1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a population?

A. Natality
B. Mortality
C. Stratification
D. Sex ratio

2. Which level of biological organization does the study of ecology begin with?
A. Cell
B. Organ
C. Organism
D. Ecosystem

3. Which abiotic factor primarily determines the distribution of terrestrial organisms?

A. Temperature
B. Light
C. Water
D. Soil

4. The range of temperature that a species can tolerate is called:

A. Biogeographical zone
B. Tolerance range
C. Habitat gradient
D. Niche range

5. Which of the following is not a component of an organism's habitat?

A. Temperature
B. Predator
C. Water
D. Soil

6. Which of the following organisms can survive in extreme heat conditions?

A. Thermophiles
B. Halophiles
C. Cryophiles
D. Acidophiles

7. In aquatic habitats, the factor that influences the penetration of light is:
A. Salinity
B. Density
C. Turbidity
D. Pressure

8. The term "stenothermal" refers to organisms that:

A. Tolerate wide range of salinity
B. Tolerate narrow range of temperature
C. Tolerate wide range of temperature
D. Tolerate narrow range of humidity

9. Organisms that can maintain a constant body temperature are called:

A. Poikilotherms
B. Conformers
C. Regulators
D. Thermophiles

10. Which is an example of behavioral adaptation?

A. Fat storage in camels
B. Migration of birds
C. CAM photosynthesis
D. Thick bark in desert plants

11. The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability is known as:

A. Adaptation
B. Homeostasis
C. Acclimatization
D. Regulation

12. In which condition do organisms suspend their metabolic activity?

A. During reproduction
B. When food is abundant
C. Under unfavorable conditions
D. During competition

13. Which is an example of parasitism?

A. Barnacles on whales
B. Cuscuta on hedge plants
C. Sea anemone and clownfish
D. Lichen

14. Which population attribute is shown by the ratio of males to females?

A. Sex ratio
B. Natality
C. Mortality
D. Age distribution

15. Which of the following affects the population density directly?

A. Immigration
B. Temperature
C. Soil type
D. Salinity

16. The age pyramid of a stable population is:

A. Triangular
B. Bell-shaped
C. Urn-shaped
D. Inverted

17. Which type of population growth curve is shown when resources are unlimited?
A. Logistic
B. Sigmoid
C. Exponential
D. Bell-shaped

18. The logistic growth curve is represented by:

A. J-shaped curve
B. Bell-shaped curve
C. S-shaped curve
D. Inverted curve

19. The carrying capacity is represented by which symbol in the logistic equation?
A. N
B. r
C. K
D. t

20. Which interaction is beneficial to both species involved?

A. Parasitism
B. Mutualism
C. Commensalism
D. Ammensalism

21. Competition occurs when:

A. Two species share the same habitat
B. Two species consume different resources
C. Two species need same resources
D. One species preys on another

22. In commensalism:
A. Both species benefit
B. One benefits, other unaffected
C. One benefits, other harmed
D. Both are harmed
23. Which is an example of mutualism?
A. Cuscuta on hedge plant
B. Clownfish and sea anemone
C. Mycorrhiza
D. Tiger and deer

24. Which one of the following is a density-independent factor?

A. Competition
B. Predation
C. Rainfall
D. Disease

25. What type of curve shows the mortality in birds?

A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. J-curve

26. Which interaction harms both species?

A. Competition
B. Predation
C. Commensalism
D. Mutualism

27. Which of the following is not a type of age pyramid?

A. Expanding
B. Stable
C. Declining
D. Inflating

28. The maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support is called:
A. Biotic potential
B. Carrying capacity
C. Population size
D. Population density

29. Which growth curve is more realistic in nature?

A. Exponential
B. Linear
C. Logistic
D. Arithmetic

30. Predator and prey relationship helps in:

A. Increasing population
B. Stabilizing population
C. Eliminating biodiversity
D. None of the above

31. Which of the following is a brood parasite?

A. Cowbird
B. Koel
C. Sparrow
D. Pigeon

32. In parasitism, the organism that benefits is called:

A. Host
B. Predator
C. Parasite
D. Prey

33. The equation for exponential growth is:

A. dN/dt = rN
B. dN/dt = rN(K-N)/K
C. dN/dt = K/N
D. dN/dt = Nr/K

34. Which term denotes the number of births in a population per unit time?
A. Natality
B. Mortality
C. Sex ratio
D. Immigration

