Science-8

Chapter-1 Crop Production And Managment

Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Rice 2. Bajra 3. Winnowing
4. Drip irrigation 5. Irrigation 6. Scare crow
7. Harvesting
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Preparation 2. Cereals 3. Rice
4. Rabi 5. NPK 6. Manure
7. Winnowing 8. Threshing 9. Weeding
10. Seed drill
C. Write true or false:
1. False 2. True 3. False
4. True 5. False 6. True
D. Match the following:
1. Wheat, grain, pea 2. Rice, Maize 3. Cow dung, plant waste
4. Urea and Super phosphate
E. Oral questions:
1. cereals 2. Wheat and peas 3. NPK
4. Tube wells, dams, canals etc. 5. Trowel and harrow
F. Arrange the following agricultural practice in a proper
sequence:
1. Soil preparation 2. Sowing of seeds
3. Adding manure and fertilizer 4. Irrigation
5. Protecting from weeds 6. Harvesting
7. Storage
G. Answer the following questions:
1. We get different kinds of food products such as cereals,
fruits and vegetable from crops. We also get pulses (gram,
pea, dal) oil seeds (mustard, sunflower, groundnut),tea,
coffee, etc. from plants.

2
2. Kharif Crops: Kharif crops are sown in the rainy season.
Generally, rainy season starts from June and continue till
September. Such crops depend on monsoon rains for
growth. Rice, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton, etc. are
the Kharif crops.
Rabi Crops: Rabi crops are grown in the winter season.
Generally in the month of November and harvestes in the
month of April. Such crops do not depend on monsoon
rains. Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard and linseed are
Rabi Crops.
3. The first step in the preparation of soil involves loosening
and turning it by the process of ploughing. Loose soil
allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil and roots to
breathe easily when they do deep into the soil. The loosened
soil helps in the growth of earthworms and microbes
present in the soils. These micro organism and earthworms
are the friend of farmers because they help to loosen the soil
and humus to it.
4. The loosened soil helps in the growth of earthworms and
microbes present in the soils.
5. For replenish the minerals and nutrients to the soil, farmers
add manures and fertilizers to it.
6. Moat (Pulley system); chain system, rahat (lever system)
and Dhekli are the some traditional method to irrigate the
field.
7. The process of separating grains from the chaff is called
threshing. Threshing can be done manually or with the help
of a machine called thresher.
8. If freshly harvested grains (seeds) are stored without
drying, they may get spoilt or attacked by organisms, losing
their germination capacity. Therefore, before storing them,
they should be dried properly in the sunlight to reduce the
moisture. This prevents the attack by insect pests, bacteria
and fungi.
9. Weeds may be removed manually by either uprooting them
or by cutting them with the help of a trowel and harrow.
Chemicals are sprayed in the fields to pull the weeds. They
do not damage the crops.
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Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-2 Micro Organisms
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Lactobacillus 2. Carbon-di-oxide 3. Streptomycin
4. Femel Anopheles 5. Yeast
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Virus 2. Lactose 3. Yeast 4. Bacteria
5. Aedas 6. Virus 7. Nitrogen 8. Boiled
C. Write true or false:
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False
D. Match the following:
1. Baking of bread 2. Causing Cholera
3. Fixing Nitrogen 4. Causing aids 5. Setting of curd
E. Oral Questions:
1. Lactobacillus 2. Dehydration, pasteurisation
3. Virus 4. Plasmodium
F. Name the following :
1. Yeast 2. Aids, polio
3. Alexandar flemming 4. Plasmodium 5. Bread, cake
G. Answer the following questions:
1. The organism which can be seen through microscope are
called micro-organisms or microbes. They enter in our
body by food products.
2. Micro-organisms are classified into five major groups:
1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Algae 4. Protozoa 5. Viruses
3. One another method is pasteurisation to preserve the milk
0
without boiling it. The milk is heated to about 70 C for 20-
30seconds and then suddenly chilled and stored. This
prevents the growth of microbes. This process was
discovered by Louis pasteur in 1857. That's why this
process is called pasteurisation.
4. A moderately warm conditions with air and moisture are the
main causes of growth of microbes. Microbes such as
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 bread mould (also called rhizopus) reproduce by the
production of spores.
5. The process of conversion of sugar is known as
fermentation. Some Indian food stuffs like idli, dosa
(popular dishes of south) and dhokla (popular in Gujrat and
Rajasthan) make use of the process of fermentation of the
preparation.
6. Some bacteria and blue green algae are able to fix nitrogen
from the atmosphere to enrich soil with nitrogen and
increase its fertility. These microbes are commonly called
biological introgen fixers.
7. Sometimes, we suffer by food poisoning, it is due to the
consumption of spoilt food by growth of micro orgainisms
in it. These microbes produce toxic substance in it, these
make the food poisonous causing serious illness and even
death. So, preservation of food is a very essential work to
save food by harmful microbes.
8. When plants and animals die, bacteria and fungi present in
the nitrogenous wastes into nitrogenous compounds to be
used by plants again. Certain other bacteria convert some
part of them to nitrogen gas which goes back into the
atmosphere. So, the percentage of nitrogen in the
atmosphere remains constant (approximate same).
Atmospheric
Nitrogen

Nitrogen fixing bacteria Bacteria turn

Lightning fixes
and blue green algae fix compounds of nitrogen
nitrogen
atmospheric nitrogen into gaseous nitrogen

