PHARMACOLOGY

 The study of how drug works in the FORMS OF DRUGS

body, it’s sides effect to the body, and Capsules
the way the body uses the drug. It Tablets
came from the Greek word Chewable tablets
Pharmakon – drug, and logos – Powder
science. Solution
Emulsion
Pharmacodynamics – what drug does to the Ointment
body. Suspension
Effervescent granules
Pharmacokinetics – what body does to the Aerosol
drug. Gases
Suppositories
PHARMACO THERAPEUTICS
Injection
 The branch of pharmacology that uses
drugs to treat, prevent and diagnose CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
disease. Analgesics – Drug use to relieve pain
Anesthetic – use to induce anesthesia
Sources of Drugs Anthelmintics – Antiparasitic drug
Antipyretics – use to reduce fever
Natural – plants, animals, microorganisms Antidotes – poison neutralizer
and minerals. Anti-infective – used to inhibit growth of
microorganisms
Synthetic – when the nucleus of drug is obtain
Anti-inflammatory – used to reduce swelling
from natural sources is retained but the
Anti-coagulants – blood thinners
chemical structure is altered. Anti-histamine – used for allergies
Antacids – used to relieve heartburn
Anticonvulsant – for epileptic seizures
FUNCTION OF DRUGS IN OUR BODY Antibiotics – antimicrobial/antibacterial
Anti-diarrhetic – to relieve diarrhea
Replace missing chemical Antitussive – cough suppressant
Increase cellular activities Anti-asthmatic – used to relieve asthma
Androgen – male hormone
Depress cellular activities Antipuritic – used for itch
Antiseptic – antimicrobial
Interfere with the function of foreign cells Anti-fungal/Antimycotic – Fungicide
Anti-spasmodic – suppresses muscle spasms
Anti-emetic – used for vomiting and nausea
Drug action phase Anti-tubercular – used for treatment of TB
Anti-rheumatic – used for rheumatism
Pharmaceutic phase – the drug becomes a Astringent – used to reduce bleeding
solution so that it can cross the biologic Bronchodilator – dilates bronchi
membrane. Carminatives – prevents gas formation in GI
Corticosteroids – provide relief for inflamed
Disintegration – the breaking of a tablet.
areas
Dissolution – dissolving of smaller particles. Diaphoretics – induce perspiration
Diuretics – used to increase urine production
Excipient – Fillers and inert substances. Emetics – use to induce vomiting
Oxytocic – stimulate uterine contractions
Expectorants – helps bring up mucus from the  Quantity
lung  Lot number
Emollient – used to hydrate skin  Expiration date
Hypnotic – used to induce sleep  Drug manufacturer
Anti-hemorrhagic – used to stop bleeding  Prescription status
Hypotensive – used to lower blood pressure  Storage information
Hypoglycemic – used to lower blood sugar  Administration
Intropes – strengthen cardiac construction  Warnings
Mydriatics - used to dilate pupils
Myotics – causes constriction of pupils THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE
Sedatives – slow brain activity
Vasodilator – used to dilate blood vessels 1. Potency
2. Efficacy
3. Selectivity
DRUGS STANDARD AND INFORMATION 4. Therapeutic window
 International pharmacopeia
 Food and drug administration Drug Route

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT  IV (Intravenous)

 Subcutaneous
 Preclinical trials – tested on animals  PO (Oral)
 Phase 1 studies – uses human  PR (Rectal)
volunteers  Mucous membrane (Sublingual)
 Phase 2 studies - use/ try in patient  Topical (Skin)
 Phase 3 studies – use of drug in  Inhalation
clinical market
 Phase 4 studies – phase of continual TEN RIGHTS IN GIVING MEDICATION
evaluation
1. Right patient
Types of Drug and drug name 2. Right medication
3. Right time
BRAND NAME- given by the pharmaceutical 4. Right dose
company that developed it. 5. Right route
6. Right to information on Drug
GENERIC NAME- original designation that a 7. Right to refuse medication
drug is given when the drug company that 8. Right assessment
developed it applies for the approval process. 9. Right documentation
10. Right evaluation
CHEMICAL NAME- base on the chemical
structure of a drug MEDICATION ORDER

