Music

Composers of the classical period

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809)

Franz Joseph Haydn is one of the most prominent composers of the Classical Period. His life is
described as a "rags-to-riches" story. He came from a poor family and his music led to his rise in
social status. He was hired by rich patrons and eventually became a musical director for the
Esterhazy family for 30 years.
His music reflects his character and personality: mainly calm, balanced, serious but with touches
of humor. He was able to compose over 100 symphonies and developed them into long forms
for a large orchestra. He was named, "Father of the Symphony" although he excelled in every
music genre of the period. Most of his symphonies have nicknames such as the "Surprise
Symphony," "The Clock," "The Military." He also wrote chamber piano music and choral works.

WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a child prodigy and the most amazing genius in musical history. At
age five, he was already playing the violin and the harp sichord; at six, he was recognized as an
exceptional pianist, and at seven, he was already composing excellent music. At age thirteen, he
had written sonatas, concertos, symphonies, religious works, and operas and operettas.
He experimented in all kinds of music and composed over 700 works. Unfortunately, due to
mismanaged finances he lived his life in poverty, died young, and was buried in an unknown
grave. He composed wonderful concertos, symphonies, and operas such as "The Marriage of
Figaro" (1786), "Don Giovanni" (1789), and "The Magic Flute" which became popular. Other
known works: "Eine Kleine Nachtmusik," "Symphony no. 40 in G Major," and "Sonata no. 11 in A
Major K311."
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)

Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany to a family of musicians and studied music
at an early age. He was the composer who bridged the late Classical era and the early Romantic
era. He was a talented pianist and composer. His famous compositions include 32 piano sonatas,
21 set of variations, 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 16 string quartets, and choral music.
His works include the "Missa Solemnis" (1818-1823) and opera "Fidelio" (1805). His known
symphonies are: Symphony no. 3 ("Eroica"), no. 5, no. 6 ("Pastoral"), and no. 9 ("Choral"), which
adds voices to the orchestra. He began to go deaf in 1796 but this did not become a hindrance.
He continued composing through the help of an assistant and hearing gadget. Some of his
famous com- positions were made when he was deaf.
Characteristics of Beethoven's works:
 His music veered toward larger orchestras.
 Sound was centered on the violas and lower registers of the violins and cellos to give his
music a darker mood.
 All themes in a piece are tied together by one motif.
 He developed musical themes and motifs extensively by means of modulation.
 He used more brass instruments and dynamics.

 In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began to move toward a new style in
architecture, literature, and the arts, known as Classicism. It was also pushed forward by
changes in the economic order and in social structure. Instrumental music was
patronized primarily by the nobility.
VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Sonata
A multi-movement work for solo instrument, Sonata came from the word Sonare which means
to make a sound. This term is applied to a variety of works for a solo instrument such as
keyboard or violin.

Below is an excerpt from the 3 movements of the Sonata no. 16 in C Major K545 by W.A.
Mozart. Listen to each phrase of the movement.
1st Movement: Allegro - fast movement
2nd Movement: Andante - slow movement
3rd Movement: Minuet-It is in three-four time and in a moderate or fast tempo
Sonata Allegro Form
The most important form that developed during the classical era consists of 3 distinct sections:
Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation.
Examples: "Eine Kleine Nachtmusik" - by W.A. Mozart
1. Exposition the first part of a composition in sonata form that introduces the theme.
2. Development is the middle part of the sonata-allegro form wherein themes are being
developed
3. Recapitulation repeats the theme as they first emerge in the opening exposition

Concerto
Concerto is a multi-movement work designed for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. It is
a classical form of music intended primarily to emphasize the in- dividuality of the solo
instrument and to exhibit the virtuosity and interpretative abilities of the performer. The
solo instruments in classical concertos include violin, cello, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, horn,
and piano. A concerto has three movements: fast, slow, and fast.
3 movements:
 1st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro form with expositions of the orchestra and then by
the soloist
 2nd Movement: Slow: Has more ornamentation than the First movement
 3rd Movement: Fast: Finale: Usually in a form of rondo, resembling the last movement
of the symphony and usually a short cadenza is used
Symphony
A multi-movement work for orchestra, the symphony is derived from the word sinfonia
which literally means "a harmonious sounding together." It is a classical music for the whole
orchestra, generally in four movements.
4 movements of the symphony:
 1st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro form
 2nd Movement: Slow: Gentle, lyrical - typical ABA form or theme and variation
 3rd Movement: Medium/Fast: Uses a dance form (Minuet or scherzo)
 4th Movement: Fast: Typically Rondo or Sonata form
As the 18th century progressed, instrumental music was patronized primarily by the nobility
which led to the rise of public taste for "comic opera." The music was mostly of a simple yet
pleasant character, while the singing was highly flexible and sensitive and could freely
express emotion through melody.

