced currents to flow in the system, the method of
symmetrical components is very useful in an analysis to determine the currents and voltages in
all parts of the system after the occurrence of the fault. Also the sequence networks of the system
will come quite handy in this process.
4.1 Single line to ground (LG) fault on an unloaded generator:
 The circuit diagram for an LG fault on an unloaded star connected generator with its
neutral grounded through a reactance is shown in fig 1. Here it is assumed that phase a is shorted
to ground directly. The conditions at the fault are represented by the following terminal
conditions.
 Terminal conditions:
Va =0 .......................................... 1
Ib =0 ............................................... 2
Ic =0 ............................................... 3
These three terminal conditions in terms of line currents and phase voltage are to be transformed
to conditions in terms of symmetrical components.

Figure.1

 Symmetrical components relations:

Since two conditions are available regarding the line currents, it is convenient to transform them
to conditions in terms of symmetrical components.
Ia0= (1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic) = (1/3)(Ia+0+0)=(1/3).Ia

Ia1= (1/3) (Ia+[Link]+[Link]) = (1/3)(Ia+0+0)=(1/3).Ia

Ia2= (1/3) (Ia+[Link]+[Link]) = (1/3)(Ia+0+0)=(1/3).Ia

So Ia1=Ia2=Ia0= (1/3).Ia .......................................................................... 4
The terminal conditions Va =0 gives,
Va0+Va1+Va2= 0 ......................................................................................... 5
As per eq. 4, all sequence currents are equal and as per eq. 5, the sum of sequence
voltage equals zero. Therefore, these equations suggest a series connection of sequence
networks through a short circuit as shown in fig 2.
 Interconnection of sequence networks:

Figure.2

 Sequence quantities:
The following relations can be directly obtained from fig 2
Ia1=Ia2=Ia0= Ea / (Z1+Z2+Z0)………………………………….6
Va1=Ea1–Ia1.Z1
=Ea– (Ea /(Z1+Z2+Z0)).Z1
=Ea ((Z2+Z0)/ (Z1+Z2+Z0)) ..................................................... 7
Va2=-Ia2.Z2
=-(Ea.Z2/ (Z1+Z2+Z0)) ........................................................ 8
Va0=-Ia0.Z0
=-(Ea.Z0/ (Z1+Z2+Z0)) ............................................................ 9
 Fault current:
The fault current If in this case is equal to the current in phase a i.e Ia . Hence the fault current is
given as,
If = Ia =3.Ia0 ............. in view of eq.4
=3(Ea / (Z1+Z2+Z0)) ......................................... 10
In case the neutral of the generator is not grounded, then
Z0=Zg0+3Zn=Zg0+∞=∞.Therefore, the fault current in such a condition is,

If =3(Ea /(Z1+Z2+∞)=0 .................................................. 11

Thus, it can be inferred that fault current in the system is zero if the neutral is not grounded in
the case of an LG fault.
4.2 Line to line (L-L) fault on an unloaded generator:
The circuit diagram for an LL fault on an unloaded star connected generator with its neutral
grounded through a reactance is as shown in fig 3. Here it is assumed that phase b and phase c
are shorted.

Figure.3
 Terminal conditions:
The condition at the fault is expressed by the following terminal conditions:
Ia = 0………………………………………………..1
Ib+Ic=0 i.e. Ic=-Ib ........................................................... 2
Vb=Vc ............................................................................. 3
 Symmetrical components relations:
Since there are two conditions regarding current, analyzing them first, we get

Ia0= (1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic)
= (1/3) (0+Ib-Ib)
= 0.............. in view of eq……..2
Ia1=(1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(0+[Link])
= (1/3) (a-a2).Ib

Ia2= (1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
=(1/3)(0+[Link])
=(1/3)(a2-a).Ib
So, we have,
Ia0=0 ............................................................................. 4
Ia2= -Ia1 ......................................................................... 5
Regarding sequence terminal voltages,
Va1= (1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
=(1/3)(Va+(a+a2)Vb) ....................in view of eq. 3
=(1/3)(Va-Vb) .................because a+a2=-1
Va2=(1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(Va+(a2+a)Vb) .................... in view of eq.3
= (1/3)(Va-Vb)
Since Ia0=0; the zero sequence terminal voltage

Va0= -Ia0.Z0= -0.Z0=0

So, we have
Va0=0...................................................................... 6
Va1=Va2 ........................................................................ 7
Equations 6 and 7 suggest parallel connection of positive and negative sequence networks. Since
Ia0=Va0=0, the zero sequence networks is connected separately and shorted on itself as shown in
the following diagrams.
 Interconnection of sequence networks:

