Structural Analysis 1–7 C (CE-Sem-5)

iv. Surface Structure :

a. A surface structure is made of a material having very small thickness
compared to its other dimensions.
b. Surface structures may also be made of rigid material such as
reinforced concrete.
c. They may be shaped as folded plates, cylinders or hyperbolic
paraboloids and are referred to as thin plates or shells.
d. These structures act like cables or arches since they support loads
primarily in tension or compression, with very little bending.

(a) Cylindrical shell (b) Hyperbolic paraboloids

Fig. 1.2.6.

Que 1.3. Define the term framework and explain what are the
framed structure system and continuous structure system ?

Answer
1. Framework : A framework is the skeleton of the complete structure
and it supports all intended loads safely and economically.
2. Framed Structure System : Assemblage of members forming a frame
to support the forces acting on it, is called the framed structure system.
As frame, high-rise structure, truss etc.
3. Continuous Structure System : Assemblage of continuous member
like shells, domes etc., are called continuous structure system. As
cylindrical members, space crafts, aircrafts etc.
P z
y
truss x
y P
y
z x x Grid
z
Space frame
P

Fig. 1.3.1. Types of structural frameworks.

Classification of Structures 1–8 C (CE-Sem-5)

Que 1.4. What do you understand by the term structural load ?

Explain different types of loads.

Answer
A. Structural Load : Structural load is consists of following loads :
1. Dead Loads :
i. Dead loads are fixed to the structure and is mostly invariant with time.
Example : Self weight of the structure, furniture, etc.
ii. Dead loads reside permanently in the structure and are the basic
parameter for design in all structural systems.
2. Live Loads : Live loads are the loads which are variable in nature, both in
the time and magnitude. These loads are applied over and above the dead or
fixed loads. They are generally known as imposed loads.
3. Environmental Loads :
i. These loads are due to wind, earthquake, floods, landslides etc., and
caused by natural phenomenon.
ii. These loads are mostly non deterministic because of uncertainties
associated with their occurrence, time and magnitude and terrestrial
conditions.
4. Man-made Loads : Man-made loads are caused by human activities. These
loads are like impact loads, blast loads, dynamic loads etc.
B. Types of Loads :
1. Classification of Loads on the Basis of Direction in which Loads
are Acting :
i. Gravity Loads : Gravity loads are the dead loads, live loads, snow and
ice loads because they always act vertically downwards.
ii. Lateral Loads : The loads which act horizontally as wind loads,
earthquake loads and soil and hydrostatic pressures are known as
lateral loads.
iii. Directionless loads : Thermal loads, loads due to misfit and blasting
loads are known as directionless loads.
2. Classification of Loads on the Basis of Their Variation with
Time :
i. Static or Monotonic Loads : Loads that do not vary with time and always
act in the same sense are known as monotonic or static load. Example : dead
loads, construction loads, snow loads and earth pressure etc.
ii. Cyclic or Dynamic Loads :
a. Loads that vary with time and change their sense are known as cyclic
or dynamic loads.
b. Example : earthquake loads, impact loads, blast loads and machine
induced loads. Dynamic load sets the structure to vibrate.
Structural Analysis 1–9 C (CE-Sem-5)

c. Fatigue load is a special case of dynamic or cyclic load which is applied

repeatedly on the structure for a long duration. Example : traffic and
wave induced loads.

Que 1.5. Diagrammatically show the various types of supports

and reactions acting on them.

Answer
Table 1.5.1.

Type of Supports Diagrammatic Symbols Reactions and Directions

Roller support or
VY

VY
VX

Hinged support or VY
VX

VY

Fixed support VX
M
VY

Link support

Ball and socket

VX
VZ
VY
VY

MY
Rigid support in space VX

MX
MZ
VZ
Classification of Structures 1–10 C (CE-Sem-5)

Que 1.6. What do you mean by degree of freedom ? Also explain

the kinematic indeterminacy. AKTU 2012-13, Marks 05

OR
What do you unders tand by kinematic indeterminacy of
structures ? Explain in sufficient detail.
AKTU 2013-14, Marks 05

Answer
A. Degree of Freedom :
1. When a structure composed of several members which are subjected to
loads, the joints undergo displacements in the form of rotation and
translation.
2. The number of independent joint displacement is called the degree of
kinematic indeterminacy or the number of degree of freedom.
B. Kinematic Indeterminacy :
1. Degree of kinematic indeterminacy or number of degree of freedom is
the sum of degree of freedom in rotation and translation.
2. A joint in space can have six possible movements (3 linear displacements,
one along each reference axis and 3 rotations, one about each reference
axis) hence it has six degree of freedom.
3. In case of a two dimensional system, a free joint has three degree of
freedom [Two translation and one rotation] hence in case of two
dimensional system any joint may have maximum of 3 degree of kinematic
indeterminacy.
4. The total kinematic indeterminacy of a structure represents the sum of
all the possible displacement that various joints of the structure can
undergo.
Example :
A

Fig. 1.6.1.
From Fig. 1.6.1,

Joint Kinematic Indeterminacy (KI)

A 0
B 2
Total KI 2