Uptake by Animals eat

plants plants

Bacteria in turn fix Nitrogenous excretion

nitrogen into wastes from and death
nitrogenous compounds

Compounds of nitrogen
in the soil
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Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-3 Cell Structure and Functions
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Cat 2. Nerve cells 3. Mitochondria
4. Chloroplast 5. Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid
6. Xylem
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Rober Hooke 2. Organ 3. Cell wall
4. Mitochondria 5. Chlorophyll 6. Ribosomes
7. Food
C. Write true or false:
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True
D. Match the following:
1. Unit of living body 2. Plant cell 3. Controls the cell
4. Jely like substance 5. Genes
E. Oral questions:
1. Bacteria and blue green algal
2. In plant cell Oneor more vaculoes are present but in animal
cell vacuoles may or may not be present.
3. Flat.
4. Mitochandria, chloroplast, nucleus and cyto plasm etc.
F. Answer the following:
1. Organisms made up of a single cell are called unicellular
organisms. For example, amoeba.
Organism made up of many cells are called multicellular
organisms.
2. Every living organism has many organs. Different organs
are made up of different cells Different organs function
together to perform a specific life function such as stomach,
intestines, liver and pancreas are all organs that work
together to perform digestion, hence form the digestive
system.
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 3. (a) Mitochondrias are tiny, spherical or rod like bodies.
They act as sites of energy production and are,
therefore called the power houses of the cell.
(b) It is the jelly like which fills up the part of the cell
between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It has
several organelles embedded in it.
(c) Nucleus is an important component of the living cell. It
is generally spherical and located in the centre of the
cell.
4. Plastids are present in plant cells only plastids contain
certain pigments which have a specific role to play in the
functioning of the plant. Depending upon them pigment
color, plastids are classified as follow: Chloroplast,
Chromoplast, Leucoplasts, Lysosomes.
5. The color of leaves of the tree is green due to presence of
chloroplast, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll is
responsible for the process of photosynthesis in plants so
chromoplasts are found only in the plants cells.
6. Plant Cell Animal Cell
Plastids are usually present. Plastids are absent
Centrosome is absent. Centrosome is present near the
nucleus.
In plant cell Oneor more Vacuoles may or may not be
present.
vacuoles are present.
Cytoplasm is not as dense as Cytoplasm is denser and fills up
most of
in an animal cell. the spaces in the cell.
It has a definite cell wall. Cell wall is absent.
7. (a) Xylem, absorbs water and mineral by the roots and
transport to the leaves.
(b) Phloem, transports the food made by the leaves to the
other parts of the plant.
Activity
Do yourself.

7
 Chapter-4 Reproduction in Animals
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Progesterone 2. Testes 3. Uterus 4. Zygote
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Sperm 2. Hormone 3. Pancreas [Link]
5. Testes 6. Adrenal
C. Write true or false:
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True
D. Match the following:
1. Growth hormone 2. Thyroxine 3. Adrenaline
4. Oestrogen 5. Insulin
E. Oral Questions:
1. Hydra, amoeba 2. Frog, fish 3. Hydrilla 4. 1 pair
F. Draw the following diagrames in your note book.
Do yourself.
G. Answer the following questions:
1. The hormones travel inside our bodies and act like chemical
messengers. Our various moods like happiness, anger,
excitedness, irritation depend on these hormones.
2. Thyroid gland: It is situated at the base of the throat and
secreted thyroxine hormone. It regulates body temperature
and plays a major role in growth and development.
Pancreas: It is situated near the liver and secreted insulin
hormone. It regulates the level of body sugar.
3. There are two modes of reproduction:
(a) Sexual reproduction. (b) Asexual reproduction
4. The first step is the process of reproduction is the fusion of a
sperm and an ovum. When sperm come in contact with an
egg, one of the sperms may fuse with the egg. Such fusion
of the egg and the sperm is called fertilization. During
fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and the egg fuse to
form a single nucleus. This results in the formation of a
fertilized egg or zygote.
5. Some time, some women have problems is ovary so these
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 women are unable to bear babies because sperms can not
reach the egg for fertilization. In such cases, hours for IVF
(in vitro fertilization) i.e. fertilization outside the body.
When fertilization occurs then zygote is allowed to develop
for about a week and then it is placed in the mother's uterus.
Complete development takes place in the uterus and the
baby is born like any other body. Babies born through this
technique are called test tube babies.
6. Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Of these, one
pair contains the genes for sex chromosomes. There are two
types of chromosomes, X and Y named after shapes. Female
cells contain the xx pair and male cells carry the xy pair.
When the egg gets fertilized, the sex of the baby will depend
on which sperm fertilizes it. It is the sperm carrying the X
chromosome fertilizes the egg. It would be a girl, since the
chromosome pair will be XY. If the sperm carrying the Y
chromosome fertilizes the egg. The baby will be a boy,
since the pattern will be XY.
7. The process of development changes by which a tadpole
changes by which a tadpole changes into a frog, is called
metamorphosis.
8. When the male and female come together in water, the
female lays hundreds of eggs. A layer of jelly holds the eggs
together and provides protection to the eggs.
As the eggs are laid, the male deposits sperms over sperms
over them. Each sperm swims randomly in water with the
help of its long tail. The sperms come in contact with the
eggs. After fertilization the eggs of frog, a tadpole comes
out from the egg and becomes
adult frog after some time. The A tadpole B
Spawn
process of development (cluster of eggs) tadpole C

changes by which a tadpole Adult

F Frog
tadpole
grows legs D
changes by which a tadpole E
changes into a frog, is called
metamorphosis.
Activity
Do yourself.