Figure.4

 Sequence quantities:
The following relations can be directly obtained from fig 4

Ia1= -Ia2= Ea/ (Z1+Z2) .......................................................................... 8

Ia0=Va0=0................................................................................................. 9
Va1=Va2=Ea–Ia1.Z1=Ea (Z2/Z1+Z2)) ................................................10
 Fault current:
The fault current in this case is,

If =Ib (or Ic)

=Ia0+a2.Ia1+a. Ia2
=0+ (a2-a) Ia1
=-j√3Ia1
Or |If|=√3Ia1=√3(Ea/(Z1+Z2))........................................................................................11
In case the neutral is not grounded, then Z0=Zg0+3Zn=Zgo+∞=∞. But since the expression for
fault current is independent of the value of Z0, the presence or absence of a grounded neutral at
the generator does not affect the fault current.

4.3 Double line to ground (LLG) fault on an unloaded generator:

The circuit diagram for an LLG fault on an unloaded star connected alternator having grounded
neutral is shown in fig 5. We assume that the fault takes place in phases b and c.

Figure.5
 Terminal conditions:
The conditions at the fault are expressed by the following equations:

Vb=0 .........................................................................1
Vc =0 ......................................................................... 2
Ia =0 .......................................................................... 3
 Symmetrical components relations:
Since there are two condition regarding the voltages analysing (transforming to symmetrical
components) them first we get.
Va0= (1/3)(Va+Vb+Vc)
= (1/3)(Va+0+0)
= (1/3).Va
Va1= (1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(Va+0+0)
=(1/3).Va

Va2=(1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
=(1/3)(Va+0+0)
=(1/3).Va
so, Va0=Va1=Va2 ...................................................................................... 4
coming to sequence currents, we have,
Ia=0
i.e Ia0+Ia1+Ia2 = 0 ................................................................................. 5
Equations 4 and 5 indicates that the sequence networks should be connected in parallel as
shown in fig. 6.
 Interconnection of sequence networks:

Figure.6
 Sequence quantities:
The following relations can be directly obtained from the fig 6

Va1=Va2=Va0=Ea-Ia1.Z1 ................................................................................. 6

Ia1=Ea /[Z1+{Z2Z0/(Z2+Z0)}] ......................................................... 7

Ia2=-Ia1. [Z0/(Z2+Z0)] ........................................................... 8
Ia0=-Ia1. [Z2/(Z2+Z0)] ........................................................... 9
Equations 8 and 9 are direct consequences of current division formula.

 Fault Current:
The fault current If in this case is given by,
If = Ib+Ic
= (Ia0+a2.Ia1+a.Ia2) +(Ia0+a.Ia1+a2.Ia2)
 =2Ia0+ (a+a2) Ia1+ (a+a2) Ia2
=2Ia0–Ia1–Ia2 because (a+a2) =-1
=2Ia0-(Ia1+Ia2)
It can be observed from fig 6 that (Ia1+Ia2) = -Ia0. Substituting this in
the expression for fault current, we get

If =2Ia0-(-Ia0)
=3Ia0 ..................................................................................... 10
= -3.Ia1. [Z2/ (Z2+Z0)] -------------- in view of equation 9
If the neutral grounding is absent, then Zn=∞.
Therefore,

Z0=Zg0+3Zn=Zg0+∞=∞.
Hence,
If = -3Ia1. [Z2 /(Z2+∞)]
Therefore, If = 0................................................11
Thus, it can be inferred that fault current in the system is Zero, if the neutral is not grounded in
the case of LLG fault.

4.4 Fault through impedances:

All the faults discussed in the preceding section consisted of direct short circuits between
line and between one or two line to ground. In these cases, the impedance between the fault
points is considered as zero. There may be situation in which the fault path includes impedance
between the faulted points. In these situations the analysis is carried similar to that of the
previous section, except that the fault impedance is included at appropriate points in the circuits
obtained by connecting sequence networks.
4.4.1 Single line to ground (LG) fault on an unloaded generator through a fault impedance:
The circuit diagram for an LG fault on an unloaded generator through fault impedance Zf is
shown in figure 7.
 Figure.7
 Terminal conditions:
Va =[Link] ......................................................................... 1
Ib =0 .................................................................................... 2
Ic =0 ...................................................................................3

 Symmetrical components relations:

The following relations can be obtained from the terminal conditions

Ia0= (1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic)
= (1/3)(Ia+0+0)
= (1/3).Ia

Ia1= (1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(Ia+0+0)
= (1/3).Ia
Ia2= (1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(Ia+0+0)
= (1/3).Ia
So Ia1=Ia2=Ia0= (1/3).Ia ......................................................................................... 4
The terminal condition Va= [Link] gives
Va0+Va1+Va2=[Link]=[Link] .............................................................. 5
As per equations 4 and 5 all sequence currents are equal and the sum of sequence voltages
equals [Link]. Therefore, these equations suggest a series connection of sequence networks
through an impedance [Link] as shown in figure 8.

 Interconnection of sequence networks:

Figure.8
 Sequence quantities:
The following equations can be directly obtained from the fig 8.
Ia0=Ia1=Ia2=Ea / (Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf) ........................................................ 6
Va1=Ea-Ia1.Z1=Ea. (Z2+Z0+3Zf) / (Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf) ............................................ 7
Va2= -Ia2.Z2 = -EaZ2 / (Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf) .......................................................... 8
Va0= -Ia0Z0 = -EaZ0 / (Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf) .........................................................9
 Fault current:
The fault current in this case is given as,
If = Ia = 3.Ia0 = 3[Ea/(Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf)] ............................................................. 10
From the above expression, it can be observed that the fault current is reduced by the fault
impedance. Even in this case, if the neutral is left ungrounded, Zn=∞
i.e Z0=∞ and hence If = 0.

4.4.2 Line to line (LL) fault on an unloaded generator through a fault impedance:
The circuit diagram for an LL fault on an unloaded generator through a fault impedance Zf is
shown in figure 9.
 Figure.9
 Terminal conditions:
Ia = 0.................................... 1
Ib +Ic=0; Ic=-Ib................................................. 2
Vb= Vc +[Link] .......................................................... 3

 Symmetrical components relations:

The following relations can be obtained from the terminal conditions

Ia0= (1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic)
= (1/3)(Ia+Ib-Ib)
=0
Ia1= (1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(0+[Link])
= (1/3)(a-a2)Ib

Ia2= (1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(0+[Link])
= (1/3)(a2-a)Ib
So, Ia0 =0 .................................................................................4
Ia1= -Ia2 ................................................................................. 5
Next,
Va1=(1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
Va2=(1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
Therefore,
Va1-Va2= (1/3)[(a-a2)Vb+(a2-a)Vc]
=(1/3)[(a-a2)(Vb-Vc)]
=(1/3)(a-a2)([Link]) ------------in view of equation 3
=[Link]
Thus, Va1=Va2+[Link] ........................................................................................... 6
Since, Ia0=0,Va0=-Ia0.Z0=0 ............................................................................. 7
Equations 6 and 7 suggest parallel connection of positive and negative sequence
networks through a series impedance Zf as shown in figure 10. Since Ia0=Va0=0, the zero
sequence network is connected separately through a short as shown in figure 10.

 Interconnection of sequence networks:

Figure.10
 Sequence quantities:
The following equations can be directly obtained from the diagrams shown above.

Ia1= -Ia2=Ea/ (Z1+Z2+Zf ) ....................................................... 8

Ia0=Va0=0................................................................................ 9
Va1=Ea–Ia1Z1
=Ea.(Z2+Zf)/(Z1+Z2+Zf) .........................................10
Va2= -Ia2.Z2
= -Ea.Z2/ (Z1+Z2+Zf) ........................................ 11

 Fault current:
In this case the fault current is equal to the current in phase-b (or phase-c).Hence

If =Ib =Ia0+a2.Ia1+a.Ia2
=0+a2.Ia1- a.Ia1
= (a2–a) Ia1
 =-j√3Ia1
or
|If|=√3.Ia1
=√[Link]/(Z1+Z2+Zf) ........................................................ 12

Since Z0 does not appear in the above equation, the presence or absence of a grounded neutral
does not affect the fault current.

4.4.3 Double line to ground fault (LLG) on an unloaded generator through a fault
impedance.
The circuit diagram for the aforesaid case is shown in figure 11.

