Addis Ababa Science & Technology University

College Of Engineering
Department of Environmental Engineering
Solid Waste Engineering (EnEg 4102)
Chapter 2: Municipal Solid waste characteristics & quantities
Lecture 1
By
Mr. Solomon Tibebu
(2017 E.C / 2025 G.C)
Content

• Solid waste generation

• Source & type of solid waste

• Solid waste characteristics

✓ Physical characteristics of MSW

✓ Chemical characteristics of MSW

✓ Biological characteristics of MSW

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Municipal Solid waste characteristics & quantities
Solid waste generation

• Solid waste generation is exponentially increasing due to:

✓Rapid population growth

✓Industrialization
✓Urbanization, and
✓Higher living standards.

• Improper management of solid waste leads to social, economic, and

environmental issues.

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Solid waste generation cont.
Impact of Poor Solid Waste Management
• Negative impacts on:

❖Surface water quality

❖Groundwater contamination

❖Air and soil pollution

• Health problems, especially in developing countries is a major problem as a result of poor health infrastructure.

Solid Waste Generation Forecast (2025)

• By 2025, it is expected that 2.2 billion tons of solid waste will be generated annually in urban areas globally.

• Despite the rapid increase in waste generation, waste collection in developing countries remains lower than
70%.
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Solid waste generation cont.
Challenges in Solid Waste Management (SWM)

• Poor waste collection systems (e.g., only 65% collection rate in

Addis Ababa).

• Improper disposal practices (dumping in streets, rivers, sewer

systems).

• Lack of proper infrastructure (containers, collection routes,

transfer stations, and landfills)

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Solid waste generation cont.
Causes of SWM Problems in Addis Ababa

✓Shortage of solid waste containers.

✓Lack of properly designed collection route systems.

✓No properly designed transfer stations or landfills.

✓Limited financial resources.

✓Improper bin allocation and small bin capacities.

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Functional Element Description

Waste Generation Those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown
away or gathered together for disposal
On-site handling, Those activities associated with the handling, storage, and processing of solid wastes at or near the
storage, and processing point of generation

Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solid wastes and the hauling of wastes after
collection to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied.
Transfer & Transport Those activities associated with (1) the transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the
larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long
distance to the disposal site.
Processing and Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other
Recovery functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products, or energy from solid
wastes.
Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including those wastes collected
and transported directly to a landfill site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from wastewater treatment
plants, incinerator residue, or other substances from the solid waste processing plants that are of no
further use.
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Solid waste generation cont.
Broader SWM Issues in Developing Countries

• Complex waste generation due to diverse waste types.

• Rapid urban development.

• Funding limitations for public services in many cities.

• Technological barriers to efficient waste management.

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• In addition to knowing the source and composition of solid waste, it is equally
important to have uniform units of expression. For example, universally accepted
units for:
❖ Household waste (kg/capita/day)
❖ Commercial waste (kg/x/day where x can be m2 of floor area of commercial establishment, unit
volume or dollar in sales, the number of employees, etc.)
❖ Institutional waste (kg/x/day where x can be the number of students, m2 of the area of park or
public place, number of visitors, etc.)
❖ Market waste (kg/x/day where x can be the number of market lots, m2 of floor area, dollar in
sales, etc.)
❖ Industrial waste (kg/x/day where x can be unit volume or dollar of production output, m2 of
floor area, the number of employees, etc.)
❖ Street sweeping waste (kg/km/day)
❖ Drain cleaning waste (kg/km/day)
❖ Total waste (kg/capita/day)

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• Waste quantities are usually estimated on the basis of data gathered by
➢ Conducting a waste characterization study, or
➢ Using previous waste generation data or
➢ A combination of the two approaches.

• Methods commonly used to assess solid waste quantities in field experiment are

1. Load-count analysis,

2. Weight-volume analysis, and

3. Materials-balance analysis.

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1. load-count analysis
• The number of individual loads (trucks) and the corresponding waste
locations (i.e. residential, commercial, market, institutional, street sweeping,
drain cleaning etc.) are noted over a specified time period at disposal site.
2. Weight-volume analysis
• Detailed weight- volume data obtained by weighing and measuring each load.
3. Materials-balance analysis
• The only way to determine the generation and movement of solid wastes with
any degree of reliability is to perform a detailed materials balance analysis for
each generation source, such as an individual home or a commercial or
industrial activity.
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Stage for Materials-balance analysis.

❖First, draw a system boundary around the unit to be studied.

❖Second, identify all the activities that cross or occur within the boundary and affect
the generation of wastes.

❖Third, identify the rate of waste generation associated with each of these activities.

❖Fourth, using appropriate mathematical relationships, determine the distribution and

quantity of waste

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Solid waste generation cont.
• Solid waste generation rates estimate the amount of waste created by
residences or businesses over a specified period (e.g., day, year).
• Waste generation includes all discarded materials, whether they are later
recycled, composted, or disposed of in a landfill.
• Waste generation rates are essential for estimating the impact of new
developments on local waste streams and can be used to forecast waste
management needs.
• These rates provide valuable information for urban planning, waste
management strategies, and determining infrastructure needs.
• The quantities of waste can vary based on factors such as:
➢Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Variations
➢Seasonal Changes (e.g., holidays, festivals)

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Factors that affect waste generation rates
1. Effect of source reduction and Recycling Activities on waste Generation.

2. Effect of public Attitudes and legislation on waste Generation.

3. Effect of Geographic and physical factors on waste Generation

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• Climate Influence: Different climates impact both the amount and timing of
solid waste generated, with variations across regions.
➢In warmer southern areas, the growing season is longer, leading to:
❖Greater amounts of yard waste.
❖Longer collection periods for garden waste.
• Seasonal Variations: The quantity of certain wastes, such as yard waste, food
waste, and garden waste, varies based on the seasonal growing periods for
fruits and vegetables.
➢ Increased food waste is often linked to the harvest season for fresh produce, affecting
waste streams during peak agricultural periods.

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Source & type of solid waste
Source of Solid Waste

Composition of Solid Waste To design Solid Waste

Management facilities including
Knowledge landfill, compost plant, biogas
plant, transfer station, recycling
Type of Solid Waste and processing plants, we need
to …

Generation rate of Solid Waste

• Although there are a number of developed source classification, for our case,
the solid waste is classified in to 8 categories as shown in the below table.
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Source & type of solid waste cont.
No Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes
1 Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, Paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes,
wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g. Bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods, batteries, oil tires), and household hazardous
wastes.
2 Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and
sites, power and chemical plants demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, and special wastes.

3 Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special
wastes, hazardous wastes
4 Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers Same as commercial

5 Construction and New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, Wood, Steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
demolition demolition of buildings

6 Municipal Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other Industrial process wastes, scrap
services recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment materials, off- specification products, slag tailings

7 Process Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off- specification products,
plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing slag, tailings

Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous
8 Agriculture farms wastes (e.g. pesticides)
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Source & type of solid waste cont.
• Definition of some type of solid wastes
✓ Refuse: It is a general name given to all wastes except liquid waste.
✓ Garbage: wastes resulting from the growing, handling, processing, cooking
and consumption of food. e.g. Vegetables, fruits, bones, bread, injera etc.
✓ Rubbish: represents all solid wastes except ash.
• There are two categories of rubbish:
A. Combustible: - organic in nature and includes items such as paper,
cardboard, wood yard clippings, bedding, plastics etc.
B. Non-combustible: - are inorganic materials, which include metals, glass,
ceramics, and other minerals.

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✓Ashes: an incombustible material that remains after a fuel or solid waste has
been burnt.

✓ Infectious wastes: are wastes that contain or carry pathogenic organisms in

part or in whole such as wastes from hospitals and biological laboratories
spoiled with blood or bodily fluids.

✓ Special wastes: are wastes from residential and commercial sources that
includes broken household, commercial, and industrial items such as lamps,
furniture etc.

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Source & type of solid waste cont.

✓Organic waste: Food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubber,

leather, wood, yard wastes.

✓Inorganic waste: Glass, crockery (cups, plates, etc) tin cans, aluminum, and
other metals.

✓Dead bodies: Dead animals like dogs ,cows, donkey etc.

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Solid waste characteristics
Physical characteristics of MSW
• Important physical characteristics of MSW include:

✓Density
✓Particle size & size distribution
✓Field capacity, and
✓Compacted waste porosity

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Density
• Density is the weight of material per unit volume.
• It helps to assess the total mass and volume of waste that needs to be managed.
• It is a key parameter in managing solid waste effectively.
• Factors Affecting Density:
➢Geographic location From Engineering Preceptive what it the
➢Season of the year importance of determining the density of
➢Length of time in storage solid waste?
• Typical Densities: Range: 178 to 415 kg/m³
• Typical Value: 297 kg/m³
• Care should be taken when selecting typical density values for waste
management.

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Particle size & size distribution
• The size and size distribution of the component materials in solid wastes are
an important consideration in the recovery of materials, especially with
mechanical means such as trammel screens and magnetic separators.