9
 Chapter-5 Conservation of Biodiversity
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions.
1. Urbanization 2. Ranthambhore
3. Keoladeo Ghana National Park 4. Periyar (Kerala)
5. Endemic Species 6. Living place of animals
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Flora 2. Biodiversity 3. habitat 4. Prohibited
5. Satpura 6. Kaziranga 7. Deforestation
C. Write true or false:
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
D. Match the following:
1. Living place of animals 2. Animal species
3. Plant Species [Link] in Kerala 5. Gir National Park
6. Found in South East India 7. Elephants
8. Royal Bengal Tiger
E. Oral questions:
1. National Park, Sanctuaries
2. It gives a list of all the endangered plants and animals.
3. People cut tress for procuring land for cultivation of fulfill
the requirements of food grains. making furniture or using
wood as fuel.
4. Endemic species are found only in a particular area.
F. Define the following:
1. Deforestation: Cutting down trees from the forest for the
purpose of human beings known as deforestation.
2. Roots of trees bind the soil but due to deforestation, top
layer of soil is removed and lower layer exposes which is
hardy and rocky. This soil has less humus and is less fertile.
Gradually the fertile land gets converted into deserts. It is
called desertification.
3. A species refers to a group or class of animals or plants
having certain common and permanent characteristics that
clearly distinguish it from other groups.

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G. Answer the following questions :
1. The existence of a diverse variety of plants and animals and
other living forms known as biodiversity. Biodiversity is
not evenly distributed across the earth. Some areas are
higher while some are lower on biodiversity, depending on
the size and climate conditions of the region.
2. The terms flora and fauna are related to plants and animals.
The numerous species of plants living in their natural
surroundings (habitat) or termed as the flora of the place.
Such as sal, teak, mango, jamum, silver ferms, arjun etc. are
the example of flora.
The animal species constitute the fauna. The plants and
animals found in a particular area are termed flora and
fauna of that area. Wild dog, leopard, wolf, cheetah,
barking, deer etc. are the examples of fauna.
3. Cutting down trees from the forest for the purpose of human
beings is known as deforestation. There are some reasons of
deforestation are given below:
For making house, factories to fulfill the increasing
requirement of increasing population.
Procuring land for cultivation to fulfill the requirements of
food grains.
Making furniture or using wood as fuel.
4. It is necessary to conserve biodiversity because of
following reason.
The roots of trees help to bind the soil. This helps to prevent
the topsoil from getting eroded by wind and flood water.
Forests are the habitat of numerous plants and animals.
Forests help to maintain a balance between the carbon
dioxide and oxygen levels in the atmosphere. They also
help to regulate climate, wind and rainfall.
We get many useful products such as gum, latex, timber,
medicines, wood pulp for paper etc. from trees.
5. Endemic species are those species of plants and animals
which are found exclusively in a particular area. They are
not naturally found anywhere else. A particular type of

11
 animals or plant may be endemic to a zone, a state or a
country.
6. Project Tiger was launched by the government to protect
the tigers in the country. The objective of this project was to
ensure the survival and maintenance of the tiger population
in the country. Tiger is one of the many species which are
slowly disappearing from our forests. But, the Satpura
Tiger Reserve is unique in the sense that a significant
increase in the population of tigers has seen here.
7. Movement of animals in large numbers from one place to
another to overcome unfavorable condition is called
migration. Usually migration species go to a different land
for a certain period of time and then travel back to their
endemic land.
Migrations may be seasonal or for reasons such as breeding
and reproduction. Seasonal migrations are known to occur
in many species of insects, birds, marine mammals and
herbivorous mammals.
8. Several steps have been taken by many national and
International organizations towards conservation of our
biodiversity. There are many threatened species of animals
found in India such as Indian Rhinoceros. also called the
great one horned Rhinoceros, is found in Assam India. The
Indian rhinos are pached mainly value The great one horned
rhinoceros is called so because both the males and females
have a single horn and a newborn Indian rhino does not
have a horn.
Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-6 Synthetic Fibres
Exercise
A. Multiple Choice questions:
1. Wool 2. Acrylic 3. Nylon 4. PS
5. Recharge 6. Plastic bag
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Animals, plants [Link] Silk [Link]