Classical Opera
Opera is a drama set to music where singers and musicians perform in a theatrical setting.
The two distinct styles of opera, Opera Seria and Opera Buffa, were developed during the
Classical Period. The Opera Seria (serious opera) usually implies heroic or tragic drama that
employs mythological characters, which was inherited from the Baroque period.
"Idomeneo" by Mozart is an example of Opera Seria. The Opera Buffa (comic opera) from
Italy made use of everyday characters and situations, and typically employed spoken
dialogues, lengthy arias and was spiced with sight gags, naughty humor and social satire.
"The Marriage of Figaro," "Don Giovanni," and "The Magic Flute" are examples of popular
Opera Buffa by Mozart.
Age of Reason" or "Age of Enlightenment" because reason and individualism rather than
tradition were emphasized in this period.
During this period, different instrumental forms of music were developed. These were
sonata, concerto, and symphony. The three greatest and most popular composers of the
period are: Franz Josef Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig Van Beethoven.
 Alberti Bass - a special type of broken chord accompaniment where the chord is played
in this order: lowest note - highest note-middle note - highest note then repeats the
pattern to create a smooth, sustained, flowing sound
 Allegro quickly, in a brisk lively manner
 Andante in a moderately slow tempo
 Cadenza - an improvised passage or ornamentation performed by a soloist or group of
soloists that allows a display of virtuosity often placed near the end of a piece.
 Cantata - a choral composition with instrumental accompaniment, typically in several
movements.
 Classical era - the period from 1750-1820 called the "Age of Reason."
 Concerto a major instrumental work for solo instrument with orchestral accompaniment
 Crescendo - gradually becoming louder
 Diminuendo - gradually becoming softer
 Development - middle part of the sonata-allegro form wherein themes are being
developed
 Exposition - the first part of a composition that introduces the themes that will be
developed through the piece
 Homophonic - a melody accompanied by chords
 Largo - a very slow tempo
 Minuet - a slow, stately ballroom dance for two in triple time
 Opera - a drama set to music
 Opera buffa - opera in Italy that is full of fun and frivolity
 Opera comique - an opera with humorous plot and usually with a happy ending
 Opera seria - an opera based on a serious plot that usually revolves around mythological
beings such as gods and goddesses
 Recapitulation - a part of a musical piece, found usually near the end, that repeats the
earlier themes
 Rondo - a musical form that alternates the main theme and its contrasting themes
usually found in the final movement of a sonata or concerto
 Scherzo - a vigorous, light, or playful composition comprising a movement in a symphony
or sonata.
 Singspiel - 18th century German musical comedy featuring songs and ensembles
interspersed with dialogue.
 Sonata - any instrumental composition that has several movements with variation in key,
mood, or tempo
  Symphony - a musical composition for the whole orchestra generally in four movements;
also a sonata for orchestra
 Theme and Variation - a musical form where the theme is presented in a simple
unadorned manner then repeats the theme several times with ornamentations

ARTS
 Renaissance Period (1400-1600)
 Renaissance was the period of economic progress. The period stirred enthusiasm for
the study of ancient philosophy and artistic values.
 Italian Renaissance began in the late 14th century. It was an era of great artistic and
intellectual achievement with the birth of secular art. The focus was on realistic and
humanistic art.
 Renaissance art was characterized by accurate anatomy, scientific perspective, and
deeper landscape.
 Renaissance painters depicted real-life figures and their sculptures were naturalistic
portraits of human beings.
 Architecture during this period was characterized by its symmetry and balance.
 As the classical Greeks believed in the harmonious development of the per- son
through a sound mind, by the practice of athletics, the Renaissance held up the ideal
of the well-rounded man, knowledgeable in a number of fields such as philosophy,
science, arts, including painting and music and who applies his knowledge to
productive and creative activity.
 The Renaissance was a period of artistic experimentation. It brought man into a full
view just like the human figure in Greek Art.
 Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the early
modern age. In many parts of Europe, Early Renaissance art was created in parallel
with Late Medieval art. By 1500, the Renaissance style prevailed.
 The greatest cathedral building of the age was the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in
Rome.
FAMOUS RENAISSANCE ARTWORKS AND ARTISTS
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564)
 Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. He was considered
the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and ever since then he was considered as one
of the greatest artists of all time. A number of his works in paintings, sculpture, and
architecture rank among the famous in existence.
 Among his outstanding works as sculptor were the following: Pieta, Bacchus, Moses,
David, Dying Slave, Dawn, and Dusk. Two of his best known works, The Pieta and
David, were sculpted before he turned thirty.
 He also created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of Western
art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and the Last Judgment on the altar wall
of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
 In Pieta, Michelangelo approached the subject which until then had been given form
mostly from north of the Alps, where the portrayal of pain had always been
connected with the idea of redemption as represented by the seated Madonna
holding Christ's body in her arms.
 Michelangelo convinces himself and his spectators Michelangelo convinces himself
and his spectators of the divine quality and the significance of these figures by
means of earthly and perfect beauty, but of course, these are human standards.
 Leonardo di ser Piero Da Vinci (1452-1519)
 Leonardo Da Vinci was a painter, architect, scientist, and mathematician. He was
popularized in present times through the novel and movie, "Da Vinci Code."
 He is known as the ultimate "Renaissance man" because of his intellect, interest,
talent and his expression of humanist and classical values. He is widely considered to
be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented
person to have ever lived.
 His well known works were: The Last Supper (the most reproduced religious painting
of all time), and the Mona Lisa (the most famous and most parodied portrait.) His
other works were: The Virtruvian Mar, The Adoration of the Magi, and the Virgin of
the Rocks. (Wikipedia)
 Mona Lisa stems from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari, who
wrote, "Leonardo undertook to paint for Francesco del Giocondo the portrait of
Mona Lisa, his wife." Mona, in Italian, is a polite form of address originating as
Madonna - similar to Ma'am, "madamme," or "My Lady" in English. This became
Madonna and its con- traction Mona. The title of the painting, though traditionally
spelled "Mona," is also commonly spelled in Modern Italian as "Monna Lisa."