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Field capacity
• The field capacity of solid waste is the total amount of moisture that can be
retained in a waste sample subject to the downward pull of gravity.
• The field capacity of waste materials is or critical importance in determining the
formation of leachate.
• The field capacity varies with the degree of applied pressure and the state of
decomposition of the waste.
• Field capacity of a solid waste refers to the maximum amount of water that a
waste material can hold without any further drainage. This is an important factor
to consider when managing and disposing of solid waste, as it can impact the
leachate generation and potential for groundwater contamination.
• The 100 % field capacity is the point that solid waste capacity to hold maximum
water.
• Field capacity of the solid waste tell us about the capacity of the waste to hold
moisture.
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Physical characteristics of MSW cont.
Compacted waste porosity

• The hydraulic conductivity of compacted wastes is an important physical

property that governs the movement of liquids and gasses in a landfill.

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Chemical characteristics of MSW
• Understanding the chemical composition of MSW is essential to evaluate:

✓Alternative processing methods

✓Recovery options

• Feasibility of Combustion:

✓Depends on the chemical composition of the waste.

✓Wastes typically consist of semi-moist, combustible, and non-combustible materials.

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• The four most important properties to know for using solid waste as fuel are

1. Proximate analysis Solid Waste Engineering

❑ Moisture content
❑ Volatile matter
❑ Ash content Waste to Energy Technologies
❑ Fixed carbon

2. Fusing point of ash

Adsorbent characteristics (Advanced
3. Ultimate analysis (major elements) water & wastewater Engineering)

4. Energy content
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Municipal Solid waste characteristics & quantities cont.
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Proximate Analysis
• Moisture content: Loss of moisture when heated to 105 oC.
• Volatile matter: Additional loss of weight on ignition at 950 oC in a covered
crucible.
• Fixed carbon: Combustible residue left after volatile matter is removed.
• Ash content: Weight of residue after combustion at 550 oC in an open
crucible.

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Municipal Solid waste characteristics & quantities cont.
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Moisture content
✓ The moisture content of solid wastes usually is
expressed in one of two ways.
✓ In the wet-weight method of measurement, the
moisture in a sample is expressed as a
percentage of the wet weight of the material.
✓ In the dry-weight method, it is expressed as a
percentage of the dry weight of the material.
✓The wet-weight method is used most commonly
in the field of solid waste management.

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Moisture content cont.
• A 1 g of solid waste sample will be dried in an oven for 24 hr at 105 0 C
and cooled in a desiccator.

B−C
MC % = ∗ 100
B−A

Where MC is the moisture content of AC in percentage, A is the weight of the crucible (g), B is the weight

of the crucible plus the original sample (g) and C is the weight of the crucible plus the oven-dried sample

(g).

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Volatile matter
✓ A 1 g of solid waste will be ignited at 9500 C in a muffle Furness for 7 min.
C−D
VM % = ∗ 100
C−B

• Where VM is the volatile matter content of AC in percentage, D is the weight of

the crucible and the ignited sample (g), C is the weight of the crucible and the

original sample (g), and B is the weight of the crucible (g).

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Municipal Solid waste characteristics & quantities cont.
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Chemical characteristics of MSW cont. C−𝐷
AC % = ∗ 100
Ash content C−B

✓A 1 g of the solid waste will be placed in

crucible and ignited for 4 hr at 5000 C. Where B is the weight of the crucible (g),

✓The ignited sample was cooled in a C is the weight of the crucible plus the
desiccator and weighted in an analytical
original sample (g), and D is the weight of
balance.
the crucible plus the ash sample (g).

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Fixed Carbon
• The fixed carbon (FC) of AC was calculated by using the following equation:

FC % = 100 − MC % + VM % + AC %

Where FC is the fixed carbon content in percentage, MC is moisture content in

percentage, VC is the volatile matter content in percent and AC is ash content in

percent.

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Exercise (Class work 2)
Calculate the moisture content of the food waste discarded in AASTU
cafeteria. Use the following data for the analysis.

❑The weight of the crucible (g) = 69.69

❑The weight of the crucible plus the original sample (g) = 70.69
❑The weight of the crucible plus the oven-dried sample (g) = 70.05
❑The Weight of original sample (g) = 1

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Exercise (Class work 3)
Calculate the volatile matter of the food waste discarded in AASTU cafeteria.
Use the following data for the analysis.