12
 4. Man-made fibres 5. melting point 6. moulded
7. cotton, polyster 8. Comfortable
C. Write true or false:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True
5. False 6. True 7. True
D. Oral Questions:
1. Synthetic fibre can absorb moisture.
2. Melamine
3. Many such small units combine to form a large single unit
called a polymer.
4. Polyster is mixed with cotton to from terrycot. When it is
mixed with wool is called polywool.
E. Correct the statements given below:
1. Synthetic fibres are bad absorber of heat.
2. Cellolose made up of large number of glucose units.
3. Rayon is obtained by chemical treatment of wool pulp.
4. All products made of acrylic are similar to natural wool.
5. Teflon has high melting point.
F. Answer the following questions:
1. Natural fibre Synthetic fibre
a. All the natural fibres a. Synthetic fibres are completely
comes from nature. man made.
b. Length of fibre is b. Length of fibre is controlled
nature given. by man.
c. It is easy to dye the c. Coloration is not so easy.
fibre.
2. The sources of raw material for natural fibres are plant and
animals.
3. Rayon is called as artificial silk because it has some
properties of pure synthetic fibre.
4. Some plastic objects can bend easily such as plastic of
bucket, mug, chair, stool etc. such plastic which gets
deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily are
known as thermoplastics.
13
 On the other hand, there are some plastic which when
moulded once can not be softened by heating. These are
called thermosetting plastics.
5. They are shiny and lustrous.
They are strong and light weight.
They are wrinkle free and springs back into shape when
creased.
They are soft and flexible.
They are easily washable and dry quickly.
6. Plastics that buried in the soil can not be decomposed by
micro organisms. This prevents rainwater from seeping into
the earth. The water thus remains on the earth's surface,
formains muddy [Link] affect the underground water
table.
When plastics are burned, they produce toxic gases and
smoke that cause air pollution.
Most plastic wastes end up littering roadsides, floating in
the lakes, streams and rivers they result in water pollution.
They also pose a threat to aquatic life as toxic substances
present in plastics can cause death or reproductive failure in
fish and other aquatic animals.
7. They are not very comfortable in summer as they do not let
the air to pass through them.
They catch fire easily.
They may cause rashes on skin.
8. 4R principle is Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover.
Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-7 Metals and non Metals
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Aluminum 2. Bad conductor of heat 3. Bromine
4. Sulpher 5. Ducility

14
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Acids 2. Good 3. Metals 4. More 5. Hydrogen
6. Gold, silver 7. Mercury, gallium
C. Write true or false:
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True
D. Match the following:
1. Jewellery 2. Fuel 3. Machinery
4. Hardest 5. Thermometer 6. Electric wire
7. Wrapping food 8. Soft
E. Oral questions:
1. Mercury, Gallium 2. Carbon
3. Aluminium, copper 4. Chlorine
F. Define the following:
1. Malleability–The property of metals by which they can be
beaten into thin sheets is called malleability.
2. Ductility–The property by which metal can be drawn into
thin wires is called ductility.
3. Corrosion–Corrosion is defined as the process of slow
eating of a metal due to the attack of air and water on its
surface.
G. Answer the following questions:
1. Most metals are solid expect mercury caesium and francium
at room temperature.
Metals are malleable, ductile and lustrous.
Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity.
Metals are sonorous, they product sound on hitting.
2. Sonarity of metals means that metals produce sound when
struck hard.
3. Zinc is more reactive than copper, so it displaces copper
from copper sulphate and forms zinc sulphate.
4. Cooking utensils are mostly made of copper or aluminium
because these are good conductor of heat.
5. Malleability of metals make them suitable for making
ornaments.
15
 6. When a metal reacts with on acid, effervescence or bubbles
of hydrogen gas are formed.
Different metals behave differently in their chemical
reactions with water. Highly reactive metals such as sodium
and potassium react vigorously with cold water.
7. Complete the following reactions:
(a) Zn (NO3) + H2 (b) Mg (OH)2 + H2
(c) H2 SO3 (d) No reaction
Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-8 Force and Friction
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Newton 2. Both (a) and (b)
3. Increase friction 4. Speed of the body
5. All of these
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Force 2. movement 3. direction 4. Repel
5. Gravitational 6. One sixth 7. Contact 8. Smaller
C. Write true or false:
1. False 2. False 3. False 4. True
5. True 6. True
D. Define the following:
1. Magnetic force is the force exerted by magnets on each
other and on some metals like iron and nickel. Since
magnets attract iron so it is used to separate waste iron
objects from garbage dumps so that they can be recycled.
2. Frictional Force. The force which opposes the motion of
object is called force of friction or frictional force.
E. Answer the following questions:
1. When a goalkeeper wants to stop ball, he will push the ball
forward. Actually all these can be done by force. The S.I
unit of force is newton.
16
 A force is a push or a pull acting on an object.
2. Effects of force
a. A force can change the state of motion.
b. A force can change the speed of moving object.
c. Force can change the shape of an object.
3. In contact force physical contact is necessary but there is
not need of any physical contact between the objects in non
contact force.
4. The force exerted by a charged body on another charged or
uncharged body is known as electrostatic force. This force
comes into play even the bodies are not in contact.
5. Due to friction moving parts of the machinery and
automobiles are heated up, this may result in waste of
energy, fuel and also causes wearing and tearing in the
moving parts.
6. Tyres have treads to increase the friction between the tyre
and the road. One another method is to make the surface
rough or by spreading sand on the slippery surface. Soles of
shoes are specially design to increase the friction.
7. When we slide any object on the surface such as heavy box,
table etc. then the offered frictional forces is called sliding
friction.
Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-9 Pressure
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Both (a) and (b) 2. Force ÷ Area 3. Both (a) and (b)
4. Thicker at the bottom
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Pascal 2. Barometer 3. Vacuum cleaner 4. 760
5. Decrease
C. Write 'True' or 'False':
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False

