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Solutions Chapter: Key Formulas

The document outlines key formulas and concepts related to solutions in chemistry, including various methods to calculate concentration such as mass percent, volume percent, molarity, and molality. It also covers fundamental chemical quantities, Henry's Law, Raoult's Law, colligative properties, and the Van’t Hoff factor. These concepts are essential for understanding the behavior of solutions in chemical reactions and processes.

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32 views2 pages

Solutions Chapter: Key Formulas

The document outlines key formulas and concepts related to solutions in chemistry, including various methods to calculate concentration such as mass percent, volume percent, molarity, and molality. It also covers fundamental chemical quantities, Henry's Law, Raoult's Law, colligative properties, and the Van’t Hoff factor. These concepts are essential for understanding the behavior of solutions in chemical reactions and processes.

Uploaded by

raolucky1380
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chemistry - Solutions Chapter: All Formulas and Concepts

1. Concentration of Solutions

1. Mass % (w/w) = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) 100


Use to express concentration in solid-liquid mixtures.

2. Volume % (v/v) = (Volume of solute / Volume of solution) 100


For liquid-liquid mixtures.

3. Mass by Volume % = (Mass of solute in g / Volume of solution in mL) 100

4. Mole Fraction ():


A = nA / (nA + nB), B = nB / (nA + nB)
Used in thermodynamic calculations.

5. Molarity (M) = Moles of solute / Volume of solution in L

6. Molality (m) = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kg

7. Normality (N) = Equivalents of solute / Volume of solution in L

8. Relation: M = (1000 m d) / (1000 + m MB)


Where d = density, MB = molar mass of solute

2. Basic Chemical Quantities

1. Moles = Given mass (g) / Molar mass (g/mol)


Used to convert grams to moles.

2. Mass = Moles Molar Mass


Reverse of the above.

3. Number of particles = Moles Avogadros Number (6.022 10^23)

4. Volume of gas at STP = Moles 22.4 L (for ideal gases)

5. Density = Mass / Volume


Often used to convert volume to mass.

6. Molarity (alternative) = (Mass / Molar Mass) / Volume (in L)

3. Henry’s Law

Henrys Law: p = KH x
p = partial pressure of gas, x = mole fraction of gas in solution
KH = Henrys constant; used in solubility of gases in liquids.
4. Raoult’s Law

pA = XA pA, pB = XB pB
Total Pressure: P = pA + pB
Applies to ideal solutions (liquid-liquid mixtures).

5. Colligative Properties

1. Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure:


P / P0 = X_solute n2 / n1 (dilute solution)

2. Elevation of Boiling Point: Tb = Kb m

3. Depression of Freezing Point: Tf = Kf m

4. Osmotic Pressure: = CRT = (wRT) / (MV)

5. Use for molar mass calculation:


From Tb: M = (Kb w 1000) / (Tb W)
From Tf: M = (Kf w 1000) / (Tf W)
From : M = (wRT) / (V)

6. Van’t Hoff Factor (i)

i = Observed colligative property / Calculated property


i = Normal molar mass / Abnormal molar mass

Corrected Formulas:
Tb = i Kb m
Tf = i Kf m
=i C R T

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