EE 204

Lecture 20
Sinusoidal Circuits - Impedance and Admittance

Sinusoidal Circuits:

A sinusoidal circuit is characterized by:

1) All sources vary sinusoidally with time

2) All currents and voltages vary sinusoidally with time

3) If all sources have the same ω ⇒ All currents and voltages vary at that ω

Figure 1

If all sources have the same ω ⇒ all currents and voltages are described by:

f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ )

where ω is fixed for all currents and voltages

However, A and θ are generally different

An example of a sinusoidal circuit is shown:

1) All sources are sinusoidal: vs (t ) = 120 cos(100t ) [V ] & is (t ) = 5cos(100t ) [ A]

2) All sources have the same angular frequency ω = 100 [rad / s]

3) Analysis of the circuit reveals that:

i1 (t ) = 6.986 cos(100t − 103.241o ) [ A] & vL (t ) = 152.06 cos(100t + 26.565o ) [V ]

v1 (t ) = 69.86 cos(100t − 103.241o ) [V ] & iL (t ) = 7.603cos(100t − 63.435o ) [ A]

1) ω = 100 [rad / s] is common to all currents and voltages in the circuit

2) A & θ are generally different for each current and voltage

3) ∴ only A & θ are needed in order to determine a particular voltage or current

Figure 2

New concepts will be introduced next, which are needed for the analysis of sinusoidal circuits

The Instantaneous and the Phasor Representations:

Given the general sinusoidal function f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ )

It can be rewritten as:

f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) = Re[ A cos(ωt + θ ) + jA sin(ωt + θ )] = Re[ Ae j (ωt +θ ) ] , where Re = real part

∴ A cos(ωt + θ ) = Re[( Ae jθ )e jωt ]

The complex constant Ae jθ is called the phasor representation of A cos(ωt + θ )

To determine the phasor Ae jθ , we need to know the amplitude A and the phase angle θ

Given f (t ) we can find its phasor F (and vice versa) using the following rule:

f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) ⇔ F = Ae jθ

f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) [formally called the instantaneous representation or the time representation]

F = Ae jθ [formally called the phasor representation]

The exponential form Ae jθ can be written as A θ [called the amplitude-angle representation]

It is more economical to use A θ as compared to Ae jθ

∴ Ae jθ ≡ A θ [Identical representations of the exponential form of a complex number]

Thus:

( A1e jθ1 ) × ( A2 e jθ2 ) = A1 A2 e j (θ1 +θ2 ) ≡ ( A1 θ1 )( A2 θ 2 ) = A1 A2 θ1 + θ 2

A1e jθ1 A A1 θ1 A1
jθ 2
= 1 e j (θ1 −θ2 ) ≡ = θ1 − θ 2
A2 e A2 A2 θ 2 A2

f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) ⇔ F = Ae jθ ≡ f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) ⇔ F = A θ

Example 1:

Find the phasor representation of:

a) f (t ) = 3cos(20t + 30o )

b) v(t ) = 12 cos(10t − 60o )

c) i(t ) = 5sin(50t + 100o )

Solution:

Using the transformation rule: f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) ⇔ F = A θ

a) f (t ) = 3cos(20t + 30o ) ⇒ F = 3 30o

b) v(t ) = 12 cos(10t − 60o ) ⇒ V = 12 −60o

c) i (t ) = 5sin(50t + 100o ) = 5cos(50t + 100o − 90o ) = 5cos(50t + 10o ) ⇒ I = 5 10o

Example 2:

Assuming ω = 20 [rad / s ] , find the instantaneous representation of:

b) I = (2 + j 2)

c) V = j 2 × (4 −60o )

Solution:

To find the instantaneous representation f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) :

the complex number must be first expressed in the form A θ

a) F = 2 40o ⇒ f (t ) = 2 cos(20t + 40o )

b) I = (2 + j 2) = 2 2 45o [ using R → E ⇒ (2 + j 2) = 2 2 45o ]

I = 2 2 45o ⇒ i (t ) = 2 2 cos(20t + 45o )

c) V = j 2 × (4 −60o ) = (2 90o ) × (4 −60o ) [ using R → E ⇒ j 2 = 2 90o ]

V = (2 × 4) 90o − 60o = 8 30o ⇒ v(t ) = 8cos(20t + 30o )

Comparison between the Instantaneous and the Phasor Representations:

Important differences between f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) & F = A θ

1) f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) = real & F = A θ = complex