17
D. Give reason for the following:
1. A cutting knife has sharp edge because sharp can easily
enter the objects which we want to cut.
2. Skis have a large area to reduce the pressure on the snow so
that they do not sink in too far.
3. Foundations of walls of the houses have a large horizontal
area. This reduces the pressure underneath so that the walls
do not sink further into the ground under the weight of the
building.
4. Porters place a round piece of cloth on their heads to carry
heavy load. By doing this they increase the area of contact
of the load with their head. So, the pressure on their head is
reduced and easy to carry the load.
5. Dams are made stronger and thicker at the bottom than at
the top to withstand high pressures at greater depths.
E. Answer the following questions:
1. Pressure is defined as the force action on a unit area of a
surface. The S.I unit of pressure is pascal or newton/sq meter.
2. A baloon bursts if we blow too much air in it because gases
exert pressure on the walls of their container.
3. Take a tall can. Drill four holes all around near the bottom of
the can. Fill the can with water and observe. The water
rushing out of all these holes falls at the same distance from
the wall of the can. This shows that the pressure of a liquids
is same in all the directions at the same depth.
4. Do yourself.
5. A vacuum cleaner is an electrical appliance that clean
surface by suction. A fan inside the vacuum cleaner lowers
the air pressure and creates a low pressure inside the device.
Consequently, the air and dirt particles an and near the
surface are sucked into the device. This helps to clean the
surface, corners and carpets etc.
6. m = 50 kg Area = 1 km2 P= —F =— ma
A A

= 50×10
—— = 0.5 N m2
1000
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 7. Force = 40 N Area = 40 m2 Force
Pressure = ——
Area
40 = 1 N / m2
=—
40

Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-10 Sound
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. All of these 2. Vibrations 3. Tabla
4. Frequency 5. 20 to 20000 Hz
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Solids, liquids 2. Frequency [Link]
4. Frequency 5. Vacuum
C. Write True or False:
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5 .
False
D. Match the following:
1. Pitch 2. That we can hear
3. Musical instruments 4. Loudness 5. Vacuum
E. Oral questions:
1. Guitar, sitar 2. Pitch of sound depends on frequency
3. Hertz
4. Amplitude: The time taken to complete one from the mean
position during oscillation other side, is called the
amplitude.
F. Define the following questions:
1. Frequency: The maximum displacement of the vibrating or
oscillating particles from its mean. position is called its
frequency.
2. Echo: When sound is reflected back from the mountains,
walls of tall buildings and huge trees; sometimes it is
repeated twice or thrice. This phenomenon is called echo.
3. Amplitude: The time taken to complete one from the mean
19
 position during oscillation other side, is called the
amplitude.
E. Answer the following questions:
1. Sound plays an important role in our lives. It helps us to
communicate with one another. In the music room of
school, you see different type of instruments like tabla,
sitar, flute, harmanium, guitar, drum etc. All these music
instruments produced different type of sound.
2. Vibrations cause waves in the air. We hear the sound when
these waves reach our ears It will be more clear by the
example of loudspeaker.
3. Sound travels through water, solid material also. speed of
sound waves is different in different materials. The speed of
sound varies with varies factors such as temperature, nature
of the material, physical state of the substance etc.
4. When the particles of the medians vibrate along the
direction in which sound wave is travelling, is called
longitudinal waves. For example sound wave is a
longitudinal wave.
When the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to
the direction of propagation, then wave is called a
transverse wave. Sound waves travel along the surface of
solids and liquids as transverse waves.
5. The loudness of sound depends on its amplitude. When the
amplitude of vibration is large, the sound produced is loud.
When the amplitude is small, the sound produces is feeble.
The frequency determines the pitch of a sound.
6. Sound waves of frequencies below 20Hz are called
infrasonic waves and those of frequencies greater than
20,000 Hz are called ultrasonic waves.
7. Take a bell jar. Press the button. You will hear the sound of
bell when the air from jar is taken out with the help of
vacuum pump. You will hear no sound even the switch is
on. Again on pumping the air inside the jar, you can hear the
sound. Thus, it shows that a medium is required to
propagate sound.
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Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-11 Light
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions
1. Two 2. Always 3. Braille system
4. 63 5. Iris 6. Sclera
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Real 2. Specular 3. Luminous
4. Apparent reversal 5. Cornea 6. Euclid
7. Braille
C. Write 'True' or 'False':
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False
D. Match the following :
1. Natural source of light 2. Greek mathematician
3. Muscular structure 4. Night blindness
5. Sense organ
E. Define the following questions:
1. Normal is the perpendicular to the mirror.
2. Diffused reflection is the reflection of light from a surface
such that a ray incident on the suaface is scattered at many
angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular
reflection.
3. A spectrum is formed when white light passes through a
prism.
F. Answer the following questions:
1. There are two laws of reflection:
(a) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal lie at
the same point.
(b) The angle of incidence is always equal to the angel of
reflection.
2. Lateral inversion means the apparent reversal of the mirror
image's left right when compared with the object.
3. For making kaleidoscope, we need a cylindrical cardboard
21
 tube, three rectangular pieces of mirror, which will fit into
this tube in the form of an equilateral triangle, small
coloured pieces of glass or bangles.
4. When white light falls on a prism or falls on a CD then it
slits up to various colours. This process of splitting of white
light into its constituent colours is called dispersion and
band of colours produced is called a spectrum.
5. Some times people find it difficult to distinguish some
colours and shades. This common eye diseases is called
colour blindness. Colour blindness is usually inherited and
cannot be cured.
6. Sometimes the lens become opaque. This causes a
condition called cataract. Cataract is a very common
disease allover the world and causes blurred or dimmed
vision. In some operations can treat these problems.
7. Vitamin A and C
Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-12 Rain, Thunder And Lighting
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Proton 2. Neutrons and protons 3. 10-20000 ampere
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Attract 2. Protons 3. Negative
4. Good 5. Electroscope
C. Write 'True' or 'False':
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True
D. Match the following:
1. Repel each other 2. Huge electric spark 3 . N e g a t i v e l y
charged
4. Protection of tall building
E. Answer the following questions:
1. Charged objects exerts a force on each other. Like charges
repel each other where as unlike charges attract each other.

