Introduction

It is the branch of mathematics which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data.
In singular form, statistics is taken as a subject. And, in plural form, statistics means data.
Class interval: Each group into which the raw data is condensed, is called a
class-interval.
Class limits: Each class is bounded by two figures, which are called class limits. The
figure
on the left side of a class is called its lower limit and that on its right is called its upper
limit.
Exclusive form (or continuous interval form): A frequency distribution in which the
upper limit of each class is excluded and lower limit is included, is called an exclusive
form.
Example

 [ 91 ]
 Suppose the marks obtained by some students in an examination are given. We may
consider the classes 0 – 10, 10 – 20 etc. In class 0 – 10, we include 0 and exclude 10. In
class 10–20, we include 10 and exclude 20.
Inclusive form (or discontinuous interval form):
A frequency distribution in which each upper limit as well as lower limit is included, is
called an inclusive form. Thus, we have classes of the form 0 – 10, 11 – 20, 21 – 30 etc.
In 0 – 10, both 0 and 10 are included.
Important terms related to grouped data:
Class boundaries or true upper and true lower limits:
(i) In the exclusive form, the upper and lower limits of a class are respectively known as
the true upper limit and true lower limit.
(ii) In the inclusive form, the number midway between the upper limit of a class and
lower limit of the subsequent class gives the true upper limit of the class and the
true lower limit of the subsequent class. Thus, in the above table of inclusive form, we
have:

true upper limit of class 1 – 10 is = 10.5 and true lower limit of class 11 –

20 is 10.5.

Similarly, true upper limit of class 11 – 20 is = 20.5, and true lower limit

of class 21 – 30 is 20.5.
Class size
The difference between the true upper limit and the true lower limit of a class is called its
class size.
Class mark of a class

Class mark =

[ 92 ]
 🟋 The difference between any two successive class marks gives the class size.

🟋 Average is the statistic which describes the center of a set of data, a set of numbers

which are measurements or counts.

The most commonly used averages are the mean (arithmetic average), mode (most
frequent number), median (middle number when numbers are listed smallest to largest).

The class marks of a frequency distribution are 7, 13, 19, 25, 31, 37, 43. Find the
class-size and all the class-intervals.
Solution
Class size = Difference between two successive class-marks = (13 – 7) = 6.
Let the lower limit of the first-class interval be a. Then, its upper limit = (a + 6).

∴ = 7 ⇒ 2a = 8 ⇒ a = 4

So, the first class-interval is 4 – 10.

Let the lower limit of last class-interval be b.
Then, its upper-class limit = (b + 6).

∴ = 43 ⇒ 2b = 80 ⇒ b = 40.

So, the last class-interval is 40 – 46.

Hence, the required class-intervals are
4 – 10, 10 – 16, 16 – 22, 22 – 28, 28 – 34, 34 – 40 and 40 – 46.
An average tends to lie centrally with the values of the variable arranged in ascending
order of magnitude. So, we call an average a measure of central tendency of the data.
Three measures of central tendency are useful for analysing the data, namely
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode

 [ 93 ]
 🟋 We know that the mean of observations is the sum of the values of all the

observations divided by the total number of observations i.e., if x1, x2, x3, ......, xn are n
observations, then

mean = or =

where denotes the sum x1 + x2 + x3 + ..... + xn.

Arithmetic mean
The arithmetic mean of grouped data may also be calculated by any one of the following
methods:
• Direct method
• Assumed-mean method
Direct method
x1, x2, x3,......,xn are observations with respective

frequencies f1, f2, f3,.......,fn then mean, is defined by

= or =

Where = f1 + f2 + f3 + ..... + fn = N
The following steps should be followed in finding the arithmetic mean of grouped data by
direct method.
Step – 1: Find the class mark (xi) of each class using,

xi =
Step – 2: Calculate fixi for each i

Step – 3: Use the formula : mean =

[ 94 ]
 Find the mean of the following data:
Class Interval 0–8 8 – 16 16 – 24 24 – 32 32 – 40
Frequency 6 7 10 8 9
Solution
We may prepare the table as given below:
Class interval Frequency (fi) Class mark (xi) fixi
0–8 6 4 24
8 – 16 7 12 84
16 – 24 10 20 200
24 – 32 8 28 224
32 – 40 9 36 324
Σfi = 40 Σfixi = 856

∴ Mean, = = = 21.4

The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a

locality. The mean pocket allowance is Rs. 18. Find the missing frequency f.
Daily pocket Number of
allowance children
(in Rs.)
11-13 7
13-15 6
15-17 9
17-19 13
19-21 f
21-23 5
23-25 4
Solution
We may prepare the table as given below:
Daily Pocket Number of Class mark (xi) fixi

 [ 95 ]
 allowance Children (fi)
11 – 13 7 12 84
13 – 15 6 14 84
15 – 17 9 16 144
17 – 19 13 18 234
19 – 21 f 20 20f
21 – 23 5 22 110
23 – 25 4 24 96
Σfi = 44 + f Σfixi = 752 + 20f

∴ Mean = =

Given, mean = 18

∴ 18 =

⇒ 792 + 18f = 752 + 20f

⇒ 2f = 40

⇒ f = 20

Find the missing frequencies f1 and f2 in the table given below, it is being given that
the mean of the given frequency distribution is 50.
Class 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 Total
Frequency 17 f1 32 f2 19 120
Solution
We may prepare the table as given below:
Class Frequency (fi) Class mark (xi) fixi
0 – 20 17 10 170
20 – 40 f1 30 30f1
40 – 60 32 50 1600

[ 96 ]
 60 – 80 f2 70 70f2
80 – 100 19 90 1710
Σfi= 68 + f1 + f2 Σfixi= 3480 + 30f1+ 70f2

∴ Mean, = =

Given, mean = 50

∴ 50 =

⇒ 3400 + 50f1 + 50f2 = 3480 + 30f1 + 70f2

⇒ 20f1 – 20f2 = 80

⇒ f1 – f2 = 4 ...(i)

And Σfi = 68 + f1 + f2

∴ 120 = 68 + f1 + f2 [Σf1 = 120]

⇒ f1 + f2 = 52 ...(ii)

Adding (i) and (ii), we get 2f1 = 56

⇒ f1 = 28

⇒ f2 = 24

Hence, the missing frequencies f1 and f2 are 28 and 24 respectively.

Find the mean of the following distribution.

Class 50 – 70 70 – 90 90 – 110 110 – 130 130 – 150 150 – 170

Frequency 18 12 13 27 8 22

Solution

 [ 97 ]
 Class Frequency (fi) Class mark (xi) fixi
50 – 70 18 60 1080
70 – 90 12 80 960
90 – 110 13 100 1300
110 – 130 27 120 3240
130 – 150 8 140 1120
150 – 170 22 160 3520
N = 100 Σfixi= 11220

∴ Mean,

= = = 112.2

Find the mean marks from the following data:

Marks No. of Students
Below 10 5
Below 20 9
Below 30 18
Below 40 29
Below 50 45
Below 60 60
Below 70 70
Below 80 78
Below 90 83
Below 100 85

Solution
We may prepare the table as given below:
No. of Class
Marks Class Interval fi fixi
Students mark (xi)
Below 10 5 0 – 10 5 5 25
Below 20 9 10 – 20 4 15 60
Below 30 18 20 – 30 9 25 225

[ 98 ]
 Below 40 29 30 – 40 11 35 385
Below 50 45 40 – 50 16 45 720
Below 60 60 50 – 60 15 55 825
Below 70 70 60 – 70 10 65 650
Below 80 78 70 – 80 8 75 600
Below 90 83 80 – 90 5 85 425
Below 100 85 90 – 100 2 95 190

=
85
∴ Mean,

= = = 48.29

If less than type or more than type frequency distribution table is given then convert table
is usual form to find the mean.

Find the mean marks of students from the adjoining frequency distribution table.
Marks No. of Students
Above 0 80
Above 10 77
Above 20 72
Above 30 65
Above 40 55
Above 50 43
Above 60 23
Above 70 16
Above 80 10
Above 90 8
Above 100 0
Solution
We may prepare the table as given below:
Marks No. of Class Interval fi Class fixi

 [ 99 ]
 Students mark (xi)
Above 0 80 0 – 10 3 5 15
Above10 77 10 – 20 5 15 75
Above20 72 20 – 30 7 25 175
Above30 65 30 – 40 10 35 350
Above40 55 40 – 50 12 45 540
Above50 43 50 – 60 20 55 1100
Above60 23 60 – 70 7 65 455
Above 70 16 70 – 80 6 75 450
Above 80 10 80 – 90 2 85 170
Above 90 8 90 – 100 8 95 760
Above 100 0 100 – 110 0 105 0

80

∴ Mean,

= = = 51.125 = 51.1 (approx)

Assumed mean method

In this case, to calculate the mean, we follow the following steps:

Step – 1: Find the class mark xi of each class using xi =

Step – 2 : Choose a suitable value of xi in the middle as the assumed mean and denote it
by 'a'.
Step – 3 : Find di = xi – a for each i
Step – 4 : Find fi × di for each i

Step – 5 : Find N =

[ 100 ]
 Step – 6 : Calculate the mean, (𝑥‾) by using the formula =

The following table gives the marks scored by 100 students in a class test:
Mark 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
No. of Students 12 18 27 20 17 60
Find the mean marks scored by a student in class test.
Solution
We may prepare the table with assumed mean, a = 35 as given below:
Marks No. of Students Class mark (xi) di = xi – a = xi – 35 fidi
0 – 10 12 5 -30 -360
10 – 20 18 15 -20 -360
20 – 30 27 25 -10 -270
30 – 40 20 35 = a 0 0
40 – 50 17 45 10 170
50 – 60 6 55 20 120

N = 100

∴ Mean, =

= 35 – 7 = 28

Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and the number of heart
beats per minute were recorded and summarised as follows. Find the mean heart
beats per minute for these women, by using assumed-mean method.

 [ 101 ]
 No. of heart
beats per 65 – 68 68 – 71 71 – 74 74 – 77 77 – 80 80 – 83 83 – 86
minute
Frequency 2 4 3 8 7 4 2

Solution
We may prepare the table with assumed mean, a = 75.5 as given below:
No. of heart beats No. of women Class mark
di = xi – a = xi – 75.5 fidi
per minute (fi) (xi)
65 – 68 2 66.5 -9 -18
68 – 71 4 69.5 -6 -24
71 – 74 3 72.5 -3 -9
74 – 77 8 75.5 = a 0 0
77 – 80 7 78.5 3 21
80 – 83 4 81.5 6 24
83 – 86 2 84.5 9 18
N = 30

∴ Mean, = = 75.5 + = 75.5 + = 75.9

Find the arithmetic mean of the following frequency distribution.

Class 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59
Frequency 14 22 16 6 5 3 4
Solution
The given series is in inclusive form. We will prepare the table in exclusive form with
assumed mean a = 42 as given below:
Class Frequency (fi) Class mark (xi) di = xi – a = xi – 42 fidi
24.5 – 29.5 14 27 -15 -210
29.5 – 34.5 22 32 -10 -220
34.5 – 39.5 16 37 -5 -80
39.5 – 44.5 6 42 = a 0 0
44.5 – 49.5 5 47 5 25
49.5 – 54.5 3 52 10 30
54.5 – 59.5 4 57 15 60

[ 102 ]
 N = 70

∴ Mean, = =

= = 36.36 (approx.)

🟋 It is not necessary to convert the data in continuous interval form for finding mean.
Step-deviation method or short-cut method
Sometimes, the values of x and f are so large that the calculation of mean by assumed
mean method becomes quite inconvenient. In this case, we follow the following steps:

Step-1 : Find the class mark xi of each class by using =

Step-2 : Choose a suitable values of xi in the middle as the assumed mean and denote it by
'a'.
Step-3 : Find h = (upper limit –lower limit) for each class.

Step-4 : Find = for each class.

Step-5 : Find for each i.

Step-6 : Calculate, the mean by using the formula = , where .

Find the mean of the following distribution by step-deviation method:

Class 50 – 70 70 – 90 90 – 110 110 – 130 130 – 150 150 – 170
Frequency 18 12 13 27 8 22

Solution
We may prepare the table with assumed mean a = 120 and h = 20 as given below:

 [ 103 ]
 Class Frequency (fi) Class mark (xi) fiui

50 – 70 18 60 –3 –54
70 – 90 12 80 –2 –24
90 – 110 13 100 –1 –13
110 – 130 27 120 = a 0 0
130 – 150 8 140 1 8
150 – 170 22 160 2 44

N = 100

∴ Mean, =

= = = = 112.2

🟋 If class size is different then h is taken as HCF of the class marks.

Calculate the mean for the following frequency distribution (By step deviation
method).
Class interval 0 – 80 80 – 160 160 – 240 240 – 320 320 – 400

Frequency 22 35 44 25 24

Solution

Class Interval Mid – value (xi) fi ui = (xi – a)/h

0 – 80 40 22 –2 –44
80 – 160 120 35 –1 –35
160 – 240 200(a) 44 0 0
240 – 320 280 25 1 25

[ 104 ]
 320 – 400 360 24 2 48

Total

Mean

= 196.8

Median
Median: It is a measure of central tendency which gives the value of the middle most
observation in the data. In a grouped data, it is not possible to find the middle observation
by looking at the cumulative frequencies as the middle observation will be some value in
a class interval. It is, therefore, necessary to find the value inside a class that divides the
whole distribution into two halves.

Median Class: The class whose cumulative frequency is greater than is called the

median class.
To calculate the median of a grouped data, we follow the following steps.

Step – 1: Prepare the cumulative frequency table corresponding to the given frequency

distribution and obtain N = Σfi

Step – 2: Find

Step – 3: Look at the cumulative frequency just greater than and find the

corresponding class (Median class).

Step – 4: Use the formula Median =

 [ 105 ]
 Where, = Lower limit of median class.

f = Frequency of the median class.

cf = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class.

h = Size of the median class.

🟋 Data must be in continuous interval form to find median and mode of grouped data.

Find the median of the following frequency distribution:

Mark 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 Total

No. of Students 8 20 36 24 12 100

Solution
At first, we prepare a cumulative frequency distribution table as given below:
Marks No. of students (fi) Cumulative frequency
0 – 10 8 8
10 – 20 20 28
20 – 30 36 64
30 – 40 24 88
40 – 50 12 100
N = 100

[ 106 ]
 Here, N = 100

∴ = 50

The cumulative frequency just greater than 50 is 64 and the corresponding class is 20 –
30.
So, the median class is 20 – 30.

∴ = 20, N = 100,

cf = 28,
f = 36 and h = 10

Therefore, median =

= 20 + × 10

= 20 +

= 20 +

= 26.1

 [ 107 ]
 A health insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100
policy holders. Calculate the median age, if policies are given only to persons having
age 18 years onwards but less than 60 years.

Age(in years) No. of policy holders

Below 20 4
Below 25 8
Below 30 24
Below 35 45
Below 40 78
Below 45 89
Below 50 90
Below 55 96
Below 60 100
Solution
From the given table we can find the frequency and cumulative frequencies as given
below :
Age in(years) No. of holders (fi) Cumulative frequency
15 – 20 4 4
20 – 25 4 8
25 – 30 16 24
30 – 35 21 45
35 – 40 33 78
40 – 45 11 89
45 – 50 1 90
50 – 55 6 96
55 – 60 4 100
N = 100
Here, N = 100

∴ = 50

[ 108 ]
 The cumulative frequency just greater than 50 is 78 and the corresponding class is 35 –
40.
So, the median class is 35 – 40.

∴ = 35,

N = 100,
cf = 45,
f = 33 and h = 5

Therefore, median =

= 35 + ×5

= 35 +

= = = 35.76

Hence, the median age is 35.76 years.

From the following frequency distribution, calculate the median.

Marks No. of students
5 – 10 7
10 – 15 15
15 – 20 24
20 – 25 31
25 – 30 42
30 – 35 30
35 – 40 26
40 – 15 15
45 – 50 10

 [ 109 ]
 Solution

Here

The median lies in the class 25 – 30.

= 25, c.f. = 77, f = 42 and h = 5

Calculation of Median
Marks f c.f.
5 – 10 7 7
10 – 15 15 22
15 – 20 24 46
20 – 25 31 77
25 – 30 42 119
30 – 35 30 149
35 – 40 26 175
40 – 45 15 190
45 – 50 10 200

Applying the formula, Median =

We get, Median =

= 25 + = 25 + 2.74 = 27.74
So, above half the student have scored marks less than 27.74 and the other half scored
marks more than 27.74.

Calculate the missing frequency 'a' from the following distribution, it is being given

that the median of the distribution is 24.

Age (in years) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

No. of persons 5 25 a 18 7

Solution

[ 110 ]
 At first we prepare a cumulative frequency distribution table as given below :

Age (in years) 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 Total

No. of persons(fi) 5 25 a 18 7 55 + a

Cumulative
5 30 30+a 48+a 55+a
frequency

Since the median is 24, therefore, the median class will be 20 – 30.

Hence, = 20, N = 55 + a, cf = 30, f = a and h = 10

Therefore, median =

⇒ 24 = 20 + × 10

⇒ 24 = 20 + × 10

⇒ 4= ×5

⇒ 4a = 5a – 25

⇒ a = 25

Hence, the value of missing frequency a is 25.

The median of the following data is 525. Find the values of x and y, if the total
frequency is 100.

 [ 111 ]
 Class Interval Frequency(fi)
0 – 100 2
100 – 200 5
200 – 300 x
300 – 400 12
400 – 500 17
500 – 600 20
600 – 700 y
700 – 800 9
800 – 900 7
900-1000 4
N = 100

Solution
At first we prepare a cumulative frequency distribution table as given below :
Frequency Cumulative
Class interval
(fi) frequency
0 – 100 2 2
100 – 200 5 7
200 – 300 x 7+x
300 – 400 12 19 + x
400 – 500 17 36 + x
500 – 600 20 56 + x
600 – 700 y 56 + x + y
700 – 800 9 65 + x + y
800 – 900 7 72 + x + y
900 – 1000 4 76 + x + y
N = 100
We have N = 100

∴ 76 + x + y = 100

⇒ x + y = 24 ...(i)

[ 112 ]
 Since the median is 525, so, the median class is 500–600

∴ = 500, N = 100, cf = 36 + x, f = 20 and h = 100

Therefore, median =

⇒ 525 = 500 + × 100

⇒ 25 = (14 – x) × 5

⇒ 5 = 14 – x

⇒ x=9

Also, putting x = 9 in (i),

we get 9 + y = 24

⇒ y = 15

Hence, the values of x and y are 9 and 15 respectively.

Mode
Mode : Mode is that value among the observations which occurs most often i.e. the value
of the observation having the maximum frequency.
In a grouped frequency distribution, it is not possible to determine the mode by looking
at the frequencies.
Modal Class : The class of a frequency distribution having maximum frequency is called
modal class of a frequency distribution.
The mode is a value inside the modal class and is calculated by using the formula.

Mode =

Where = Lower limit of the modal class.

h = Size of class interval
 [ 113 ]
 f1 = Frequency of modal class
f0 = Frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.

🟋 A disadvantage of the mode is that many distributions have more than one mode.

These distribution are called “multi modal” and is therefore not recommended to be
used as the only measure of central tendency.

The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of
225 electrical components:
Lifetimes
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
(in hours)
Frequency 10 35 52 61 38 29

Determine the modal lifetime of the components.

Solution
Here the class 60 – 80 has maximum frequency, so it is the modal class.

∴ = 60, h = 20, f1 = 61, f0 = 52 and f2 = 38

Therefore, mode =

= 60 + × 20

= 60 + × 20

= 60 + 5.625

[ 114 ]
 = 65.625
Hence, the modal lifetime of the components is 65.625 hours.

Given below is the frequency distribution of the heights of players in a school.

Heights (in cm) 160 – 162 163 – 165 166 – 168 169 – 171 172 – 174
No. of students 15 118 142 127 18
Find the modal class.
Solution
The given series is in inclusive form. We prepare the table in exclusive form, as given
below :
Heights
159.5 – 162.5 162.5 – 165.5 165.5 – 168.5 168.5 – 171.5 171.5 – 174.5
(in cm)
No. of students 15 118 142 127 18

Here, the class 165.5-168.5 has maximum frequency, so it is the modal class.

The mode of the following series is 36. Find the missing frequency f in it.
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70
Frequency 8 10 f 16 12 6 7

Solution
Since the mode is 36, so the modal class will be 30 – 40

∴ = 30, h = 10, f1 = 16, f0 = f and f2 = 12

Therefore, mode =

⇒ 36 = 30 + × 10

 [ 115 ]
 ⇒ 6= × 10

⇒ 120 – 6f = 160 – 10f

⇒ 4f = 40

⇒ f = 10

Hence, the value of the missing frequency f is 10.

🟋 The empirical relationship between mean, mode and median is

Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean

The mean and mode of a frequency distribution are 28 and 19 respectively. Then
find the median.
Solution
Mean = 28 and Mode = 19
Median = ?
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
19 = 3 Median – 2(28)
3 Median = 19 + 56

Median =

Median = 25
Graphical representation of cumulative frequency distribution
Cumulative frequency polygon curve (Ogive)

[ 116 ]
 Cumulative frequency is of two types and corresponding to these, the ogive is also of two
types.
• Less than ogive • More than ogive
Less than ogive : To construct a cumulative frequency polygon and an ogive, we follow

these steps :
Step-1 : Mark the upper class limit along x-axis and the corresponding cumulative
frequencies along y-axis.
Step-2 : Plot these points successively by line segments. We get a polygon, called
cumulative frequency polygon.
Step-3 : Plot these points successively by smooth curves, we get a curve called
cumulative frequency curve or an ogive.
More than ogive To construct a cumulative frequency polygon and an ogive, we follow
these steps:
Step-1 : Mark the lower class limits along x-axis and the corresponding cumulative
frequencies along y-axis.
Step-2 : Plot these points successively by line segments, we get a polygon, called
cumulative frequency polygon.
Step-3 : Plot these points successively by smooth curves, we get a curve, called
cumulative frequency curve or an ogive.
Application of an ogive
Ogive can be used to find the median of a frequency distribution. To find the median, we
follow these steps.
Method-I
Step-1 : Draw anyone of the two types of frequency curves on the graph paper.

Step-2 : Compute and mark the corresponding points on the y-axis.

Step-3 : Draw a line parallel to x-axis from the point marked in step 2, cutting the
cumulative frequency curve at a point P.
Step-4 : Draw perpendicular PM from P on the x-axis. The x-coordinate of point M gives
the median.
Method-II
Step-1 : Draw less than type and more than type cumulative frequency curves on the
graph paper.
Step-2 : Mark the point of intersecting (P) of the two curves drawn in step 1.
Step-3 : Draw perpendicular PM from P on the x-axis. The x- coordinate of point M gives
the median.

 [ 117 ]
 The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory.

Daily income
100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200
(in Rs.)
No. of workers 12 14 8 6 10

Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency

distribution and draw its ogive.
Solution
From the given table, we prepare a less than type cumulative frequency distribution table,
as given below:
Income less than (in Rs.) 120 140 160 180 200
Cumulative frequency 12 26 34 40 50
Now, plot the points (120, 12), (140, 26), (160, 34), (180, 40) and (200, 50).
Join these points by a freehand curve to get an ogive of 'less than' type.

The following table gives the weight of 120 articles :

Weight
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
(in kg)
Number of
14 17 22 26 23 18
Students
Change the distribution to a 'more than type' distribution and draw its ogive.
[ 118 ]
 Solution
Weight (in Kg) Cumulative Frequency
More than or equal to 0 120
More than or equal to 10 106
More than or equal to 20 89
More than or equal to 30 67
More than or equal to 40 41
More than or equal to 50 18

Plotting the points :

The annual profits earned by 30 shops of a shopping complex in a locality gives rise
to the following distribution:
No. of shops
Profit (in lakhs Rs.)
(frequency)
More than or equal to 5 30
More than or equal to 10 28
More than or equal to 15 16
More than or equal to 20 14
More than or equal to 25 10
More than or equal to 30 7

 [ 119 ]
 More than or equal to 35 3
Draw both ogives for the data above. Hence, obtain the median profit.
Solution
We have a more than type cumulative frequency distribution table. We may also prepare a
less than type cumulative frequency distribution table from the given data, as given
below:
More than type
Profit more than
No. of shops
(Rs. in lakhs)
5 30
10 28
15 16
20 14
25 10
30 7
35 3
Less than type
Profit less than
No. of shops
(Rs. in lakhs)
10 2
15 14
20 16
25 20
30 23
35 27
40 30

Now, plot the points A (5,30), B (10,28), C (15,16), D (20,14), E (25,10), F (30,7) and G
(35,3) for the more than type cumulative frequency and the points P (10,2), Q (15,14), R
(20,16), S (25,20), T (30,23), U (35,27) and V (40,30) for the less than type cumulative
frequency distribution table.
Join these points by a freehand to get ogives for 'more than' type and 'less than' type.

[ 120 ]
 The two ogives intersect each other at point (17.5, 15).
Hence, the median profit is Rs. 17.5 lakhs.

The following data gives the information on marks of 70 students in a periodical

test:
Draw a cumulative frequency curve for the given data and find the median.
Less than Less than Less than Less than Less than
Marks
10 20 30 40 50
No. of
3 11 28 48 70
students
Solution
We have a less than cumulative frequency table. We mark the upper class limits along the
x-axis and the corresponding cumulative frequencies (no. of students) along the y-axis.
Now, plot the points (10, 3), (20, 11), (30, 28), (40, 48) and (50, 70). Join these points by a
freehand curve to get an ogive of 'less than' type.

 [ 121 ]
 Here, N = 70

∴ = 35

Take a point A(0, 35) on the y-axis and draw AP || x-axis, meeting the curve at P.

Draw PM ⊥ x -axis, intersecting the x-axis, at M.

Then, OM = 33.
Hence, the median marks is 33.

[ 122 ]
 [ 123 ]
[ 124 ]
 [ 125 ]