35. Population density can be measured by:

A. Per capita income
B. Number per unit area
C. Number per time
D. Sex ratio

36. Camouflage is an adaptation against:

A. Water loss
B. Predators
C. Competition
D. Parasites

37. Kangaroo rat survives in desert by:

A. Drinking stored water
B. Burrowing
C. Producing water from food
D. Absorbing water through skin

38. Age pyramid showing pre-reproductive group larger than reproductive group indicates:
A. Declining population
B. Expanding population
C. Stable population
D. Extinct population

39. Mycorrhiza represents:

A. Commensalism
B. Parasitism
C. Mutualism
D. Predation

40. The process of temporary adjustment of an organism to changing environment is:

A. Adaptation
B. Migration
C. Hibernation
D. Acclimatization

41. The equation for logistic growth includes:

A. Carrying capacity
B. Natality
C. Death rate
D. Immigration

42. Ectoparasites live:

A. Inside host
B. Outside host
C. On multiple hosts
D. In intermediate host

43. A predator-prey relationship is essential for:

A. Reducing population
B. Controlling diseases
C. Maintaining ecological balance
D. Increasing diversity

44. Lichen is an example of:

A. Parasitism
B. Mutualism
C. Predation
D. Ammensalism
45. K-selected species produce:
A. Many offspring
B. Few offspring
C. Small offspring
D. Genetically identical offspring

46. An example of physiological adaptation is:

A. Thick fur in polar bear
B. Shivering
C. CAM pathway in plants
D. Hibernation

47. Age structure of a population refers to:

A. Number of males
B. Number of females
C. Distribution of age groups
D. Life span

48. Which of the following is not a population interaction?

A. Mutualism
B. Commensalism
C. Symbiosis
D. Adaptation

49. K-selection is favored in:

A. Unstable environment
B. High predation
C. Stable environment
D. Low competition

50. Competition between members of the same species is:

A. Interspecific
B. Intraspecific
C. Intracellular
D. Intercellular

51. Which is not a regulator?

A. Birds
B. Mammals
C. Amphibians
D. Humans

52. Hibernation is seen in:

A. Bears
B. Snakes
C. Tortoises
D. All of these

53. Diapause is seen in:

A. Mammals
B. Birds
C. Insects
D. Fungi

54. Keystone species in a community:

A. Are most abundant
B. Have no effect
C. Exert strong control
D. Are extinct

55. The ultimate source of all ecological energy is:

A. Water
B. Earth
C. Sun
D. Atmosphere

56. Adaptation of desert animals include:

A. Sweating
B. Fat accumulation
C. Nocturnal habit
D. High water loss

57. Population dynamics studies:

A. Genetic change
B. Physical structure
C. Population change over time
D. Community formation

58. Which of the following increases population density?

A. Mortality
B. Emigration
C. Immigration
D. All of these

59. R-selected species usually:

A. Grow slowly
B. Have long life spans
C. Mature late
D. Reproduce early

60. Which of these is an abiotic factor?

A. Predator
B. Parasite
C. Temperature
D. Competitor

61. Stratification in forest is a result of:

A. Plant height differences
B. Soil variation
C. Water availability
D. Temperature

62. K-selection favors:

A. High offspring
B. Low survival rate
C. Parental care
D. Small size

63. Age pyramid of declining population is:

A. Triangular
B. Bell-shaped
C. Urn-shaped
D. S-shaped

64. In logistic growth, population stabilizes at:

A. Biotic potential
B. Exponential growth
C. Carrying capacity
D. Minimum growth

65. Hibernation is a strategy for:

A. Water conservation
B. Surviving harsh winter
C. Escaping predator
D. Finding food

66. The J-shaped growth curve shows:

A. Constant rate
B. Initial lag and later exponential rise
C. Stabilization
D. Decline
67. A relationship where one benefits and other is unaffected is:
A. Parasitism
B. Commensalism
C. Ammensalism
D. Competition

