section 5- 1

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE :

* mostly made up of phospholipids 701

* Amphipathic
hydrophobic region faces in
•

hydrophilic region faces out

•

{ 888888888888
,nonp,,
phosphate group
Phospho because of the
pours
-

lipid
bilayer
I
* the other 30% is proteins , carbohydrates , lipids molecules or a mixture of those 3 .

* the structure is mosaic (mixture)

* plasma membrane is semi -

fluid due to the lateral movement .

PROTEINS BOUND TO MEMBRANES :

I b

Integral membrane proteins peripheral membrane proteins

(intrinsic membrane proteins) ( extrinsic membrane proteins)
•

interacting directly with the •

Interacting indirectly with
plasma membrane the plasma membrane
•
2 types :

1) Transmembrane protein

2) lipid -
anchored protein

Transmembrane

"
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lipid anchored
-

to protein

peripheral membrane
protein
 Section 5.2

MEMBRANES ARE SEMI FLUID -

* not a Important because we dont want the items

juice .
to go freely inside the cell
* types of movements present in plasma membrane :
1) lateral → little movement
2) Flip flop → from one leaflet to the opposite
leaflet
* Flip flop process happens through
The -

a transmembrane protein called the flip pase .

This

process requires ATP in order to be done .

* The flip flop process can only be done by flipping the lipid from inside to outside

FACTORS AFFECTING FLUIDITY

*
length of fatty acids
•
shorter acyl tails are less likely to interact , which makes the membrane more fluid

* The presence of a double bond

• it will create a pink . it will increase fluidity because there will be more space
acids
• unsaturated fatty are
liquid at room temp .

the space is called

* presence of cholesterol 8888880% "

kink
"

•
decreases the fluidity unless there
⑨
is temperature ( to a certain limit)
⑦ GO

GLYCOSYLATION
A Process of binding the carbohydrates with proteins or carbohydrates with lipids .

gly% protein glytlolipid

* has and has protective effects
recognition signals ,
cell surface recognition ,

* no energy storage

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
"
"

of plasma membrane the Transmission electron microscopy

you
* can see the layers by using
ITEM ) Using a
process called FFEM

B FF EM bring leaflets of Plasma membrane → put dye freeze

2 put in
liquid nitrogen to
:
→ .
 section -54

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT note :

PM is plasma
PM is membrane
*
selectively permeable
•
High permeability :
gases like ( Oz and Oz is easy for them to go inside or outside
• moderate
permeability : water

low permeability
• :
glucose ,
nucleotides
, fatty acids
•
very low
permeability :
tons
,
amino acids , nuclic acids ( DNA 3) RNA)

* all transportation is dependent on the gradient ( either concentration or charges )

Type of Transport bono gradient .

Energy CATP ) carrier 1 Protein )

passive simple diffusion Hightown NO NO

diffusion Facilitated diffusion High to 10W NO Yes
Active lowtohlgh Yes yes

PROCESS OF OSMOSIS

* diffusion of water through the plasma membrane

from high
*
always Concho low Cona

* the greater the osmotic pressure , the greater the water will diffuse in that direction

* based on the category , we split solutions into 3 parts :

1) Isotonic solution 2) Hypertonic solution 3) Hypotonic solution
solute concentration outside solute concentration outside solute concentration outside
note :

and inside the cell are equal .

the cell is greater than the the cell is less than the
passive transport is
solute inside the cell solute inside the cell
S =
s
from high conc .
to

w w St low conc No energy

sin St
=
.

g,
WT wt
wd w,
(ATP ) needed
•
so , there will be no

movement .
so , water will move • so , water will move

from inside to outside from outside to inside Active can go

the cell the cell from high to low,
The cell will but
•
shrink • The animal cell will the major trans -

T swell and burst port is low to high .

for plant cells,

it is against the
that is why
plants wilt gradient .

* for through plasma

water to pass the membrane
, they need
aquaporins only the animal cell
that are also called water channels . bursts plant
.
cells

dont burst because

they
have the cell wall that
has
turgor pressure that
works against the
osmotic pressure in order

to reach balance
 section 5-5

TRANSPORT PROTEINS
both channels and
* has 2
types :

proteins
✓ transporters
are
✓ I and ATP / energy
they require no

channels :
transporters :

carries small carries big

molecules like molecules like
amino acids and
calcium
nucleotides

can be called Chanel or

gate or protein
* 6 examples of Channel proteins or gates :

all 6 examples are

1) Aquaporins →
water channels

examples of facilitated
diffusion
2) ligand-gated molecule responsible for binding the channel for materials
-

→
with in order to open
lex : bacteria, hormones) to enter the cell .

3) Intracellular regulatory proteins → a protein is responsible for binding with the channel in order to open .

( ex : calcium channels)

4) phosphorylation → a phosphate group will bind to the channel in order to open .

Lex chlorine
: channel )

the main idea of

5) Voltage-gated → Channel opens when it senses unbalanced charge distribution ( ex : there
3) 4)
.

gates # 2) , g
is more negative charge outside the cell
,
so the channels will open to have a balance Homeostasis)
is that we need
.

something to open the

6) Mechano sensitive channels → Sensitive to the frequency of sound .

When frequency increases,

channel in order to
go
this will open the channel .

(ex : the eardrum This is .

why you can recognize certain sounds like

your mom / car )
inside / outside

* 3 transporter types :

1) Uni Porter →
only one molecule / ion at a time goes in or out the cell

2) Sgm Porter / cotransporter → 2 Or more molecules or ions going in the same direction wether both are

going in or out of the cell

3) Anti Porter → 2 or more molecules or ions going in opposite directions : for example, one molecule enters

and the other molecule leaves the cell

ATP to these 3
Adding
requires ATP is a
type of active first } types of transporters will
4) pump → .

transport any of the

" " make them :

transporters can be transformed into a pump if there is ATP present .

.

* Active from low

of Uni Porter pump is to
.

ex -

the
flip pase
high concentration
ex .

of sym porter pump is the sucrose and Ht (they cannot go separately) * Faster
ex Of anti Porter
pump is 3N At goes out the cell and 2kt in the cell
goes
.

* They will be

called
"

Nat / K+ ATPase pump

"

cannot be the opposite this example is called the

a
way
-

.
 section 5.6

EXOCYTOSIS

* the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs

* ex :
pancreas will secrete insulin .
vesicle will take the insulin .
then
goes to the plasma membrane and

integrates ( fuses) to it , then insulin will be secreted in order to reduce sugar concentration in the bloodstream

ENDOCYTOSIS
* vesicles function inside the cell
* examples :

1) phagocytosis →
phagocytotic white blood cells engulf pathogens in order to
degrade them

2) form around
ytosis →
when vesicles a
liquid or small solid particles

3) Receptor-mediated : → hormones can be transformed from one place to the other through
receptor-mediated endocytosis .

* all three occur inside the cell

types
.