22
 2. An atom is the basic unit of matter and made up of three
main particles electrons, protons and neutrons. Generally,
an atom has equal number of protons and electrons because
atom is neutral.
3. Do yourself.
4. The process of transferring of charge from a charged
objects to the earth is called earthlings.
5. Do not take shelter under a tree because tree can catch fire
and cause great harm.
Open vehicles like two wheelers, tractors are not safe.
Try to go indoors to take shelter.
Do not shelter under tin shade.
Do not across a large open field or high ground.
Bathing should be avoid during thunder storm to avoid
contact with running water.
Electrical appliances like television, computer should
unplugged.
Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-13 Earthquakes
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Earthquakes 2. Focus 3. Seismograph
4. All of them
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Earthquake 2. crust, mantle, core 3. 2900 km
4. plates 5. Eurasian, Indian
6. Seismic zones 7. Seismograph 8. Richter
C. Write 'True' or 'False':
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True
D. Answer the following questions:
1. An earthquake is a sudden movement or shaking in the crust
and the upper layer of the mantle. This causes a series of
shocks.

23
2. As the pressure build up continues, a point is reached when
the rocks (which are locked to each other preventing the
plates from moving) give way. The plates then lurch in the
direction in which they were moving. This results in an
earthquake. The point where the rocks give way is called
the focus. The point vertically above the focus on the
surface of the earth is called the epicentre.
3. The theory that the surface of the earth is made up of
lithospheric plates which move is called plate tectonics. This
theory explains the locations of earthquake, volcanic
eruptions and newly forming mountains.
4. The interior of the earth is divided into crust, mantle and
core.
5. Since earthquakes are caused by the movement of plates, the
boundaries of the plates are the weak zones where
earthquake are more likely to occurs. The weak zones are
also known as seismic or fault zones.
6. The instrument used to measure seismic waves is called a
seismograph.
7. The point where the rocks give way is called the focus. The
point vertically above the focus on the surface of the earth is
called the epicentre.
8. While construct the buildings we should built pillars.
9. Precaution Against Earthquake
Consult qualified architects and structural engineers while
build your house.
In highly seismic area's the use of mud or timber is better
than using heavy construction material.
It better to fix cupboards and shelves in the walls so that they
so not fall easily.
During an earthquake, if you are indoor, take cover under a
heavy and strong table or cot. Keep away from heavy object
that might fall.
If you are indoors then try to come outside in the open area.
10. The magnitude of an earthquake can be determined from
data recorded by a seismograph. The most common scale