ORPHAN DRUGS- drug that has been disco- 1. Patients full name
vered but not profitable. 2. Date & time
3. Drug name
OTC DRUGS- available without prescription. 4. Dosage
5. Route of administration
Drug labels 6. Time and frequency of administration
 NDC number 7. Signature of physician
 Brand name
 Generic name
 Drug dose
DRUG CALCULATION FLOW RATE FOR INFUSION PUMP

Formula:
Oral Drug Volume (mL) = Y
Formula: Time(Hr)
Amount Desired (D) × Quantity(Q) = Y
Amount on Hand (H)
Ex: 1200mL D5W IV is ordered to infuse in
Ex: Toprol XL, 50mg PO is ordered. Toprol XL is 10hr by infusion pump. Calculate the flow rate
available as 100mg per tablets how many in millimeters per hour.
tablets would the nurse administer?
V=1200mL 1200mL = 120mL/hr
D=50mg 50mg × 1 = 0.5 tablet T=10hr 10hr
H=100mg 100mg
Q=1
DRUGS AFFECTING ON THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
PARENTERAL DRUG Drugs Affecting Female Reproductive Organ
Formula:  Sex Hormones & Estrogen Receptor
Amount Prescribed × Volume available= modulator
Y Amount of drug available - Estradiol
- Estrogen, conjugate
Ex: Furosemide is available as 40mg in 1mL. - Estrogen, esterified
10mg is ordered to be administered through - Estropipate
an IV. What amount of furosemide should the  Progestins
nurse administer? - Desogestrel
P=10mg 10mg × 1mL = 0.4mL - Drospirenone
A=40mg 40mg - Etonogestrel
V=1ml - Levonogestrel
- Medroxy progesterone
- Nonethindrone acetate
IV DRIP RATES - Norgestrel
Formula: - Progesterone
Volume (mL) × Drop factor(gtts/mL) =Y - Ulipristal
Time (min)  Estrogen Receptor Modulator
- Relaxifene
- Toremifene
Ex: Calculate the IV flow rate for 250mL of
 Fertility Drugs
0.5% Dextrose to be administered over 180
- Cetrorelix
minutes. The infusion set has a drop factor of
- Chronic gonadotropin
30gtts/mL.
- Clomiphene
V=250mL - Follitropin Alfa
T=180min - Follitropin Beta
DF=30gtts/mL - Genirelix
- Iutropin Alfa
250mL × 30(gtts/mL) = 41.66gtts/mL
180min
  Uterine Motility Drug
Oral contraceptives
Oxytocics
- Ergonovine Monophasic: Day 1-21: Dose 1
- Methylergonovine Day 22-26: Placebo week
- Oxytocin
Biphasic: Day 1-14: Dose 1
Abortifacient Day 15-21: Dose 2
Day 22-26: Placebo week
- Carboprost
- Dinoprostone Triphasic: Day 1-6: Dose 1
- Mifepristone Day 7-11: Dose 2
Day 12-21: Dose 3
Day 22-26: Placebo week
ESTROGEN & PROGESTIN
Injectable
THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS & INDICATION 150mg medroxy progesterone, given 1mL by
Estrogen deep IM injection 3qmo.