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) (1483-1520)

 Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance period. His
work was admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual
achievement of the interpreting the Divine and incorporating Christian doctrines.
Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he formed the traditional trinity
of great masters of that period. His main contributions to art were his unique
draftsmanship and compositional skills. His famous works were: The Sistine
Madonna, The School of Athens, and The Transfiguration.
 The Transfiguration was Raphael's last painting on which he worked on up to his
death, Commissioned by Cardinal Giulio de Medici, the late Pope Clement VII, the
painting was conceived as an altarpiece for the Narbonne Cathedral in France. The
painting exemplifies Raphael's development as an artist and the culmination of his
 career. The subject is combined with an additional episode from the Gospel in the
lower part of the painting.

Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello) (1386-1466)

 Donatello was one of the Italian great artists of the period. He was an early
Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence. He is known for his work in bas-relief, a
form of shallow relief sculpture. His works included the following statues and relief:
David, Statue of St. George, Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata, Prophet Habacuc,
and The Feast of Herod.
 Renaissance art is the art of calm and beauty. Its creations are perfect - they reveal
nothing forced or inhibited, uneasy or agitated. Each form has been born easily, free,
and complete. Everything breathes satisfaction, and we are surely not mistaken in
seeing in this heavenly calm and content the highest artistic expression and spirit of
that age.
 At the time it was created, it was the first known free-standing nude statue produced
since ancient times.

Baroque Art (1600-1800)

 The term Baroque was derived from the Portuguese word barocco which means
"irregularly shaped pearl or stone." It describes a fairly complex idiom and focuses
on painting, sculpture, as well as architecture.
 After the idealism of Renaissance, and the slightly forced nature of "mannerism,"
Baroque art above all reflects the tensions of the age notably the desire of the
Catholic Church in Rome to reassert itself in the wake of the Protestant Reformation
which is almost the same with Catholic Reformation Art of the period.
 Although always in conflict with the simple, clear, and geometric concepts of
classicism, the Baroque existed in varying degrees of intensity, from a simple
animated movement of lines and surfaces, to a rich and dynamic wealth.
  Baroque was a period of artistic styles in exaggerated motion, drama, tension, and
grandeur. The style started in Rome, Italy, and spread to most of Europe.
 The Roman Catholic Church highly encouraged the Baroque style to propagate
Christianity while the aristocracy used Baroque style for architecture and arts to
impress visitors, express triumph, power, and control.
 Baroque painting illustrated key elements of Catholic dogma, either directly in
Biblical works or indirectly in imaginary or symbolic work. The gestures are broader
than Mannerist gestures: less ambiguous, less arcane, and mysterious.
 Baroque sculpture, typically larger than life size, is marked by a similar sense of
dynamic movement, along with an active use of space.
 Baroque architecture was designed to create spectacle and illusion. Thus the straight
lines of the Renaissance were replaced with flowing curves.
FAMOUS BAROQUE ARTWORKS AND ARTISTS

 Michelangelo Merisi or Amerighi da Caravaggio (1571-1610)

 He was better known as Caravaggio. He was an Italian artist who wanted to deviate from the
classical masters of the Renaissance. He was an outcast in his society, because of his own
actions and the lack of modesty and reverence for religious subjects in his own paintings.
Perhaps he started out as a specialist in his paintings of still life, especially of fruits.
 Studies of single figures followed, but they are clumsier than the fruit which gives their savor
of originality and charm. Caravaggio's models at this period were either himself or young
persons who have an air of being promising but wicked. Among his famous paintings were:
Supper at Emmaus, Conversion of St. Paul, and Entombment of Christ.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

