Transformations By understanding these transformations, you can
analyze and manipulate geometric objects in various
Transformations are operations that change the ways.
position, size, or shape of a geometric object. There
are four main types of transformations:
Worked Examples from previous past questions
1. Translation:
o Definition: A translation shifts a figure 1.
horizontally, vertically, or both without
changing its size or shape.
o Example: Sliding a piece across a
chessboard.
2. Reflection:
o Definition: A reflection flips a figure
over a line, creating a mirror image. To
do or describe a reflection operation, you
need the line of reflection or mirror line,
defined by the equation of straight line y
= mx + c.
o Example: Looking in a mirror.
3. Rotation:
o Definition: A rotation turns a figure
around a fixed point called the center of
rotation. To do or describe a rotation,
you need a centre of rotation (x, y), an
angle of rotation (900, 1800, 2700) and
direction of rotation (clockwise or
anticlockwise)
o Example: Spinning a wheel. Solution
4. Dilation:
o Definition: A dilation changes the size
of a figure, either enlarging or shrinking
it.
o Example: Zooming in or out on a map.
Visual Representation
Rigid Transformations: Translations,
reflections, and rotations preserve the size
and shape of the figure. Here, the image is
congruent to the original figure.
Non-Rigid Transformation: Dilation
changes the size but preserves the shape.
Here, the image is similar but not congruent
to the original figure.
Transformations can be combined: For
example, you can translate a figure and then
rotate it.
You will see that the centre of enlargement is inside the
original shape. The coordinates of the enlarged shape
are (-1, 0), (8, 0), (8, 9) and (-1, 9).
2. 3.
SOLUTION
(a)
Solution
(a)
(b) The transformation from shape A unto shape C is
rotation 1800 about centre (3, -2).
4. 6. Practice this on your own.
5.
Practice questions 7 and 8 on your own.
7.
Revision Problems
Practice these questions in your math lesson notebook
8. 10.
Hint:
Use mental working to gauge the distances of the
vertices from the two axes.
SOLUTION
(a)
9.
The coordinates of point P are (2, -3)
11.
Hint:
Rotation, 900 anticlockwise, about centre (1, 1)
Solution SOLUTION:
Find the centre of enlargement and the scale factor. 16
Scale factor = =4
4
8
Scale factor = = 2
4
To find the centre of enlargement, draw construction 13.
lines from the vertices X, Y and Z to pass through the
vertices A, B and C, to meet at point of intersection.
Their meeting point is the centre of enlargement.
From the diagram above, the centre of enlargement is
(1, 3).
SOLUTION
(a) Reflection in the line y = 0
(b) The enlargement diagram is shown in the below
12.
figure.
14. 15.
Solution
SOLUTION
C B
B = reflection of A in the mirror line y = x
C = reflection of B in the y-axis or line x = 0.
Transformation that maps triangle A unto triangle C is A cursory look at the diagrams shows that the image K,
rotation 900 anticlockwise about the centre (0, 0) or of triangle J after reflection overlaps triangle J.
origin. Triangle L is the image of triangle K after the rotation,
900 anticlockwise about the centre (0, 2).
16. 17.
SOLUTION
Let point P (-4, 3) be translated to a new point Q (x, 0).
Then, we have:
−𝟒 𝟓
P ( ) → 𝑸( )
𝟑 𝟎
For the y coordinate of P to change from 3 to 0 in Q,
we need to add -3 to 3 to give us 0. This implies a
vector movement of 3 units down. Thus, the vertical
component of translation vector = 0 – 3 = -3
For the x coordinate of P to change from -4 to x where
is x > 0, possible values of x are +5, +6, +7, etc. Thus,
the horizontal component of the vector = 5 – (-4) = 9
𝟗
Hence, the possible vector for this translation = ( )
−𝟑
That is, 9 units to the right and 3 units downward.
Check:
SOLUTION
18. For further practice, do more on Google form tasks
posted on the Google Classroom.
The transformation is enlargement by a scale factor 3
centre (5, 3)