❑The weight of the crucible and the ignited sample (g) = 70.15
❑The weight of the crucible and the original sample (g) =70.69
❑The weight of the crucible (g) = 69.69
❑The weight of original sample (g) = 1

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Exercise (Class work 4)
Calculate the ash content of the food waste discarded in AASTU cafeteria. Use the
following data for the analysis.
❑The weight of the crucible (g) = 69.69

❑The weight of the crucible plus the original sample (g) = 70.69

❑The weight of the crucible plus the ash sample (g) = 69.81

❑The Weight of original sample (g) = 1

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Chemical characteristics of MSW cont.
Fission Fusion
Flushing point of ash
• The fusing point of ash is defined as that Fusion is the
Fission is the process
process where two
temperature at which the ash resulting light atomic nuclei where a heavy atomic
nucleus (like uranium
from the burning of waste will form a (like hydrogen
or plutonium) splits
isotopes) combine
solid (clinker) by fusion and to form a heavier
into two smaller
nuclei, along with a
agglomeration. nucleus, releasing a few neutrons and a
significant amount large amount of
• Typical fusing temperature for the of energy in the energy.
formation of clinker from solid waste process.
range from 2000 to 2200 oF (1100 to
1200 oC).

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Ultimate analysis
• The ultimate analysis of a waste component typically involves the
determination of the percent carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
ash.
• Because of the concern over the emission of chlorinated compounds during
combustion, the determination of halogens is often included in an ultimate
analysis.
• The results of the ultimate analysis are used to characterize the chemical
composition of the organic matter in MSW.
• They are also used to define the proper mix of waste materials to achieve
suitable C/N ratios for biological conversation processes.
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Chemical characteristics of MSW cont.
Energy content
• The energy content of the organic components in MSW can be determined by
(1). By using a full scale boiler
(2). By using a laboratory bomb calorimeter (mostly known)
(3). By using calculation, if the elemental composition is known.
• Due to the difficulty in instrumenting a full-scale boiler, most of the data on
the energy content of the organic components of MSW are based on the
results of bomb calorimeter tests.

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Biological characteristics of MSW
• Biodegradability: Organic waste (e.g., food scraps, paper, yard waste) is
biodegradable, meaning it can be broken down by microorganisms like bacteria and
fungi.
• Decomposition Process: Waste decomposes through two main processes:
❖Aerobic decomposition: Occurs with oxygen (produces carbon dioxide, water, and heat).
❖Anaerobic decomposition: Occurs without oxygen (produces methane, which is a greenhouse
gas).
• Microbial Activity: Bacteria, fungi, and other microbes play a central role in breaking
down organic matter.
• Odor Production: Anaerobic decomposition in landfills produces methane,
hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia, which can create unpleasant odors.
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Biological characteristics of MSW
Homework 4

1. Explain the four main components analyzed in the proximate analysis of solid waste. How does
the relative composition of each component (moisture, volatile solids, fixed carbon, and ash)
influence the design and operation of a waste-to-energy facility?
2. A solid waste sample has the following proximate analysis results:
✓Moisture: 25%
✓Volatile Solids: 40%
✓Fixed Carbon: 20%
✓Ash: 15%
Using these results, explain how the high moisture content of this sample would affect its
incineration process. What potential challenges could arise, and how might the waste-to-energy
facility address them? Relate waste to energy conversion technologies with solid waste engineering.

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Homework 4 cont.
3. How does the proximate analysis of a solid waste sample influence the
efficiency of composting? Consider a waste sample with low fixed carbon and
high volatile solids. What advantages or challenges does this composition
present for the composting process?
4. You are given two solid waste samples for proximate analysis: Sample A (high
moisture content, high volatile solids) and Sample B (low moisture content,
high fixed carbon). Compare and contrast how the different proximate
compositions of these two samples would affect their potential for landfill gas
production versus energy recovery through incineration.

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Summery
• Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) combines various strategies (reduce, reuse,
recycle) to effectively manage waste, ensuring sustainability and minimal environmental
impact.
• Economics & Solid Waste highlight the financial implications of waste management,
focusing on costs, resource recovery, and the economic benefits of recycling and waste
reduction.
• Need for ISWM is crucial to tackle rising urbanization and waste generation, reduce landfill
use, conserve resources, and minimize environmental pollution.
• Source & Type of Solid Waste includes municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial waste,
hazardous waste, and organic waste, each requiring distinct management strategies.
• Solid Waste Characteristics affect how waste is handled: physical (size, density), chemical
(composition, toxicity), and biological (degradability, presence of microorganisms)
properties dictate treatment methods.
• Effective ISWM involves understanding these characteristics to design appropriate
technologies and policies, promoting a circular economy while protecting public health and
the environment.

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Home Work Reminder

• Home Work 2, 3 & 4 one page for each

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Thank You

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