2) f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) = function of time & F = A θ = constant (not a function of time)

d
The Phasor representation of f (t ) :
dt
d
Given f (t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) , let us find the phasor of f (t )
dt

d d
f (t ) = [ A cos(ωt + θ )] = −ω A sin(ωt + θ ) = −ω A cos(ωt + θ − 90o )
dt dt
 d
the phasor of f (t ) can then be obtained as:
dt

d
f (t ) = −ω A cos(ωt + θ − 90o ) ⇒ −ω A θ − 90o
dt

The phasor representation −ω A θ − 90o can then be simplified:

−ω A θ − 90o = (−ω A θ ) × (1 −90o ) = (−ω A θ ) × (− j ) [ using E → R ⇒ 1 −90o = − j ]

−ω A θ − 90o = (−ω A θ ) × (− j ) = jω ( A θ ) = jω F

where F = A θ is the phasor of f (t )

d d
∴ f (t ) ⇒ jω F [the phasor representation of f (t ) ]
dt dt

This is an important relation, we can summarize it as:

[differentiation with respect to t is equivalent to multiplying the phasor by jω ]

The Impedance:

In a sinusoidal circuit ⇒ both i (t ) & v(t ) for any element are sinusoidal functions of time

∴ i(t ) = I cos(ωt + θi ) & v(t ) = V cos(ωt + θ v )

Where:

ω = source angular frequency

I & θi = the amplitude and phase angle of i(t ) , respectively

V & θ v = the amplitude and phase angle of v(t ) , respectively

Figure 3
the phasor representations of v(t ) & i(t ) are given by:

v(t ) = V cos(ωt + θ v ) ⇒ V = V θv [phasor voltage]

i(t ) = I cos(ωt + θi ) ⇒ I = I θi [phasor current]

The ratio of the phasor voltage to the phasor current is called the impedance of the element

V
∴ Z≡ (impedance of the element)
I

v(t )
[Note: Z ≠ , the impedance is not a time-domain quantity]
i (t )

V V θv V
Z= = = θv − θi = Z θ
I I θi I

V
∴ Z= = magnitude of the impedance
I

∴ θ = θ v − θi = angle of the impedance

the unit of the impedance is Ω

+ V
I
Z
Figure 4

The Impedance of the Resistor:

Assume the current through the resistor R to be:

i(t ) = I cos(ωt + θi )

Ohm’s law ⇒ v(t ) = Ri(t ) ⇒ v(t ) = IR cos(ωt + θi )

Find the phasor of i (t ) & v(t )

i(t ) = I cos(ωt + θi ) ⇒ I = I θi

v(t ) = RI cos(ωt + θi ) ⇒ V = IR θi

V IR θi
∴ ZR = = =R0=R [the impedance of a resistor = resistance]
I I θi

I ZR =R
Figure 6

The Impedance of the Inductor and the Capacitor:

Assume the current through the inductor L to be:

di (t )
i(t ) = I cos(ωt + θi ) ⇒ v(t ) = L [voltage-current relation in the inductor]
dt

Figure 7

Find the phasor of i (t ) & v(t )

i(t ) = I cos(ωt + θi ) ⇒ I = I θi

di (t ) d
v(t ) = L ⇒ V = L( jω I ) [using the phasor property f (t ) ⇒ jω F ]
dt dt

V L( jω I )
∴ ZL = = = jω L [the impedance of the inductor]
I I

We can also express the impedance of the inductor L as:

Z L = jω L = ω L 90o
 V

I Z L = jwL
Figure 8

Similarly, we can show that the impedance of the capacitor C is given by:

1 1
Zc = = −90o
jωC ωC

1
∴ ZR = R & Z L = jω L & Zc =
jωC

+ v(t) + V

i(t) R I ZR =R

+ v(t) + V

i(t) L I Z L = jwL

+ v(t) + V

i(t) C I ZC = 1
jwC
Figure 9

Example 3:

Calculate the impedance of the 30 Ω resistor & 0.2 H inductor & 0.001 F capacitor

Figure 10

Solution:

Z R = R = 30Ω
Z L = jω L = j (100) × 0.2 = j 20 Ω [because the source vs (t ) has ω = 100 ]

1 1 1
Zc = = = = − j10 Ω
jωC j (100)(0.001) 0.1 j

Figure 11

Phasors and impedances are used in the analysis of sinusoidal circuits

Simple examples will be presented to see how this is done.