 Bernini was an Italian artist and the first Baroque artist. He practiced architecture
and sculpture, painting, stage design, and was also a playwright. He was also the last
in the list of the dazzling universal geniuses. As a prodigy, his first artworks date from
his 8th birthday. Among his early works were: The Goat Amalthea with the Infant
Jupiter and a Faun, Damned Soul, and the Blessed Soul. He made a sculpture of
David for Cardinal Borghese which is strikingly different from Michelangelo's David
because it shows the differences between Renaissance and the Baroque periods. He
was the greatest Baroque sculptor and architect as seen in his design of the Piazza
San Pietro in front of the Basilica. It is one of his most innovative and successful
 architectural designs. The famous Ecstasy of St. Teresa was his greatest achievement
and the Colonade of the Piazza of St. Peter's Rome.
Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
 Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter. He was well known for his paintings of
mythical and figurative subjects, landscapes, portraits, and Counter- Reformation
altarpieces. His commissioned works were mostly religious subjects, history paintings
of magical creatures, and hunt scenes. His famous works were: Samson and Delilah,
Landscape with a Tower, Portrait of Helene Fourment, and The Three Graces.
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669)
 Rembrandt was a brilliant Dutch realist, painter, and etcher. He is generally considered as
one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art. He followed no particular
faith, but was interested in spiritual values and often chooses religious subjects. Rembrandt
shares with Rubens the revolution whereby painting came to depict the more personal
aspects of the painter: his own home and his family. No artist has painted himself as often as
did Rembrandt. His concept of himself "continued to deepen in grasp and subtlety, while his
technique grew more daring. His well-known work was his "Self portrait in Old Age."
 Rembrandt had produced over 600 paintings, nearly 400 etchings, and 2,000 drawings.

Diego Velasquez (1599-1660)

 Velasquez of Spain developed out of the Baroque. He was one of the finest masters of
composition and one of the most important painters of the Spanish Golden Age. He worked
out solutions to pictorial problems of design that transcend the style of any period.
Velasquez was the case of a painter who discovered his avocation almost at the very start of
his career. The passion for still life frequently emerges in Velasquez's art. His famous works
were: The Surrender of Breda, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honour), Los Barachos (The
Drinker), and Maria Theresa.
 He created this work four years before his death and served as an outstanding example of
the European baroque period of art. Margaret Theresa, the eldest daughter of the new
 Queen, appears to be the subject of Las Meninas but in looking at the various view points of
the painting, it was unclear as to who or what was the true subject; it maybe the royal
daughter or the painter himself. Many European cathedrals have Baroque features, high
altars, facades, and chapels.

 Baroque aims to give an effect that wants to carry the viewers away with the force of its
impact. It gives not a generally enhanced vitality, but excitement, ecstasy, and intoxication.
Its impact was intended to be momentary, while that of the Renaissance was slower but
more enduring, making the viewers want to linger forever in a presence.
 The Baroque required broad, heavy, massive forms. Elegant proportions disappeared and
buildings tended to become heavier until sometimes the forms were almost crushed by the
pressure. The grace and lightness of the Renaissance were gone; all forms became broader
and heavier.
 By the time St. Peter's Basilica was completed, another architectural style was developed by
the architects who knew all the rules that had been so carefully recovered and chose to
break them. It was during this period that the effect was of a dynamic style of architecture in
which the forms seem to take on life of their own, moving, swaying, and undulating.
 Art forms in the Philippines are diverse. Western influences can be seen in Philippine arts
such as painting, dancing, weaving, sculpting, and pottery.
 In the 16th century, the Baroque style was carried by the Spanish and Portuguese to the
Philippines where it became the prominent style of building for large and small churches.
 Large Baroque churches often have a proportionally very wide facade which seems to stretch
between the towers.
 During this time, the Spaniards used paintings as religious propaganda to spread Catholicism
throughout the Philippines. These paintings, appearing mostly on church walls, featured
religious figures in Catholic teachings.
 The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted of nipa huts made from natural
materials. However, there are some traces of large-scale construction before the Spaniards
came. An example of this is the pre-colonial walled city of Manila which was dismantled by
the Spaniards and rebuilt as Intramuros with its houses, churches, and fortress after the
Spanish colonization.
 During three hundred years of Spanish colonization, the Philippine architecture was
dominated by Spanish influences.

Some Baroque Churches in the Philippines

 San Agustin Church, Manila

 San Agustin Church, Paoay, ilocos Norte
 Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church, Miag-ao, Iloilo
 Baclayon Church, Bohol
 The "Sta. Maria Church" in Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur
 Line, shape, space, color, value, and texture are important elements of arts that help express
feelings, mood, and meaning through art symbols.
 Art is very important in the promotion of cultural pride and unity.
  The greatest cathedral building of the Renaissance Period was the rebuilding of St. Peter's
Basilica in Rome.
 The Baroque style was brought by the Spanish and Portuguese to South and Central America, to
the Philippines, and to India where it became the prominent style of building for large and small
churches.
 The architecture of the Philippines is a reflection of the history and heritage of the country.
 The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted of a nipa hut made from natural
materials.
 The unique architecture of the churches in the Philippines did not just reflect the adaptation of
Spanish/ Latin American architecture to the local environment, but also of the Church's political
influence.
 The Santa Maria Church in Ilocos Sur is located on top of a hill, serving as a citadel during times
of crisis. Miag-ao Church in Iloilo also withstood the occasional attacks of Muslims from the
south.
 Many mosques have elaborate domes, minarets, and prayer halls in varying styles of
architecture.
 Quba mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia is the oldest mosque in the world.