Figure.11

 Terminal conditions:
Ia =0 .........................................................1
Vb = (Ib+Ic) Zf ................................................2
Vc = (Ib+Ic) Zf ................................................3

 Symmetrical component relations:

Consider,

Va1 = (1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)[(Va+(a+a2)Vb]
= (1/3)(Va-Vb)
Va2 = (1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
=(1/3)[(Va+(a2+a)Vb]
=(1/3)(Va-Vb)
Va0 = (1/3)(Va+ Vb +Vc)
= (1/3)(Va+[Link])
Thus,
Va1=Va2 .............................................4
Va0 -Va2 = (1/3).3Vb
=Vb
=(Ib+Ic) Zf ..................from equation 2
=3 .Ia0. Zf ………….. This will be proved in the expression for fault current.
Thus, Va0=Va2+[Link] ...................................................5
The condition Ia =0 gives Ia0+Ia1+Ia2=0 ........................6

Equations 4, 5 and 6 suggest the connection of sequence network as shown in figure 12.

 Interconnection of sequence networks:

Figure.12

The following relations can be directly obtained from the figure 12

Ia1=Ea / [Z1+{Z2(3Zf +Z0)/(Z2+3Zf +Z0)}] ......................................................... 7

Ia2=-Ia1. (Z0+3Zf )/(Z0+Z2+3Zf) ........................................... 8
Ia0=-Ia1. Z2/( Z0+Z2+3Zf) ..................................................... 9
Equations 8 and 9 are direct consequences of current division formula.

 Fault Current:
The fault current If in this case is given by,
If = Ib+Ic
= (Ia0+a2.Ia1+a.Ia2) +(Ia0+a.Ia1+a2.Ia2)
=2Ia0+ (a+a2) Ia1+ (a+a2) Ia2
 =2Ia0–Ia1–Ia2 because (a+a2) =-1
=2Ia0-(Ia1+Ia2)
But (Ia1+Ia2) = -Ia0. Substituting this in the expression for fault
current, we get

If =2Ia0-(-Ia0)
=3Ia0 .................................................................................... 10
= -3.Ia1. [Z2/ (Z2+Z0+3Zf)] -------------- in view of equation 9
If the neutral grounding is absent, then Zn=∞.
Therefore,

Z0=Zg0+3Zn=Zg0+∞=∞.
Hence,
If = -3Ia1. [Z2 /(Z2+∞+3Zf)]
Therefore, If = 0................................................11

4.5 Unsymmetrical faults on power system

The unsymmetrical faults on the power system are analyzed using Thevenin's theorem. The
Thevenin's equivalent of positive, negative and zero sequence networks are obtained with respect
to the fault point.
The prefault voltage at the fault point is the Thevenin's voltage of positive sequence network.
The negative and zero sequence components of prefault voltage at the fault point is absent.
Let,
Z1= Thevenin's impedance of positive sequence network.
Z2= Thevenin's impedance of negative sequence network.
Z0= Thevenin's impedance of zero sequence network.
VTH =prefault voltage at the fault point.
The Thevenin's equivalent of positive, negative and zero sequence networks of the power system
with respect to the fault point will be as shown in figure 12.

Figure.12
Using Kirchoff's law to the circuits shown in figure 12, we get
Va1 =VTH-Ia1.Z1 ...........................1
Va2 = -Ia2.Z2 ................................2
Va0 = -Ia0.Z0 ................................3
These equations are similar to that of a synchronous generator. They are useful in the analysis of
unsymmetrical faults on the power system. We shall now consider the various types of
unsymmetrical faults on a general power system.

4.5.1 Single line to ground (LG) fault

Figure 13 shows an LG fault at F in a power system through a fault impedance Zf. The phases are
so labeled that the fault occurs on phase a.

Figure.13
 Terminal conditions:
Va =[Link] ......................................................................... 4
Ib =0 .................................................................................... 5
Ic =0 ...................................................................................6

 Symmetrical components relations:

The following relations can be obtained from the terminal conditions
Ia0= (1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic)
= (1/3)(Ia+0+0)
= (1/3).Ia
Ia1= (1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(Ia+0+0)
= (1/3).Ia
Ia2= (1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(Ia+0+0)
= (1/3).Ia
So Ia1=Ia2=Ia0= (1/3).Ia ......................................................................................... 7
The terminal condition Va= [Link] gives
Va0+Va1+Va2=[Link]=[Link] .............................................................. 8
As per equations 7 and 8 all sequence currents are equal and the sum of sequence voltages
equals [Link]. Therefore, these equations suggest a series connection of sequence networks
through an impedance [Link] as shown in figure 14.