68. Adaptations are a result of:

A. Evolution
B. Migration
C. Acclimatization
D. Mutation only

69. Hump-nosed pit viper uses which adaptation?

A. Hibernation
B. Venom
C. Camouflage
D. Echolocation

70. Interaction where one species is harmed and the other unaffected:
A. Mutualism
B. Ammensalism
C. Commensalism
D. Parasitism

71. Birds migrate in response to:

A. Light
B. Temperature
C. Food availability
D. All of the above

72. Conformers are:

A. Organisms that regulate temperature
B. Cannot regulate internal environment
C. Found in polar regions
D. All of the above

73. Which type of pyramid has a broad base?

A. Stable
B. Expanding
C. Declining
D. Aging

74. An organism's functional role in environment is called:

A. Habitat
B. Adaptation
C. Niche
D. Community

75. Which population interaction involves host and parasite?

A. Mutualism
B. Parasitism
C. Ammensalism
D. Commensalism

76. The regulation of internal environment is called:

A. Osmoregulation
B. Thermoregulation
C. Homeostasis
D. All of the above

77. Which one is not a population attribute?

A. Age distribution
B. Species diversity
C. Sex ratio
D. Natality

78. Exponential growth can’t continue indefinitely because of:

A. Limited resources
B. Environmental resistance
C. Carrying capacity
D. All of the above

79. The actual birth rate of a population is called:

A. Crude birth rate
B. Specific birth rate
C. Real birth rate
D. Fertility

80. Migration is:

A. Permanent movement
B. Temporary movement
C. Genetic adaptation
D. Not an adaptation

81. A plant parasitic organism:

A. Lichen
B. Cuscuta
C. Mycorrhiza
D. Fern

82. Light affects aquatic organisms in:

A. Photosynthesis
B. Vision
C. Reproduction
D. All of the above

83. Which of these has high reproductive potential?

A. K-selected species
B. R-selected species
C. Mammals
D. Birds

84. Growth rate is positive when:

A. Birth + Immigration > Death + Emigration
B. Death rate is zero
C. Immigration is zero
D. Birth = Death

85. All of the following influence biotic potential except:

A. Lifespan
B. Predators
C. Reproductive age
D. Fecundity

86. A habitat is:

A. A population
B. Living environment
C. Place where organism lives
D. Organism’s function

87. One example of obligate mutualism is:

A. Fig and wasp
B. Orchid and bee
C. Cuscuta
D. Deer and grass

88. A population is:

A. Group of different species
B. Group of similar organisms in a given area
C. Group of producers
D. Individuals with similar food needs
89. Most insects enter diapause during:
A. Summer
B. Winter
C. Spring
D. Rainy season

90. Density-dependent factor is:

A. Rain
B. Temperature
C. Disease
D. Fire

91. Type III survivorship curve is typical of:

A. Humans
B. Birds
C. Oysters
D. Lions

92. High fecundity and low survival is feature of:

A. K-strategy
B. R-strategy
C. Logistic growth
D. Mutualism

93. The removal of a keystone species may cause:

A. Stability
B. New niches
C. Collapse of ecosystem
D. Population explosion

94. Eurythermal species:

A. Survive narrow temp range
B. Survive wide temp range
C. Are found only in tropics
D. Live inside host

95. Organism that cannot regulate body temp is:

A. Bird
B. Lizard
C. Mammal
D. Human

96. Which species shows exponential growth?

A. Stable population
B. Resource-limited population
C. Bacteria in lab culture
D. Forest mammals

97. Clownfish-sea anemone interaction is:

A. Mutualism
B. Commensalism
C. Ammensalism
D. Parasitism

98. Mortality in population refers to:

A. Birth rate
B. Death rate
C. Immigration rate
D. Growth rate

99. Which is not an adaptation of xerophytes?

A. Thick cuticle
B. CAM pathway
C. Broad leaves
D. Sunken stomata

100. Which plant parasitizes legumes?

A. Cuscuta
B. Rhizobium
C. Viscum
D. Orobanche