HEALTH

 In the year 2004, an estimate of 6.7 million drug users in the Philippines was recorded by the
Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB). The "2008 National Household Survey on the Nature and Extent
of Drug Abuse in the Philippines" conducted by the same agency revealed that there is a
downward trend in the number of drug users down to 1.7 million users. The decline may be
associated with the government's intense efforts in combating drugs. The following are the
reasons for the successful decline of drug abuse in the country:
 Operations conducted by different law enforcing agencies like the Philippine National Police
(PNP), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA),
Bureau of Customs and other law enforcers have helped arrest local and international drug
syndicate members, traffickers, and destroy secret laboratories and warehouses.
 Strict implementation of policies under the "Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002" like the compulsory
drug test for application of driver's license, entrance to military service, application for firearms
licensing, and others.
 Actualization of the Dangerous Drugs Board's programs and projects in partnership with other
agencies like the Department of Education (DepEd), Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD) and other local government units (LGU) and non-government
organizations (NGO).
 These are positive efforts bearing fruits and achievements;However the government does not
rest on its laurels but rather creates more productive program and projects to make the country
a drug-resistant
 Common Concepts in Drug Education
 The following are the usual words you will encounter in studying substance use and abuse:
  Drugs are any substances or chemicals which when taken into the body either though nasal, oral,
transdermal or intravenous way have psycho- logical, emotional and behavioral effects on a
person.
 Drugs of abuse are drugs commonly abused by users. In the Philippines the three drugs of abuse
are shabu, marijuana and inhalants
 Drug dependence is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable
intensity in which the use of a drug takes on a high priority thereby creating a strong desire to
take the substance.
 Drug misuse is the use of a substance incoherent or inconsistent with the prescribed dosage or
frequency of use.
 Drug Abuse is the use of a substance for non-medicinal purposes. Abuse leads to organ damage
like brain damage and liver damage, addiction and troubled behavioral patterns.
 Drug tolerance is the condition of the body to adapt to the effects of substances to the body
thus requiring an even larger amount of the sub- stance to experience the same physiological
and mental effect experienced when taking the smaller dosage.

PEERS AND FRIENDS (Substance Abuse vs. Academic Excellence)

Risk Factors

 Association with peers and friends known to use gateway drugs (cigarettes and alcohol)
 Preference to stay with peers and friends than with family

Protective Factors

 Association with peers and friends who do not use gateway drugs
 Formation of friendships
 Reliance on friends for emotional support
 Inviting friends at home to know the family

SCHOOL (Availability of Drugs vs. Strong Anti-Drug Policies)

Risk Factors

 Poor academic performance

 Lack of commitment to studies
 Poor attendance in school
 Involvement in fights and conflicts

Protective Factors

 Good to excellent academic performance

 Joins extra-curricular activities and school organizations
 Shows interest in attending classes

COMMUNITY (Poverty vs. Strong Community Relationship)

Risk Factors

 Easy access to gateway drugs

  Poor community organization and neighborhood relationship
 Poor implementation of community laws
Negative attitudes which favor drug use

Protective Factors
 Strong community relationships
 Active and positive community programs, projects, and activities for the youth
 Positive attitude which combat drug use
 Strong community advocacy against drugs

Classification of Drugs of Abuse

The Dangerous Drugs Board listed three major drugs of abuse in the Philip- pines. These are
methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu", cannabis sativa or "marijuana" and inhalants better known
as "solvents". These drugs of abuse are included in the six classifications of drugs.

The six classifications of drugs are the following:

1. Gateway drugs
Gateway drugs such as cigarettes and alcohol are legal drugs that a non- drug user might try,
which can lead him/her to more dangerous drugs such as marijuana and shabu Teenagers who
engage in early smoking and early drinking have a higher chance of using and experimenting
with dangerous drugs of abuse.

2. Depressant drugs
Depressant drugs slow down a person's central nervous system (CNS). The Central nervous
system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, Doctors commonly prescribe depressant
drugs to help certain persons to be less angry, less stressed, or tensed. Depressant drugs relax
muscles and nerves. These drugs also make patients feel sleepy and light-headed. Depressant
drugs include alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers.

3. Stimulant drugs
Stimulant drugs speed up a person's central nervous system. Stimulant drugs have the opposite
effect of depressants. Stimulants make a person's energy high Negative effects of stimulants
include depression and tiredness. Stimulants include amphetamines which include shabu,
caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine.

4. Narcotics

Narcotics are drugs which relieve pain and induce sleepiness. In medicine, these drugs are administered
in moderation to patients with mental disorders and those in severe pain like cancer. Narcotic drugs
include cocaine, heroin and marijuana. These drugs are illicit and dangerous if taken

[Link]
Hallucinogens are drugs which distorts reality and facts, It affects all senses and makes a user
see, hear and feel things that don't exist in the time being., The name hallucinogen came from
the word hallucination which is to perceive illusions. Hallucinogens include lysergic acid
diethylamide, psilocybin obtained from mushrooms and mescaline.

6. Inhalants
Inhalants are found in ordinary household chemical products and anesthetics. It is readily
available and accessible to young children. Inhalant intoxication is similar to the signs and
symptoms of alcohol intoxication. One difference is the foul smell of chemicals sniffed, inhaled or
huffed by the user. Continuous use and abuse leads to delusions, brain damage, liver damage,
coma and death. Examples of household products used as inhalants are acetone, rugby or
solvent, ordinary and spray paint, cleaning fluids and air conditioner fluid (Freon).

Myths and Misconceptions Facts about Drugs of Abuse

Drugs of abuse improve memory  Drugs of abuse shut down proper
brain functioning. Certain drugs
stimulate the brain but do not really
help improve memory. Most drug
users claim they think better and
clearly after taking drugs but tests on
performance and cognition have
proven that they have performed
worst.
 Drugs of abuse do not improve
memory.
Drugs of abuse help in the digestion of food.  Certain drugs of abuse stimulate the
production of stomach acids.
Constant exposure to higher than
normal acid level damages stomach
linings which can result to ulcers.
 Drugs of abuse do not help in the
digestion of food
Drugs of abuse make a person bold and  Certain drugs of abuse remove
brave. shyness and inhibition. In psychology,
normal inhibition prohibited a person
to do unacceptable things, thoughts
and desires. Normal inhibition
includes not taking other people's
things, not crossing a busy street and
knowing what is right from wrong.
The temporary courage brought
about by taking drugs is a dangerous
one as it makes a drug user lose
normal judgment which is part of the
person's normal inhibition.
 Drugs of abuse place a user in a
 dangerous and life-threatening
situation.
Drugs of abuse remove life's problems and  Drugs of abuse are not the solution to
worries. problems and worries people
encounter. Some people believe that
using drugs eliminate one's problems
and worries in life. The truth is drugs
of abuse will only worsen the scenario
and further add more problems some
of which are even harder to solve.
 Drugs of abuse worsen life's
problems and worries
Drugs of abuse heat up the body.  Drug users believe that certain drugs
cause the blood to become warmer
which makes the body temperature
rise. In cold countries, drugs are used
to heat the body. The truth about this
is far from reality. Drugs dilate blood
vessels in the skin which makes the
blood to flow nearer to the skin which
enhances convection of heat from the
body to the outside environment.
Convection transfer heat from inside
the body to the outside. Through
convection of heat, body heat is lost
faster than normal.
 Drugs of abuse do not heat up the
body; instead they make the body
lose heat faster than normal.

Profile of a Drug Abuser

The Dangerous Drugs Board listed the following signs and symptoms of drug abuse. It is
important to note that having a few of these signs doesn't immediately make a person a drug
user. Therefore, observations of physical, mental, emotional and social behaviors must be
carefully done to confirm if a person is a drug user.
Below are some of the signs and symptoms of drug use:
 Declining interest in studies and work
 Identification with known drug users
 Negative outlook in life
 Uncontrolled irritation
 Paranoia (fear that people always stalk and talk about him/her)
 Severe feeling of depression and loneliness
 Complains of over fatigue (psychological or physiological)
 Frequent involvement in petty fights and crimes
 Frequent changes of mood and extreme mood swings
 Lousy physical appearance
 Reddish eyes
 Sudden loss in weight
 Frequent complaints of headache and stomach pains
 Convulsions
 Frequent attacks of cough and runny nose
 Brown stains on fingertips
 Foul body smell
 Wearing of sunglasses even at night
 Loss of balance
 Loss of interest in sports and hobbies
 Poor judgment and loss of inhibition
 Loss of concentration

A. GATEWAY DRUGS
Gateway drugs are accepted and legal with restrictions. In the Philippines, people below 18 years
of age are not allowed to buy and use gateway drugs. The use of gateway drugs puts a person at
risk of using more dangerous and illicit drugs. Tobacco of any form and alcohol are gateway
drugs.
 Gateway Drug Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects
A. Alcohol  Headache and light  Damage of organs like
headedness liver, heart, colon and
 Slurred speech brain Cancer
 Slow body reflex,  Cardiovascular
senses and diseases
coordination  Cirrhosis of the liver
Overconfident Poor study and work
 Mood swings performance
(depression, high  Paralysis and/ or loss
spirit, aggressiveness) of limb due to road
 Nausea(headache with accidents and other
vomiting) tragic events
 Experience of blackout  Alcohol poisoning
(loss of consciousness) which leads to coma
and eventual death
B. Tobacco  Stress  Development of
 Rapid heart rate and asthma
 pulse rate  Atherosclerosis
 Persistent cough  Thrombosis
 Difficulty in breathing  Cardiovascular
 Halitosis or bad breath diseases Chronic
 Sinusitis and otitis Obstructive
media  Pulmonary Disease
 Increased phlegm  Cancer on the mouth,
production throat, skin, lungs,
 Stomach problems and other body parts
 Weak physical  Hypertension or in-
performance creased blood
pressure Heart attack
and stroke which
leads to
 coma and death

B. DEPRESSANTS
Depressants, also known as "downers", suppress or slow down the central nervous system. In
the medical field, depressants are also called sedatives which are used to treat anxiety, mental
disorders and sleep disorders like insomnia. Types of depressants are tranquilizers, barbiturates,
and hypnotics. Tranquilizers are mild depressants which are used to treat anxiety. Barbiturates
 are stronger than tranquilizers and are used to treat insomnia and other sleep disorders and
control seizures. Hypnotics are the most powerful depressants. Alcohol is also a depressant.

Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects

 Slow brain function which leads to  Agitation and aggressive behaviors
temporary memory loss  Depression leading to mental disorders
 Slow pulse rate and heart rate  Hypertension or high blood pressure
 Below normal breathing pattern  Cardiovascular diseases
 Low blood pressure  Paralysis of the muscles and nerves
 Inability to concentrate and poor  Brain stroke
judgment  Chronic liver disease
 Confusion and irritability  Renal or kidney failure
 Dizziness and lightheadedness  Cancer of the colon and other form of
 Slurred speech cancer
 Loss of body balance and sluggishness  Diabetes
 Depression  Coma and death

C. STIMULANTS
Stimulants are also known as "uppers" or "speeders". They stimulate or activate the central
nervous system. A person can stay awake for longer periods under the influence of stimulant
drugs . Some stimulant are legal while some are illicit and dangerous. Caffeine is a stimulant
which is found in soft drinks, energy drinks, coffee, tea, and chocolate. Illicit stimulants include
 cocaine and methamphetamine or shabu. The table on the next page shows the effects of
stimulants on the body.

Short-Term Effects of Stimulants Long-Term Effects of Stimulants

 Increased heart rate and pulse rate  Paranoia
 Increased respiration (breathing) rate  Heart attack
 Increased digestive processes  Brain stroke
Increased blood pressure  Brain damage
 Increased body temperature  Kidney damage
 Decreased appetite  Liver damage
 Alert body responses  Coma which leads to death
 Inability to sleep
 Euphoria
 Depression (the "down" that follows
the "up" sensation)
D. NARCOTICS

Narcotics are known as "painkillers". They also induce sleepiness. Narcotics are administered to patients
with mental problems. They are also given to cancer patients to relieve severe pain. Narcotic drugs
include cocaine, heroin, and marijuana.

Short-Term Effects of Narcotics Long-Term Effects of Narcotics

 Drowsiness  Development of diseases like
 Euphoria hepatitis, tetanus and HIV-AIDS due
 Loss of appetite to needle sharing
 Vomiting  Overdose leading to coma and death
 Nausea
 Muscle cramps and pain
 Chills and shaking
 Weight loss
 Difficulty in sleeping
 Difficulty in breathing
 Inflammation of the veins
 Panic attacks
 E. HALLUCINOGENS
Hallucinogens create hallucinations. Hallucinations distort what is real. Everything the person
sees, hears, and feels are the opposite of reality. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and
mescaline are some of the common hallucinogens.

F. Short-Term Effects of Hallucinogens Long-Term Effects of Hallucinogens

 Euphoria  Flashback (effects of the drug comes
 Hallucinations (seeing things which back after a long time of not using it)
are not really there)  Increased blood pressure
 Poor judgment of time and distance  Brain damage
 Inability to sleep  Psychosis (a mental disorder in which
 Loss of appetite which lasts up to 10 reality is distorted or twisted)
hours  Coma and death
 Nausea
 Poor body coordination
 Feeling of super strength
 Increased blood pressure and heart
rate
 Aggressive behavior
 Memory loss
 Slurred speech
INHALANTS

Inhalants are found in common household chemical products. Inhalants are huffed or sniffed. The effects
of inhalants are similar to the effects of alcohol intoxication.
Short-Term Effects of Inhalants Long-Term Effects of Inhalants
 Slurred speech  Loss of hearing
 Poor coordination  Uncontrolled muscle spasms
 Euphoria  Brain damage
 Dizziness and nausea  Nerve damage
 Feeling of lightheadedness  Bone marrow damage
 Foul breath
 Hallucinations
 Delusions
Drug Use vis-à-vis HIV-AIDS

Philippines, reports, drug use and HIV-AIDS are often not interrelated. In the philippines the
injecting drug users(IDUS)is one of the known modes of transmission for the Human
Immunodeficiency (HIV) which is the causative agent that causes the Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a blood-borne virus which means, it is transmitted from one
person to another through blood transfusion, sexual intercourse, exchange of body fluids, and
from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding. AIDS is a syndrome because it is a
complex pattern of symptoms. AIDS is a disease which attacks and weakens the body’s immune
system.

The Department of Health (DOH) reported that around 13 Filipinos are infected with HIV-AIDS
every day. From 1987 to 2013, there were more than 14,000 cases of infection and the rate of
infection is very high in highly urbanized areas like Metro Manila. In relationship to drug use and
abuse, the two most recorded means of transmission of HIV-AIDS is
through the following:
1. Risky sexual behavior
2. Sharing of needles through drug use

High risk behaviors:

A. Injecting Drug Users (IDUs).

The risk of getting HIV-AIDS through intravenous injection (IV) is very high. Drug users are
particularly vulnerable to this risky behavior. The need to inject drugs through needle sharing
during sessions with co-users puts each person at high risk of getting HIV-AIDS.

B. Poor judgment and risky sexual practices.

Drug intoxication greatly affects the person's way of thinking and deci- sion-making skills. This
can lead the person to perform risky sexual practices which further aggravate HIV-AIDS infection.