Figure.14

 Sequence quantities:
The following equations can be directly obtained from the figure 14.
Ia0=Ia1=Ia2=VTH / (Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf) ..................................................... 6
Va1= VTH -Ia1.Z1= VTH. (Z2+Z0+3Zf) / (Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf).................................... 7
Va2= -Ia2.Z2 = - VTH aZ2 / (Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf) .................................................... 8
Va0= -Ia0Z0 = - VTH Z0 / (Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf) ....................................................9
 Fault current:
The fault current in this case is given as,
If = Ia = 3.Ia0 = 3VTH/(Z1+Z2+Z0+3Zf)............................................................. 10

4.5.2 Line to line (LL) fault

Figure15 Shows a LL fault at F in a power system on phase b and c through a fault impedance Zf
 Figure.15

 Terminal conditions:
Ia = 0.................................... 1
Ib +Ic=0; Ic=-Ib................................................. 2
Vb= Vc +[Link] .......................................................... 3

 Symmetrical components relations:

The following relations can be obtained from the terminal conditions

Ia0= (1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic)
= (1/3)(Ia+Ib-Ib)
=0
Ia1= (1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(0+[Link])
= (1/3)(a-a2)Ib

Ia2= (1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)(0+[Link])
= (1/3)(a2-a)Ib
So, Ia0 =0 .................................................................................4
Ia1= -Ia2 ................................................................................. 5
Next,
Va1=(1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
Va2=(1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
Therefore,
Va1-Va2= (1/3)[(a-a2)Vb+(a2-a)Vc]
=(1/3)[(a-a2)(Vb-Vc)]
=(1/3)(a-a2)([Link]) ------------in view of equation 3
=[Link]
Thus, Va1=Va2+[Link] ........................................................................................... 6
Since, Ia0=0,Va0=-Ia0.Z0=0 ............................................................................. 7
Equations 6 and 7 suggest parallel connection of positive and negative sequence
networks through a series impedance Zf as shown in figure 16. Since Ia0=Va0=0, the zero
sequence network is connected separately through a short as shown in figure 16.

 Interconnection sequence networks:

Figure.16

 Sequence quantities:
The following equations can be directly obtained from the diagrams shown above.

Ia1= -Ia2=VTH/ (Z1+Z2+Zf )..................................................... 8

Ia0=Va0=0................................................................................ 9
Va1= VTH –Ia1Z1
= VTH.(Z2+Zf)/(Z1+Z2+Zf) .....................................10
Va2= -Ia2.Z2
= - VTH.Z2/ (Z1+Z2+Zf) .................................... 11

 Fault current:
In this case the fault current is equal to the current in phase-b (or phase-c).Hence
If =Ib =Ia0+a2.Ia1+a.Ia2
 =0+a2.Ia1- a.Ia1
= (a2–a) Ia1
=-j√3Ia1
or
|If|=√3.Ia1
=√3. VTH /(Z1+Z2+Zf) ................................................... 12

Since Z0 does not appear in the above equation, the presence or absence of a grounded neutral
does not affect the fault current.

4.5.3 Double line to ground fault (LLG):

Figure 17 shows an LLG fault at F in a power system. The fault may in general have an
impedance Zf as shown.

Figure.17
 Terminal conditions:
Ia =0 .........................................................1
Vb = (Ib+Ic) Zf ................................................2
Vc = (Ib+Ic) Zf ................................................3

 Symmetrical component relations:

Consider,

Va1 = (1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
= (1/3)[(Va+(a+a2)Vb]
= (1/3)(Va-Vb)
Va2 = (1/3)(Va+[Link]+[Link])
=(1/3)[(Va+(a2+a)Vb]
=(1/3)(Va-Vb)
Va0 = (1/3)(Va+ Vb +Vc)
= (1/3)(Va+[Link])
Thus,
Va1=Va2 .............................................4
Va0 -Va2 = (1/3).3Vb
=Vb
=(Ib+Ic) Zf ..................from equation 2
=3 .Ia0. Zf ………….. This will be proved in the expression for fault current.
Thus, Va0=Va2+[Link] ...................................................5
The condition Ia =0 gives Ia0+Ia1+Ia2=0 ........................6

Equations 4, 5 and 6 suggest the parallel connection of sequence networks as shown in figure 18.

 Interconnection of sequence networks:

Figure.18

The following relations can be directly obtained from the figure 18

Ia1= VTH / [Z1+{Z2(3Zf +Z0)/(Z2+3Zf +Z0)}] ......................................................... 7

Ia2=-Ia1. (Z0+3Zf )/(Z0+Z2+3Zf) ........................................... 8
Ia0=-Ia1. Z2/( Z0+Z2+3Zf) ..................................................... 9
Equations 8 and 9 are direct consequences of current division formula.

 Fault Current:
The fault current If in this case is given by,
If = Ib+Ic
= (Ia0+a2.Ia1+a.Ia2) +(Ia0+a.Ia1+a2.Ia2)
=2Ia0+ (a+a2) Ia1+ (a+a2) Ia2
=2Ia0–Ia1–Ia2 because (a+a2) =-1
=2Ia0-(Ia1+Ia2)
But (Ia1+Ia2)= -[Link] this in the expression for fault current,
we get
If =2Ia0-(-Ia0)
=3Ia0 .................................................................................... 10
= -3.Ia1. [Z2/ (Z2+Z0+3Zf)] -------------- in view of equation 9
If the neutral grounding is absent, then Zn=∞.
Therefore,
Z0=Zg0+3Zn=Zg0+∞=∞.
Hence,
If = -3Ia1. [Z2 /(Z2+∞+3Zf)]
Therefore, If = 0................................................11

4.6 Series type of faults:

We have so far discussed the various shunt type of faults that occur in a power system. But
unsymmetrical faults in the form of open conductors (series type) also do take place in power
system. It is required to determine the sequence components of line currents and the voltages
across the broken ends of the conductors.
Figure 19 shows a system wherein an open conductor fault takes place.

Figure.19

The ends of the system on the sides of the fault are identified as F F', while the conductor ends
are denoted by aa', bb' and cc'. The voltage across the conductors are denoted by Vaa', Vbb' and
Vcc'. The symmetrical components of these voltages are (Vaa')1, (Vaa')2,(Vaa')0. The sequence
networks as seen from the two ends FF' of the system are schematically shown in figure 20.
These are suitably interconnected depending on the type of fault (one or two conductors open).
 Figure.20

i) One conductor open fault:

Let us assume that the conductor 'a' of a system gets opened as shown in figure 21.

Figure.21

Terminal conditions:
As seen from the two ends F and F'. The terminal conditions that are applicable are:
Ia = 0 .....................................................1
Vbb’ =0 ....................................................2
Vcc'=0 ....................................................3
Symmetrical components relations:
(Vaa')1=(1/3)(Vaa'+[Link]'+[Link]')
=(1/3)(Vaa'+0+0)
=(1/3)(Vaa')
(Vaa')2=(1/3)(Vaa'+[Link]'+[Link]')
=(1/3)(Vaa'+0+0)
=(1/3)(Vaa')
(Vaa')0=(1/3)(Vaa'+Vbb'+Vcc')
=(1/3)(Vaa'+0+0)
=(1/3)(Vaa')
Thus,
(Vaa')1=(Vaa')2=(Vaa')0=(1/3)Vaa' .........................................4
The condition Ia=0 gives the result
Ia0+Ia1+Ia0=0 ...............................................................5
Condition 4 and 5 in terms of symmetrical components are similar to a double line to ground
fault. These suggest that the three sequence networks should be connected in parallel to represent
the fault, as shown in figure 22.

Figure.22
ii) Two conductors open fault:
Let us assume that the two conductors b and c get open at the points F F' as shown in figure 23.

Figure.23
Terminal conditions:
As seen from the points F and F', the terminal conditions that are applicable to this fault are:
Ib=0 ...........................................6
Ic=0 ...........................................7
Vaa'=0 ......................................8

Symmetrical components relations:

Consider,
Ia0=(1/3)(Ia+Ib+Ic)=(1/3)(Ia+0+0)=(1/3).Ia
Ia1=(1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])=(1/3)(Ia+0+0)=(1/3).Ia
Ia2=(1/3)(Ia+[Link]+[Link])=(1/3)(Ia+0+0)=(1/3).Ia
so Ia1=Ia2=Ia0=(1/3).Ia ................................................9
The terminal conditions Vaa'=0 gives the result,
(Vaa')0+(Vaa')1+(Vaa')2=0 ..........................................10
These conditions are similar to those of line to ground fault and suggest that the three sequence
networks be connected in series and shorted as shown in figure 24.

Figure.24

iii) Three conductors open fault:

Let us assume that all the three conductors a b and c get open at the points F F' as shown in
figure 25.

Figure.25

Terminal conditions:
As seen from the points F and F', the terminal conditions that are applicable to this fault are:
Ia=0 ...........................................11
Ib=0 ...........................................12
Ic=0 ...........................................13
This implies that

Ia0= Ia1= Ia2=0

These relations imply that the sequence networks are all open circuited.