24
 used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake is the
Richter scale.
Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-14 Night Sky
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Aryabhatta 2. 76 years 3. Two
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Uranus 2. Mars 3. 9.46×1015
4. Dhruvtara 5. Big dipper 6. Hunter
7. Galileo 8. Hydrogen, Helium
9. Phobos, Deimos 10. Saturn 11. Comet
12. Mars, jupiter
C. Write 'True' or 'False':
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False [Link]
D. Match the following:
1. Twinkle 2. Ursa Major 3. North star
4. Hunter 5. Long tail 6. Spins on its sides
7. Galaxy 8. Betelgeuse 9. Jupiter
10. Asteroid belt
E. Answer the following questions:
1. Pole start appears take stationary (Dhruv Tara) because it is
in the direction of the north pole and all the stars appear to
rotate about a point very close to the pole star which appears
to be almost stationary.
2. The various shapes of the bright part of the moon as seen
during a month are called phases of the moon.
3. Astronomical unit of the distance is light year. A light year
is the distance travelling by light in one year.
One lighting year = 3 × 108 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60km
15
= 9.46 × 10 m
15
or 9.46 × 10 km
25
 4. Earth is the only planet in the solar system on which life in
known to exist.
5. When the earth's orbit crosses the path of a meteoroid, it
falls through the earth's atmosphere. As it falls through the
earth's atmosphere, it burns up as a result of the enormous
heat generated. This makes a streak of light which is called a
meteor or a shooting star.
Most of the meteoroids fully burn up before they reach the
lower atmosphere. However, sometimes a meteoroid does
not fully burn up and it hits the earth's surface as a solid
piece. This is called a meteorite.
6. Artificial satellites are used forecasting weather.
transmitting television, mobile signals, telephone and
radio signals. They are also used for sky networking.
7. Asteroids are large pieces of rock and metals. Asteroids
revolve around the sun between the orbits of mars and
Jupiter. This region is called the asteroid belt.
Comets are small chunks of ice and dust that revolve around
the sun. They have very oval orbit and spend most of their
time far away from the sun. Comets are characterized by a
small solid part by a cloud of glowing gases with a long tail.
Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-15 Pollution
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Plants, animals and human beings 2. Eutrophication
3. Use of catalytic converters in automobiles 4. Acid rain
5. Wastes being dumped in water bodies without treatment
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Water pollution 2. Toxic 3. Diahrea
4. Impurities 5. Oxygen 6. CFCs
7. Ozone layer 8. Chlorine
9. Carbon dioxide, methane
10. Sulphur, nitrogen
26
C. Answer the following questions:
1. The contamination of the environment with substance that
are harmful to living beings is called pollution.
2. The presence of chemicals in the atmosphere is harmful to
human health and the environment is known as air
pollution.
3. When air pollution such as oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
react with oxygen and water vapour acid respectively.
These acids mix with rain water and come down in the form
of acid rain.
The structure of Taj Mahal is made up of white marble, has
for the last few decades been under severe threat due to
fumes emitted form on oil refinery in Mathura, iron
foundaries and other chemical industries situated around
Agra.
4. Carbon dioxide and other gases traps heat and does not
allow it to escape into space. As a result, the average
temperature of the earth's atmosphere is gradually
increasing, this is called global warming.
5. Burning of fossil fuels like coal in thermal power plants
releases oxides of sulphur and nitrogen into the
atmosphere, along with the emission of carbon dioxide and
particulate matter.
6. a. Reduce the number of trips by car.
b. Avoid smoking.
c. Planting more and more tress can reduce air palliation
d. Fossil fuel should be replace by solar energy.
e. Factories shall for from residential areas.
7. Water bodies get polluted by:
a. Chemical waste of factories dumped into rivers.
b. Agricultural waste dumped into rivers.
c. By acid rain
d. By damping garbage
8. The waste water released by factories and industries and the
fertilizer rich runoffs from agricultural fields. Fields is rich
in rganic matter. The process of washing away of fertilizers
27
 in to water bodies is called leaching. The entry of nutrient
rich water result in thick growth of algae, called algal bloom
and many other weeds. Soon these plants cover the entire
surface of water.
9. Bathing and washing clothes near water bodies such as
lakes, ponds, rivers and near sea should be restricted.
Don't throw plastic bags into water bodies since they are
non biodegradable substances.
Domestic and industrial sewage waste should be treated to
remove toxic substances, before being released into water
bodies.
Usage of eco friendly fertilizers and herbicides should be
encouraged to prevent water pollution due to runoffs and
leaching.
10. Every water is not fit for drinking. They have many
impurities. Water which is suitable for drinking is called
potable water. Pure water is transparent, colorless and
odourless. It should be free from harmful chemicals and
micro organisms.
Activity
Do yourself.
Chapter-16 Coal and Petroleum
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. All of them 2. Anthracite 3. Methane
4. Producer gas
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. refining 2. destructive distillation
3. CNG 4. petroleum gas, fuel 5. impervious rocks
C. Write True or False :
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True
D. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Anthracite (f) coal with over 90% carbon
content
28
 2. Producer gas (c) a mixture of carbon monoxide
and nitrogen
3. Natural gas (d) u s e d i n m a n u f a c t u r e o f
fertilizers
4. Carbonization (b) a slow and long process of
conversion of wood into coal
5. Peat (a) most inferior quality of coal
6. Pitch or tar (e) petroleum product used in
road surfacing
E. Answer the following questions :
1. Coal is mainly carbon as plants contain carbon compounds
but the carbon content is different in different varieties of
coal.
The first step of coal formation results in a material called
peat. It contains a large quantity of moisture and a very low
content of carbon (50-60%).
The second stage of coal formation is brown coal called
lignite. It is composed of compressed woody matter that has
lost most of its moisture. Therefore, the carbon content
increases upto 70%.
The third stage of coal formation is bituminous coal. The
carbon content in this variety is 80-85% and its is therefore
an efficient fuel.
Anthracite is the final stage in the formation of coal. This is
formed when bituminous coal remains in the Earth for a
long time and is subjected to extreme pressure. Anthracite
burns with very little smoke and upto a longer time than
bituminous coal.
2. Natural gas, a fossil fuel, is often found in association with
petroleum. It contains mainly methane and is used as
domestic and industrial fuel. Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG) is also used as motor fuel as it comparatively clean
and does not cause pollution.
3. Petroleum is believed to have been formed by the action of
heat and pressure on the remains of marine organisms in the