C. Prognosis of disease and drugs.

Drug abuse and addiction worsen HIV-AIDS infection. A medical study has shown that HIV
damages a larger percentage of brain cells and nerve cells among users of methamphetamine. In
animal subjects, viral presence in brain cells is more than the other cells in the body.

D. Delay in drug abuse treatment.

Medical study has found that the longer drug users delay drug abuse treatment, the higher the
chance of getting and spreading HIV. Delayed drug abuse treatment means the person will
engage in more intravenous drag sharing and risky sexual behavior and practices. The earlier a
drug user seeks intervention and treatment, the better the chance of not acquiring and
spreading HIV AIDS and other diseases. Drug abuse treatment also dates and counsels the user
and the family about the risk of drug use and abuse.
Effects of Drug Use

Aside from oneself, drug use and abuse also affects the immediate family, school and community
where the drug user lives. Below are some of the effects of d drug use and abuse on the family,
school and community.

Effects of Drug Abuse

Family  Broken and unhappy family ties
 Ignored duties and responsibilities
 Financial constraint due to drug
dependence and addiction
 High cost of drug treatment and
rehabilitation
 Family dishonor and embarrassment
 Separation of family members
School  Poor academic performance
 Increased rate of absenteeism and
tardiness
 Increased incidence of school fights
 Low academic achievement rate
 Incidence of disrespect to school
authorities

Community  High incidence of crime which

includes stealing, robbery, and
snatching
 High incidence of accidents, e.g. road
accident, accidental falling, etc.
 Affected economy due to low
manpower production
 Loss of government funds due to
drug-related operations, treatment
and rehabilitation
 Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation
The Dangerous Drugs Board in cooperation with the Department of Health offers treatment and
rehabilitation programs to Filipinos who become ill because of drug abuse. Drug dependents
undergo effective modes of treatment. It is the responsibility of the state to help and rehabilitate
drug dependents so that they can once again achieve their dreams and become responsible and
productive members of the society.

Requirements for Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation

1. Application for Drug Dependency Examination (DDE) through the City Anti-Drug Abuse Council
(CADAC) in your city or province.

2. Application for Police Clearance and Barangay Clearance where the drug dependent resides.

3. Application for Certificate of No Pending Case from the Regional Trial Court (RTC). If the drug
dependent is a minor and with a pending case, the parents or guardian must secure a
Certification of Suspended Sentence also from the RTC.

Steps on Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation

Drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation follows certain steps and procedures,
Treatment and rehabilitation can be voluntary, voluntary thru representations
and compulsory confinement.
 "Voluntary" means the drug dependent decides on his/her own to be examined and admitted in
rehabilitation centers,
 "Voluntary thru representations" means the drug dependent is willing but wants to be
represented by an immediate family member or legal guardian and
 "Compulsory confinement" means the drug dependent needs to be confined as the condition is
life-threatening or threatens the life of the family.

Below are the steps securing drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation:
1. Secure referral form for Drug Dependency Exam at CADAC or Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB).
2. Haye the drug dependent examined by DOH accredited doctor.
3. If drug dependent is found positive, DDE must be submitted with the other documents to the
Legal Affairs Division of DDB.
4. A “Petition for Confinement” shall be filed with the RTC where the drug dependent lives.
5. Decision of place of confinement. The immediate family or legal guardian will decide where
the drug dependent will be confined. The government usually recommends government-owned
treatment and rehabilitation centers but the family has the right to choose where to confine the
patient.

Mode of Treatment
There are various modes of treating drug dependents. Each mode is effective on its own. Centers
may apply several modes during the period of confinement.

Mode of Treatment Description

Eclectic approach This approach uses a holistic approach in the
treatment process. The professional skills and
services of the rehabilitation staff are made
available. Eclectic approach address- es
different personality aspects of the patients
geared towards their rehabilitation and
recovery from the dependency.
Spiritual approach This approach uses Bible teachings as a
source of inspiration to change drug
dependents. The approach looks at drug
abuse as a sin. It also teaches patients to turn
away from the evil ways of drug addiction and
renew their connection with God.
Therapeutic Community Approach This approach views drug addiction as a
manifestation of a more complex
psychological problem. The treatment is a
highly structured program wherein the
community is used to foster change in
attitude and behavior. Role modeling and
peer pressure play important parts in the
program. The approach teaches personal
responsibility, positive self-image, importance
of human community and cooperation among
community members. Its goal is to turn
patients into responsible citizens.
Hazelden-Minnesotta Model This model views any form of addiction as a
disease that it is an involuntary condition
caused by various factors outside an
individual's control. The program consists of
instructive lectures, cognitive-behavioral
psychology. This approach teaches a set of
values and beliefs about the powerlessness of
 persons over drugs and turning to a higher
power to help them overcome the disease.
Psychologists, psychiatrists and patients help
each other in this program.

This approach utilizes professional skills and

Multidicsiplinary Team approach services of a team composed of psychiatrists,
psychologist, social worker, occupational
therapists and other related disciplines in
cooperation with the immediate family of the
drug dependant.