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MODULE III
LIFE SCIENCE

LESSON I: Introduction to Life Science

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the historical development of the concept of life including theories,
experiments and evidences;
2. Describe the conditions on early Earth that made the origin of life possible and the
first life forms; and
3. Discuss the unifying themes of life and how they are interconnected.

Think WIDE AND WILD!

WHAT IS LIFE?

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF LIFE: THEORIES,

EXPERIMENTS, AND EVIDENCES
THEORY OF SPECIAL CREATION
Life was created by the wishes of a divine being or some supernatural power, the
Creator or God. This theory is accepted by most of the world’s religions. It is purely a
religious concept, not a scientific fact.
Three Postulates:
(i) All the different kinds of life (microorganisms, fungi, algae, animals and plants) were
created at the same time or at short intervals without any relationship with one another.
(ii) They were created in the same form in which they exist at present, having undergone no
change since their creation.
(iii) Their bodies and organs have been specially designed to fully meet the needs of the
environment in which they have been created.

COZMOZOIC THEORY
Life has reached this planet Earth from other heavenly bodies such as meteorites, in
the form of highly resistance spores of some organisms. This idea was proposed by Richter
in 1865 and supported by Arrhenius (1908) and other contemporary scientists. The theory
did not gain any support. This theory lacks evidence; hence it was discarded. Also called as
Theory of panspermia.
ABIOGENESIS
All life started from inorganic molecules, which recombined in different ways due
to energy input. These different forms eventually formed a self-replicating molecule,

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which may have used the other molecules produced by abiogenesis to start creating the
basic structures of life, such as the cell.
BIOGENESIS
Any process by which lifeforms produce other lifeforms. For example, a spider
lays eggs that become other spiders. This premise historically contrasted with the
ancient belief in spontaneous generation, which held that certain inorganic
substances, left alone, give rise to life (such as bacteria, mice and maggots) in a
matter of days. The premise of biogenesis had been suspected long before being
definitively demonstrated. A demonstrative experiment, which showed biogenesis right
down to the bacterial level, was devised by Louis Pasteur in 1859.
OPARIN-HALDANE HYPOTHESIS
Life on Earth could have arisen step-by-step from non-living matter through a
process of “gradual chemical evolution”. The early Earth had a reducing atmosphere,
meaning oxygen-poor atmosphere in which molecules tend to donate electrons.
Hypothesis:
a. Simple inorganic molecules could have reacted (with energy from lightning or the
sun) to form building blocks like amino acids and nucleotides, which could have
accumulated in the oceans, making a "primordial soup."
b. The building blocks could have combined in further reactions, forming larger, more
complex molecules (polymers) like proteins and nucleic acids, perhaps in pools at
the water's edge.
c. The polymers could have assembled into units or structures that were capable of
sustaining and replicating themselves. Oparin thought these might have been
“colonies” of proteins clustered together to carry out metabolism, while Haldane
suggested that macromolecules became enclosed in membranes to make cell-like
structures.
COACERVATE THEORY
The origin of life was preceded by the formation of mixed colloidal units called
‘coacervates’. These are particles composed of two or more colloids which might be
protein, lipid or nucleic acid.
MILLER-UREY EXPERIMENT
Miller and Urey built a closed system containing a heated pool of water and a
mixture of gases that were thought to be abundant in the atmosphere of early earth. To
simulate the lightning that might have provided energy for chemical reactions in Earth’s
early atmosphere, Miller and Urey sent sparks of electricity through their experimental
system.
After letting the experiment run for a week, Miller and Urey found that various
types of amino acids, sugars, lipids and other organic molecules had formed. Large,
complex molecules like DNA and protein were missing, but the Miller-Urey experiment
showed that at least some of the building blocks for these molecules could form
spontaneously from simple compounds.
FOSSILS
Fossils are the preserved remains, of ancient organisms. Fossils are often found in
rock formations deep in the earth. Fossilization is the process of remains becoming
fossils. For an organism to be fossilized, the remains usually need to be covered
by sediment soon after death. Sediment can include the sandy seafloor, lava, and even
sticky tar.

Over time, minerals in the sediment seep into the remains. The remains become
fossilized. Fossilization usually occur in organisms with hard, bony body parts, such
as skeletons, teeth, or shells. Soft-bodied organisms, such as worms, are rarely
fossilized.

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THREE DOMAIN OF LIFE

Fig.1: Phylogenetic tree based on ribosomal RNA data, showing the separation of
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryote domains.
ARCHAEA

The Archaea possess the following characteristics:

a. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.

b. Unlike the Bacteria and the Eukarya, the Archaea have membranes composed of
branched hydrocarbon chains (many also containing rings within the hydrocarbon
chains) attached to glycerol by ether linkages.(Figure 2.)
c. The cell walls of Archaea contain no peptidoglycan.
d. Archaea are not sensitive to some antibiotics that affect the Bacteria, but are
sensitive to some antibiotics that affect the Eukarya.
e. Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by the presence
molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Bacteria and Eukarya.

Figure 2. Membrane Lipids of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The Bacteria and the
Eukarya have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to
glycerol by ester linkages. The Archaea have membranes composed of branched
hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages.

BACTERIA
Bacteria (also known as eubacteria or "true bacteria") are prokaryotic cells that are
common in human daily life, encounter many more times than the archaebacterial.

The Bacteria possess the following characteristics:

a. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.

b. Like the Eukarya, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains
attached to glycerol by ester linkages (Figure 2)
c. The cell walls of Bacteria, unlike the Archaea and the Eukarya, contain
peptidoglycan.

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d. Bacteria are sensitive to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are resistant to

most antibiotics that affect Eukarya.
e. Bacteria contain rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria as indicated by the presence
molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea and Eukarya.

EUKARYA

The Eukarya (also spelled Eucarya) possess the following characteristics:

a. Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.

b. Like the Bacteria, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid
chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages (Figure 2.)
c. Not all Eukarya possess cells with a cell wall, but for those Eukarya having a cell
wall, that wall contains no peptidoglycan.
d. Eukarya are resistant to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are sensitive to
most antibiotics that affect eukaryotic cells.
e. Eukarya contain rRNA that is unique to the Eukarya as indicated by the presence
molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea and Bacteria.

The Eukarya are subdivided into the following four kingdoms:

1. Protista Kingdom: Protista are simple, predominately unicellular eukaryotic

organisms. Examples includes slime molds, euglenoids, algae, and protozoans.
2. Fungi Kingdom: Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cell
types. The cells have cell walls but are not organized into tissues. They do not
carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients through absorption. Examples
include sac fungi, club fungi, yeasts, and molds.
3. Plantae Kingdom: Plants are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells.
The cells are organized into tissues and have cell walls. They obtain nutrients by
photosynthesis and absorption. Examples include mosses, ferns, conifers, and
flowering plants.
4. Animalia Kingdom: Animals are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic
cells. The cells are organized into tissues and lack cell walls. They do not carry out
photosynthesis and obtain nutrients primarily by ingestion. Examples include
sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Base on your readings and understanding of the different origin of life, which one do you
think is the leading explanation and why? (15 pts.)

Lesson 2: BIOENERGETICS STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF CELL

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to:
1. Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
2. Explain the various cell structures/organelles
3. Enumerate structures unique to plant cells/animal cells/bacteria

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4. Discuss the function of cytoskeleton and extracellular components

Pre-Test:
A simple analysis of “odd one out”. Identify the structure which does not belong to the
group.
1. capsule; flagella; pili; nucleoid; desmosome
2. cell membrane; DNA; ribosome; peroxisome; cytosol
3. cell wall; plasmodesma; huge vacuole; chloroplast; ribosome
4. lysosomes; nucleus; mitochondria; chloroplast
5. cilia; flagella; centrioles; ER; microtubules
Choose an answer from the choices before each numbered item
a. ribosomes b. pili c. peroxisomes d. chromoplasts e. gap junctions
6. contain oxidases and catalases
7. provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another
8. sites of protein synthesis
9. plastids containing pigments other than chlorophyll
10. allow bacteria to exchange DNA during conjugation

CELL

Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. The human body is composed of
trillions of cells, all with their own specialized function. Cells provide structure for the
body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions. Cells group together
to form tissues, which in turn group together to form organs, such as the heart and
brain. Our cells contain a number of functional structures called organelles. These
organelles carry out tasks such as making proteins, processing chemicals and generating
energy for the cell.

MODERN CELL THEORY

1. All known living things are made up of cells.

2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous Generation does
not occur).
4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell
division.
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
6. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.

TIMELINE
1595 – Jansen credited with 1st compound microscope
1655 – Hooke described ‘cells’ in cork.
1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some 9 years later.
1833 – Brown descibed the cell nucleus in cells of the orchid.
1838 – Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory.
1840 – Albrecht von Roelliker realized that sperm cells and egg cells are also cells.
1856 – N. Pringsheim observed how a sperm cell penetrated an egg cell.
1858 – Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist and anthropologist) expounds his famous
conclusion: omnis cellula e cellula, that is cells develop only from existing cells [cells
come from preexisting cells]
1857 – Kolliker described mitochondria.
1879 – Flemming described chromosome behavior during mitosis.
1883 – Germ cells are haploid, chromosome theory of heredity.
1898 – Golgi described the golgi apparatus.

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1938 – Behrens used differential centrifugation to separate nuclei from cytoplasm.

1939 – Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron microscope.
1952 – Gey and coworkers established a continuous human cell line.
1955 – Eagle systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal cells in culture.
1957 – Meselson, Stahl and Vinograd developed density gradient centrifugation in
cesium chloride solutions for separating nucleic acids.
1965 – Ham introduced a defined serum-free medium. Cambridge Instruments produced
the first commercial scanning electron microscope.
1976 – Sato and colleagues publish papers showing that different cell lines require
different mixtures of hormones and growth factors in serum-free media.
1981 – Transgenic mice and fruit flies are produced. Mouse embryonic stem cell line
established.
1995 – Tsien identifies mutant of GFP with enhanced spectral properties
1998 – Mice are cloned from somatic cells.
1999 – Hamilton and Baulcombe discover siRNA as part of post-transcriptional gene
silencing (PTGS) in plants
PLANT CELL STRUCTURE ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTION DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT

CELL

Characteristic Aniamal Cell Plant Cell

Definition Animal cells are also the basic functional Plant cells are basic functional units of plants
unit of life for animals constituting all cell constituting all cell organelles performing a
organelles that perform a variety of variety of functions that support the plants’
functions to support the animals’ metabolisms.
metabolisms.
Size and Shape Animal cells are generally smaller than plant Plant cells are larger than animal cells with the
cells with their cells ranging from 10-30um cell size ranging from 10um-100um in length.
in length. Plant cells similar in shape with most cells
Animal cells shape and sizes vary greatly being rectangular or cube-shaped.
from irregular shapes to round shapes,
most defined by the function they perform.
Cell wall They lack the cell wall but possess a plasma They have both a cell wall that is made up of
(cell) membrane, which performs the cell membrane and cellulose. The cell wall is, a
function of support and protection of the rigid membrane matrix found on the surface of
cell from external damage. all plant cells whose primary role is to protect
It also plays a major role in selective the cell and its content.
permeability allowing in and outflow of
nutrient molecules, water, and other cell
elements.
Plasma membrane They have a plasma membrane that is a thin The presence of the plasma membrane made

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flexible membrane, which acts as a up of cellulose, just below the cell wall which
protective covering for the animal cell. allows selective permeability of cell contents
It also has selective permeability. into and out of the cell cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm It houses all the cell organelles. It houses most of the cell organelles
Ribosomes They are present and they are used for They are present and they are used for protein
protein synthesis and genetic coding of the synthesis and cellular repair mechanisms.
protein, amino acid sequences.
Endoplasmic They are present in two types: rough They are present, in two types; rough and
reticulum endoplasmic and smooth endoplasmic smooth endoplasmic reticulum
reticulum
Lysosomes Animal cells have lysosomes, that contain Plant cells rarely contain lysosomes as the plant
digestive enzymes to break down cellular vacuole and the Golgi bodies handle molecule
macromolecules. degradation of waste cellular products.
Vacuoles Animal cells may have many small vacuoles, Plant cells have a large central vacuole that can
a lot smaller than the plant cell. occupy up to 90% of the cell’s volume.
Nucleus Present and it lies at the center of the cell Present and it lies on the side of the cell
Nucleolus Present in the nucleus Present in the nucleus
Centrioles They are present with their major function
involving the assistance of the cell division They are absent in plant cells
process.
Peroxisomes They are present in the cell cytoplasm
They are present in the cytoplasm.
functioning as cell oxidizers for cellular
They perform the oxidation mechanisms for
molecules, synthesis of lipids and recycling
specific biomolecules and they assist in the
carbon from phosphoglycolate during
synthesis of plasmalogen lipids.
photorespiration.
Microfilaments They are present functioning to give
They are present, to give cytoskeletal support,
and microtubules support to the cell cytoskeleton, transport
transportation of molecules across the
materials across the cytoplasm into and out
cytoplasm and the nucleus and they play a
of the nucleus. They are also involved d in
major role in cytokinesis.
cytokinesis.
Cytoskeletons Present and its major functions include They have a cytoskeleton that maintains the
creating a network that organizes the cell plant cell shape, supports the cell cytoplasm
components and maintains the cell shape. and maintains the cell’s structural organization.
Cytosol Present and its where all the cell organelles Present, its where most of the cell organelles
are suspended are suspended.
Microvilli They are present in the intestinal lining to
increase the surface area for the absorption Absent in plant cells.
of food.
Granules Present Present
Cilia and Filaments Present; they allow movement of cells or
part of the cell, for example, swimming of Absent
the sperm to the ova.
Plastids Present; they give pigmentation color to the
Absent plants and also facilitate trapping of light
energy used for photosynthesis.
Plasmodesmata Present; they facilitate the communication and
Absent
transport of materials across plant cells.
Golgi bodies They have larger and fewer Golgi bodies
They have smaller but more Golgi bodies with
with their major function being to process
their major role being modification, processing,
and package protein and lipid
sorting and packaging proteins for cellular
macromolecules as they are being
secretion.
synthesized.
Synthesis of cellular They cannot synthesize amino acids, The can synthesize amino acids, vitamins, and
nutrients vitamins, and coenzymes. vitamins.
Cytokinesis It takes place by constriction It takes place in the cell plates
Osmosis in a They take in water molecules by osmosis They absorb water molecules by osmosis but
hypotonic solution and easily bursts when placed in hypotonic they do not burst in a hypotonic solution due to
solution because of the lack of a cell wall the presence of a cell wall.

Activity I. Plant Cell and Animal Cell

Draw and label the parts of Plant cell and Animal Cell. Be creative! (20 pts.)

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Activity II. CELL ANALOGY

Identify several analogies to illustrate the organelles in a cell. Label each organelle.

Example: Car vs. Cell

LESSON 3: BIOENERGETICS PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ENERGY FLOW AND

UTILIZATION OF ENERGY
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Review the forms of energy
2. Describe the first two laws of thermodynamics
3. Differentiate the nature of enzyme activity
4. Explain photosynthesis as a re-dox process
5. Diagram the events in light reaction
6. Illustrate the calvin cycle
Pre-Test:
Directions: True or False: Write T if the statement is correct; if not write F.

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1. Bioenergetics is the study of how energy flows through living cells.

2. Potential energy cannot be converted to kinetic energy.
3. The energy of the universe is constant.
4. An endergonic reaction is a downhill process.
5. Enzymes catalyze reactions by speeding up energy barriers.
6. Non-competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate for the enzyme active side.
7. The oxygen given off by plants come from water, not from CO 2.
8. In the electromagnetic spectrum, UV light drives photosynthesis.
9. Cyclic electron flow produces NADPH.
10. Glucose is produced directly from the Calvin Cycle.

BIOENERGETICS
Definition of Terms
Bioenergetics means study of the transformation of energy in living organisms. The
goal of bioenergetics is to describe how living organisms acquire and transform energy in
order to perform biological work.
Types of Bioenergetics Reactions
1. Exergonic Reaction
It implies the release of energy from spontaneous chemical reaction without
any concomitant utilization of energy. The reactions are significant in terms of
biology as these reactions have an ability to perform work and include the most
of the catabolic reactions in cellular respiration
2. Endergonic Reaction
A non-spontaneous and requires an input of free energy. Most of the anabolic
reactions like photosynthesis and DNA and Protein synthesis are endergonic
in nature.
3. Activation Energy
The minimum energy required starting chemical reaction. The energy which
must be available to a chemical system with potential reactants to result in
chemical reaction.
Bioenergetics Relationship Between Free Energy, Enthalpy &
Entropy
Every living cell and organism must perform work to stay alive, to grow and to
reproduce.
1st Law of Thermodynamics: The energy of the universe remains constant.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics: All spontaneous processes increase the entropy of the
universe.
The important state functions for the study of biological systems are:
 The Gibbs free energy (G) which is equal to the total amount of energy capable of
doing work during a process at constant temperature and pressure
 The Enthalpy (H) which is the heat content of the system. Enthalpy is the amount of
heat energy transferred (heat absorbed or emitted) in a chemical process under constant
pressure.
 The Entropy (S) is a quantitative expression of the degree of randomness or disorder of
the system. Entropy measures the amount of heat dispersed or transferred during a
chemical process.
Source of Energy
The chemical energy that organisms need comes from food. Food consists of
organic molecules that store energy in their chemical bonds. Glucose is a simple
carbohydrate with the chemical formula C6H12O6C6H12O6. It stores chemical energy in

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a concentrated, stable form. In your body, glucose is the form of energy that is carried in
your blood and taken up by each of your trillions of cells.
Adenosine Tri-phosphate
(ATP)

“A” in ATP refers to the majority of the molecule – adenosine – a combination of a

nitrogenous base and a five-carbon sugar. “T” and “P” indicate the three phosphates,
linked by bonds which hold the energy actually used by cells. Usually, only the outermost
bond breaks to release or spend energy for cellular work.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

The process by which living cells break down glucose molecules and release
energy. Cellular respiration involves many chemical reactions, but they can all be
summed up with this chemical equation:

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+EnergyC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+Energy
Cellular respiration occurs in the cells of all living things, both autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
Three stages of Cellular Respiration

a. Glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis. It takes place in the cytosol of
the cytoplasm.

Figure 1. In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is converted into two pyruvate molecules

Energy is needed at the start of glycolysis to split the glucose molecule into two
pyruvate molecules. These two molecules go on to stage II of cellular respiration. The
energy to split glucose is provided by two molecules of ATP. As glycolysis proceeds,
energy is released, and the energy is used to make four molecules of ATP. As a result,
there is a net gain of two ATP molecules during glycolysis. During this stage, high-energy
electrons are also transferred to molecules of NAD + to produce two molecules of NADH,
another energy-carrying molecule. NADH is used in stage III of cellular respiration to
make more ATP.

b. Citric acid cycle

In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis
are transported into mitochondria, which are sites of cellular respiration. If oxygen
is available, aerobic respiration will go forward. In mitochondria, pyruvate will be
transformed into a two-carbon acetyl group (by removing a molecule of carbon
dioxide) that will be picked up by a carrier compound called coenzyme A (CoA),
which is made from vitamin B5. The resulting compound is called acetyl CoA. Acetyl

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CoA can be used in a variety of ways by the cell, but its major function is to deliver
the acetyl group derived from pyruvate to the next pathway in glucose catabolism.

Figure 2: Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA before entering the citric acid
cycle.

c. Kreb Cycle

The Krebs cycle itself actually begins when acetyl-CoA combines with a four-carbon
molecule called OAA (oxaloacetate). This produces citric acid, which has six carbon
atoms. This is why the Krebs cycle is also called the citric acid cycle. After citric acid
forms, it goes through a series of reactions that release energy. The energy is captured
in molecules of NADH, ATP, and FADH2 (another energy-carrying compound.) Carbon
dioxide is also released as a waste product of these reactions. The final step of the Krebs
cycle regenerates OAA, the molecule that began the Krebs cycle. This molecule is
needed for the next turn through the cycle. Two turns are needed because glycolysis
produces two pyruvic acid molecules when it splits glucose.

Results of the Krebs Cycle

After the second turn through the Krebs cycle, the original glucose molecule has been
broken down completely. All six of its carbon atoms have combined with oxygen to form
carbon dioxide. The energy from its chemical bonds has been stored in a total of 16
energy-carrier molecules. These molecules are:

 4 ATP (including 2 from glycolysis)

 10 NADH (including 2 from glycolysis)
 2 FADH22

d. Oxidative Phosporylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of aerobic cellular respiration.
There are two substages of oxidative phosphorylation, Electron transport chain and

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Chemiosmosis. In these stages, energy from NADH and FADH 2, which result from
the previous stages of cellular respiration, is transferred to ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

During this stage, high-energy electrons are released from NADH and FADH 2, and they
move along electron-transport chains on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. An
electron-transport chain is a series of molecules that transfer electrons from molecule to
molecule by chemical reactions. Some of the energy from the electrons is used to pump
hydrogen ions (H+) across the inner membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane
space. This ion transfer creates an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of
ATP.

Chemiosmosis

The pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a greater
concentration of the ions in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. This gradient
causes the ions to flow back across the membrane into the matrix, where their
concentration is lower. the ATP synthase acts as a channel protein, helping the hydrogen
ions across the membrane. It also acts as an enzyme, forming ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. The flow of hydrogen
ions through ATP synthase gives energy for ATP synthesis. After passing through the
electron-transport chain, the “spent” electrons combine with oxygen to form water.

Total ATP

You have seen how the three stages of aerobic respiration use the energy in glucose to
make ATP. How much ATP is produced in all three stages combined? Glycolysis produces
2 ATP molecules, and the Krebs cycle produces 2 more. Electron transport begins with
several molecules of NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs cycle and transfers their energy
into as many as 32 more ATP molecules. A total of up to 36 molecules of ATP from just
one molecule of glucose in the process of cellular respiration.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING:

Test I. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

[Link] following are the different stages of cellular respiration except

A. Calvin cycle B. citric acid cycle

C. glycolysis D. oxidative phosphorylation
E. oxidation and decarboxylation of acetyl CoA

2. The following is(are) true of glycolysis

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A. Glycolysis is the breakdown of six-carbon glucose to two molecules of three-carbon

pyruvate.
B. Glycolysis produces a net total of four molecules of ATP via substrate level
phosphorylation and two molecules of NADH,H+.
C. Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
D. A and B are correct. E. A, B, and C are correct.

3. Citric acid cycle produces

A. ATP B. NADH, H+ C. CO2 D. A and B only E. A, B, and C

4. The electron donor(s) during oxidative phosphorylation is(are)

A. ATP B. FADH2 C. NADH, H+ D. A and B E. B and C

5. The final electron acceptor during oxidative phosphorylation is

A. AATP B. carbon dioxide C. oxygen D. NADH, H+ E. FADH2

6. ATP as the energy currency of the cell is used in the following

A. synthesis of polymers from monomers B. active transport

C. beating of cilia D. contraction of muscle cells E. all of the above

TEST II. Show the simple equation for cellular respiration.

--------------------------------------------END OF MODULE----------------------------------------------
References:

Duka,Ivan Marcelo A., [Link]., Earth and Life Science

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[Link]
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[Link]/content/107/Supplement_2/8947[Link]
%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/05%3A_Cells/5.09%3A_Cellular_Respiration

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