29
 absence of air. The remains of marine animals which died
millions of years ago, settled at the bottom of the ocean and
got covered with sand and rocks. The decomposed organic
matter (formed as a result of action of bacteria) was buried
deeper and deeper where high pressure and high
temperature conditions liquefied it. The liquid then seeped
down until it reached a bed of impervious (non-porous)
rocks and remained there like a lake of oil between the
layers of rocks.
Petroleum is obtained by drilling holes (oil wells) into the
Earth's crust. When a well is drilled in the Earth's crust,
natural gas comes out first with a great pressure and after
some time, oil comes out itself due to the pressure of the
gas. After the pressure subsides, the oil is pumped out of the
wells and sent to refining units.
4. Some of the problems associated with overutilization of
fossil fuels have been summarized below:
• The rate of utilization (that depends on industrialization
and growth of population) is much faster than the rate of
their formation.
• All countries of the world do not have equal
reserves of fuel. They have to depend on other countries
for their fuel requirements. For example, India is rich in
coal reserves but does not have sufficient petroleum
reserves.
• About 70% of the world's petroleum reserves are situated
in the Middle East-Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Iraq.
Countries like USA, Canada, Siberia, China, Russia and
Libya too have large oil reserves.
5. Wise and economic use of energy resources is called
conservation of energy. Certain suggestions for energy
conservation are given below :
• Whenever and wherever possible, wind power should be
used to generate electricity.
• Hydroelectric energy should be generated from water
bodies with the help of dams and generators.
• Tidal energy should be conserved to drive generators.
30
 • Energy should be generated from the biomass and be
utilized in rural or semi-urban areas of the country.
6. Fossil fuels are naturally occurring carbon containing
materials which when burnt in air (or oxygen) produce heat
energy. They can be defined as the materials of biological
origin occurring within the Earth's crust which can be used
as a source of energy.
Excessive use of fossil fuel cause uncontrollable threat to
environment. Like acid rain, global warming, air pollution
and ozone layer depletion.
7. Exhaustible Natural Resources : The natural resources
which can be exhausted as a result of human consumption
are called exhaustible natural resources. For example, coal,
petroleum, water, forests, minerals, natural gas, etc.
Inexhaustible Natural Resources : The natural resources
which are not likely to be exhausted due to human
activities and are present in unlimited quantities are called
inexhaustible natural resources. For example, air and
sunlight are inexhaustible resources.
8. The solid residue left behind after dry distillation of coal is
known as coke. It is tough, porous and black. It contains
about 98% carbon and is used to manufacture steel and
extract many metals from their ores.
When steam is passed over red hot coke, it produces water
gas which is a fuel gas. It is a mixture of carbon monoxide
and hydrogen.
C + H 2O CO + H2
Coke Steam Water gas

When air is passed over red hot cake, produce gas, which is
a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen is formed.
2C + O2 + 4N2 2CO + 4N2
Coke Air Producer gas

9. It saves waste paper from occupying homes of people and

producing methane as it breaks down. Because paper fibre
contains carbon, recycling keeps the carbon locked up for
longer and out of the atmosphere.
31
 10. Recycling of paper is the process of recovering waste paper
and remaking it into new paper products.
Paper recycling saves trees and minimizes pollution. It also
helps to reduce the problem of waste by utilizing waste
material like used paper, cotton rags and unwanted
biomass. The major steps in recycling of paper have been
summarized below :
i. Sorting
ii. Making pulp
iii. Filtering and deinking
iv. Rolling and drying
Chapter-17 Flame and Fossil Fuel
Exercise
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Low calorific value 2. Hydrogen
3. Presence of carbon dioxide 4. Blue 5. Kilojoules/kg
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Coal, petroleum 2. Oxygen 3. Slow
4. Diamond 5. Coal tar 6. CNG
7. 150000
C. Write true or false:
1. False 2. True 3. False
4. True 5. False
D. Match the following:
1. Fuel in car 2. Fuel for stove and lamp
3. Used as paint 4. An ideal domestic fuel
5. Hottest part of the flame
E. Oral questions:
1. Coal tar 2. CNG 3. Rajasthan & Maharashtra
4. Liquified Petroleum Gas 5. Anthracite
F. Answer the following questions.
1. The process of burning a substance is called combustion.
Combustion is possible in the presence of air (oxygen) and
produce heat and light.
32
2. Combustion is categorised into two groups based on rate of
combustion.
Rapid Combustion: When combustion takes place in very
short time period. LPG, petrol, diesel, wood catch fire
rapidly and produce heat and light. Such types of
combustion are called rapid combustion.
Slow Combustion: When combustion takes place slowly at
very low temperature. Respiration is an example of slow
combustion in which very less amount of heat is produced.
3. The lowest temperature at which a particular substance
starts to burns in the presence of air is called its ignition
temperature.
4. A luminous flame is accompanied with heat and light and
yellow in color.
Anon luminous flame is accompained with heat and very
little light. A blue flame is non luminous.
5. ''The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in unit called
killojoule per kg or kj/kg''.
6. The candle flame can be divided into three ones depending
upon the amount of air it receives.
These zones can be distinguished by outer zone of complete
combustion (blue)
their colors:
middle zone of
The Innermost Zone partial combustion
(yellow)
The innermost zone appears black innermost zone
because no combustion takes place of unburnt was
vapours (black)
here. There is no supply of oxygen in
Different zones of a
this zone. candle flame
The Middle Zone
In this part, wax vapours start burning. They emit a
yellowish flame due to glowing of carbon particles. Carbon
monoxide is formed in this part due to insufficient supply
oxygen.
The Outer Most Zone
This is the hottest part of the flames. In this zone, the wax
vapours have enough oxygen to burn completely and
produce carbon dioxide and water.
7. Characteristic of an Ideal Fuel
33
 a. It should have a high calorific value.
b. Its ignition temperature is low but higher than room
temperature other wise it will catch fire. If ignition
temperature is very high then it will take took long time
to catch fire.
c. It should be safe to handle, store and transport.
d. It should have a moderate rate of combustion and
should release the heat in a controlled manner.
e. It should be available at reasonable price and easily
available.
f. It should not cause pollution on burning.
8. About 300 million years ago the earth had dense forests in
low lying wetlands areas. Due to natural processes like
earthquake, floods; these forests got buried under the earth
crust. As passage of time soil deposited over them and they
were compressed. The temperature inside the earth rose as
they sank deeper and deeper. Under high pressure and
temperature, dead plants got slowly converted to coal.
Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. As
these organisms died, their bodies settled at the bottom of
the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over
millions of years, absence of air, high temperature and
pressure transformed the dead organisms into petroleum
and natural gas.
Activity
Do yourself.

34