Example 4:

Calculate iL (t )

iL(t)
Vs(t) = 5 Cos(20t)
[V]
0.2H

Figure 12

Solution:

First transform the circuit to phasor representation. This is done in two steps:

1) Calculate the impedance of all resistors, inductors and capacitors:

0.2 H ⇒ jω L = j (20)(0.2) = j 4 Ω

2) Transform all currents and voltages to phasor representation

vs (t ) = 5cos(20t ) ⇒ Vs = 5 0o [V ]
iL (t ) ⇒ IL

The figure shows the transformed circuit

Next calculate I L :

Vs j 4 ⇒ VL = Vs = 5 0o [V ]

V V
Note that Z = [similar to Ohm’s law R = ]
I I

∴ use Z as it if it were a resistance

VL 5 0o 5 0o
IL = = = = 1.25 −90o [ A]
ZL j 4 4 90o

Finally, transform I L = 1.25 −90o [ A] to the instantaneous representation to find iL (t )

I L = 1.25 −90o [ A] ⇒ iL (t ) = 1.25cos(20t − 90o ) [ A]

IL
+
V S = 5∠0 o
VL = VS
[V]
Z L = j4 Ω
Figure 13

Example 5:

Calculate iL (t )

Figure 14

Solution:
Transform the circuit to phasor representation.

3Ω ⇒ Z1 = 3 Ω

0.2H ⇒ Z 2 = jω L = j (20)(0.2) = j 4 Ω

vs (t ) = 5cos(20t ) ⇒ Vs = 5 0o [V]

iL (t ) ⇒ IL

The figure shows the transformed circuit

Z1 = 3 Ω IL

V S = 5∠0o
[V]
Z 2 = j4 Ω
Figure 15

Impedances in series are added to obtain the equivalent impedance (similar to resistors in series)

Z eq = Z1 + Z 2 (because Z1 & Z 2 are in series)

∴ Z eq = (3 + j 4) Ω

Vs 5 0o 5 0o 5
IL = = = = 0 − 53.130o = 1.00 −53.130o [ A]
Z eq (3 + j 4) 5 53.130 o
5

Transform I L = 1.00 −53.130o [ A] to the instantaneous representation to find iL (t )

I L = 1.00 −53.130o [ A] ⇒ iL (t ) = cos(20t − 53.13o ) [ A]

V S = 5∠0o Z eq = 3 + j4 Ω

Figure 16

Example 6:

Calculate ic (t ) & vc (t )

Figure 17

Solution:

Transform the circuit to phasor representation

1Ω ⇒ 1Ω

1 1 −j
0.05F ⇒ = = = − j2 Ω
jωC j10 × 0.05 0.5

vs (t ) = 2 cos(10t ) ⇒ Vs = 2 0o [V ]

ic (t ) ⇒ Ic

vc (t ) ⇒ Vc

∴ Z eq = (1 − j 2) Ω [because 1 Ω & − j 2 Ω are in series]

Vs 2 0o 2 0o
∴ Ic = = = = 0.894 63.435o [ A]
Z eq (1 − j 2) 2.236 −63.435o

Vc = Z c I c = (− j 2) I c ⇒
Vc = (− j 2) × (0.894 63.435o ) = (2 −90o ) × (0.894 63.435o ) = (2 × 0.894) −90o + 63.435o

∴ Vc = 1.788 −26.565o [V ]

Transform I c = 0.894 +63.435o [ A] to the instantaneous representation to find ic (t )

I c = 0.894 +63.435o [ A] ⇒ iL (t ) = 0.894 cos(10t + 63.435o ) [ A]

Transform Vc = 1.788 −26.565o [V ] to the time representation to find vc (t )

Vc = 1.788 −26.565o [V ] ⇒ vc (t ) = 1.788cos(10t − 26.565o ) [V ]

Ic

V S = 2∠0o Vc
-j2 Ω

Figure 18

The Admittance:

The admittance Y is the reciprocal of the impedance Z :

1
Y ≡ [unit of Y is Siemen or S]
Z

1
[The admittance is analogous to the conductance of the resistor G = ]
R

1
∵ Y= ⇒
Z

1) I = YV

1 1
2) YR = = [S] [admittance of the resistor]
ZR R

1 1 1
3) YL = = = −90o [S] [admittance of the inductor]
Z L jω L jω
 1 1
4) Yc = = = jωC = ωC 90o [S] [admittance of the capacitor]
Z c 1/ jωC

No example will be given here, because it is straightforward to calculate Y

V
I 1
Y=
Z

Figure 19