- used for hormone

replacement therapy when CONTRAINDICATIONS
ovarian activity is blocked or
absent. Estrogen
- To treat female hypogonadism
- Allergies to estrogens.
& ovarian failure.
- Idiopathic vaginal bleeding,
- To prevent postpartum breast
breast cancer, estrogen
engorgement.
dependent cancer.
- Slow bone loss in
- Heavy smoker.
osteoporosis.
- Hepatic dysfunction.
Progestin - During pregnancy.
- During breastfeeding.
- Used as contraceptives. - Patients with metabolic bone
- Treatments for secondary disease.
amenorrhea. - Renal insufficiency.
- Part of the fertility program.
- Inhibit the secretion of LH and Progestins
FSH.
- Patients with pelvic
- Prevent follicle maturation
inflammatory disease.
and ovulation.
- STDs.
- Inhibit uterine contractions.
- Endometriosis.
PHARMACOKINETICS - Pelvic surgery.
- Caution in patient with
- Absorbed through the GI tract epilepsy, asthma, cardiac and
& undergo hepatic migraine.
metabolism.
- Excreted in the urine. ADVERSE EFFECTS
- Cross the placenta & enter
- Bleeding
breast milk.
- Menstrual irregularity
- Headache
- Constipation
 - Bloating
- Breast enlargement
- Dysmenorrhea
- Dizziness CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Vomiting  Contraindicated to person with
- Weight changes ovarian failure.
ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR  Patient with thyroid or adrenal
dysfunction.
ACTION & INDICATION  Patient with ovarian cyst.
 Patient allergic to fertility drugs.
 Affecting specific estrogen receptor  Breastfeeding.
sites, stimulating some & blocking
others. ADVERSE EFFECT
 Develop to produce some of positive
effects of estrogen replacement while  Headache, fluid retention, nausea,
limiting the adverse effects. vomiting, bloating and ovarian
enlargement.
PHARMACOKINETICS
 Administer orally.
 Absorbed in the GI tract and UTERINE MOTILITY DRUGS
metabolized in the liver. Oxytocics – Stimulates the contraction of the
 Excretion through feces. uterus and mimics the action of the
 Known to cross placenta and enter hypothalamic hormone oxytocin in the
into breast milk. posterior pituitary gland.
CONTRAINDICATIONS ACTIONS & INDICATION
 Presence of allergy to raloxifene  Directly affect neuro receptor sites to
 During pregnancy and lactation stimulate contraction of the uterus.
 Caution to patient with a history of  Effect in the gravid uterus.
venous thrombosis and smoking  Prevention and treatment of uterine
ADVERSE EFFECTS atony after delivery.
 Stimulates lacteal glands for lactating
 GI upset, nausea and vomiting women.
 Headache, dizziness, visual changes  Prevents postpartum hemorrhage.
 Hot flashes, skin rash, edema
 Vaginal bleeding, venous thrombosis PHARMACOKINETICS
 Rapidly absorbed after parenteral or
oral administration.
FERTILITY DRUGS  Metabolized in the lever and cross
placenta.
ACTIONS & INDICATION
CONTRAINDICATIONS
 Stimulates follicles and ovulation.
 Stimulates the hypothalamus to  Known allergy to oxytocic
increase FSH and LH level, leading to  CPD
ovarian follicular development and  Unfavorable fetal position
maturation.  Early pregnancy
 Hepatic or renal impairment
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECT
 Undergo hepatic metabolism and
renal excretion.
  GI upset, nausea, headache,
dizziness, blood pressure changes,
weak pulse, dyspnea & chest pain.
Abortifacient – Used to evacuate uterine
contents via intense uterine contractions.
ACTION & INDICATION
 Stimulates uterine activity.
 Dislodging any implanted
trophoblasts.
 Preventing implantation of any
fertilized egg.
 These drugs are approved for use to
terminate pregnancy at 12-20 weeks
PHARMACOKINETICS
 Metabolized in the liver & secreted in
the urine.
 Used only during pregnancy only to
end pregnancy.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
 Should not be used with any known
allergy to abortifacients.
 After 20weeks from LMP.
 Hepatic, renal, pulmonary or acute
cardiovascular disease.
 History of asthma HPN or adrenal
disease.
 Patient with acute vaginitis or scarred
uterus.
ADVERSE EFFECT
 Abdominal cramping
 Heavy uterine bleeding
 Perforated uterus
 Uterine rupture
 Headache
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea