MICROBIOLOGY
SPOTTERS AND CHARTS
KMCH IHSR - 2023 BATCH
BLOOD AGAR - UNINOCULATED
1. Identify the culture media
BLOOD AGAR
1. Which type of culture media is this ?
ENRICHMENT MEDIA
1. What property can be demonstrated in this
media
HEMOLYTIC PROPERTY
MACCONKEY AGAR - UNINOCULATED
1. Identify the culture media?
MACCONKEY AGAR
1. Which type of culture media is this?
DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA
1. What is the indicator used here ?
NEUTRAL RED
CHOCOLATE AGAR - UNINOCULATED
1. Identify the culture media?
CHOCOLATE AGAR
1. Which type of culture media is it ?
ENRICHED MEDIA
1. Name an organism that specifically grows
in this medium
Haemophilus influenzae
NUTRIENT AGAR
1. Which type of culture media is this?
BASAL MEDIA
1. What is the use of this media?
● TO SUPPORT THE GROWTH OF
FASTIDIOUS BACTERIA
● TO STUDY COLONY MORPHOLOGY
● TO PERFORM BIOCHEMICAL TEST
● BASE FOR PREPARATION OF MANY
MEDIA
1. What is the concentration of agar used
here?
2%
MUELLER HINTON AGAR
1. What is the use of the media?
TO PERFORM ANTIMICROBIAL
SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST
1. What is the pH of the media ?
7.3
1. What is E test ?
EPSILOMETER TEST
SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR
1. WHAT IS THE USE OF THIS MEDIA?
Use for cultivating fungus
1. WHAT IS THE pH OF THE MEDIA?
5.6
1. MENTION ITS CONSTITUENTS ?
a. Peptone 1%
b. Dextrose 4%
TCBS AGAR
1. IDENTIFY THE CULTURE MEDIUM
Thiosulfate citrate bile agar
1. WHICH TYPE OF CULTURE MEDIA IS
THIS
Selective media
1. NAME A ORGANISM FOR WHICH THE
CULTURE MEDIUM IS USED
Vibrio cholera
Lowenstein jensen medium
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Lowenstein jensen medium
1. MENTION ITS USE
Culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1. HOW WILL YOU STERILIZE THE
MEDIUM ?
LJ medium is heat-sensitive, so it is sterilized by
inspissation — a process of heating at 80–85°C for
about 1 hour on three consecutive days using a serum
inspissator.
ROBERTSON COOKED MEAT MEDIUM
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER?
Robertson cooked meat medium
1. MENTION ITS USE
To create an anaerobic environment for the
growth of bacteria
1. NAME FEW ORGANISM INVOLVED IN
THIS ?
TRIPLE SUGAR IRON TEST
1. IDENTIFY THE BIOCHEMICAL TEST
2. WHAT PROPERTIES OF BACTERIA
CAN BE SEEN HERE?
3. WHAT ARE THE SUGARS PRESENT IN
THE MEDIA ?
NA-PIGMENT PRODUCING STAPHYLOCOCCUS
AUREUS
1. WHAT PROPERTY HAS BEEN
DEMONSTRATED HERE ?
2. NAME THE ORGANISM EXHIBITING ?
3. WHAT ARE THE OTHER USES OF THE
MEDIA ?
AST /MRSA
1. IDENTIFY THE RESISTANCE PATTERN
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus
1. WHAT IS THE DRUG USED HERE?
vancomycin
1. WHAT IS THE MECHANISM OF
RESISTANCE USED HERE ?
Altered penicillin binding protein
DALMAU PLATE TECHNIQUE
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Dalmau plate technique
1. MENTION ITS USE
For species of Candida albicans
1. NAME THE MEDIA USED HERE
Corn meal agar
CONCAVITY SLIDE
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Concavity slide
1. MENTION ITS USE IN MICROBIOLOGY?
To demonstrate the bacterial motility
MCINTOSH JAR
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER?
Mcintosh jar
1. MENTION ITS PRINCIPLE
Evacuation and replacement of jar
1. MENTION ITS APPLICATION
For the growth of anaerobic organism
INOCULATION LOOP
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER?
Inoculation loop
1. MENTION ITS USE IN DIAGNOSTIC
TECHNOLOGY
Used for inoculation in solid media
1. HOW CAN YOU STERILIZE THIS ?
Heating red hot in the bunsen flame
UNIVERSAL SAMPLE COLLECTOR
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Universal sample collector
1. HOW CAN THIS BE STERILIZED?
Autoclave
1. MENTION ONE GENERAL PROPERTY
OF THE SPOTTER?
Sterile swab , leak proof, wide mouth,
screw capped
pH STRIP
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
pH Spotter
1. MENTION ITS USE?
Used to check the pH of the media
1. HOW CAN THIS BE DISCARDED?
Yellow bag
NIH SWAB
1. EXPAND THE NIH SWAB
National institute of health
1. MENTION ITS APPLICATION
Use for detecting the eggs of enterobius
vermicularis deposited on the surface of
perianal skin
1. HOW CAN IT BE DISCARDED?
Yellow bag
HCV RAPID CARD TEST
1. INTERPRET THE RESULT
HCV Positive
1. MENTION ITS PRINCIPLE
Flow through assay
1. GIVE NEW EXAMPLES FOR OTHER
NEWER TECHNIQUES FOR ANTIGEN
ANTIBODY REACTION
ELISA ,immunofluorescence ,western
blot,CLIA,ELFA
PETRIPLATES
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Petri Plates
1. HOW CAN IT BE STERILIZE ?
autoclave
1. MENTION ITS USE
To perform the culture technique
HIV TRIDOT TEST
1. IDENTIFY THE RESULT OF THE TEST
HIV reactive
1. MENTION ITS PRINCIPLE
Flow through assay
1. GIVE EXAMPLE
ELISA ,immunofluorescence ,western
blot,CLIA,ELFA
FORMYL ETHER FLOATATION TECHNIQUE
1. What is the name of the technique?
Formyl ether sedimentation technique
1. Mention it’s principle
Eggs and cyst settle down at the bottom of
the bottle following centrifugation ,because
they have greater density that the
suspending fluid
1. Mention its advantage
No risk of acquiring laboratory associated
infections
STERILE SWAB
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Sterile swab
1. HOW THIS CAN BE STERILIZED?
Autoclave
1. MENTION ITS APPLICATION ?
Used for AST
To take swabs from wounds and throat
swabs
VTM
1. Expand VTM?
Viral transport medium
1. WHAT ARE THE CONSTITUENTS?
Hank's Balanced Salt Solution, fetal bovine serum, sucrose to
stabilize viral agents, along with amphotericin B and gentamicin
sulfate to inhibit bacterial and fungal contaminants
1. MENTION ITS USE?
to preserve virus specimens after collection so
that they can be transported and analysed in a
laboratory at a later time.
EMBRYONATED EGG
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Embryonated egg
1. MENTION ITS USES IN DIAGNOSTIC
TECHNOLOGY
Used for isolation of viruses
1. MENTION THE USES OF THE
SPOOTER
FLOATATION TECHNIQUE
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Floatation technique
1. MENTION ITS PRINCIPLE?
based on using a solution with a higher
specific gravity than the parasite eggs,
cysts, or oocysts to cause them to float to
the surface, separating them from heavier
fecal debris.
1. MENTION ITS DISADVANTAGE ?
Not use in heavier eggs
CANDIDA CHROM AGAR
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Candida chrom agar
1. MENTION ITS USE
For speciation of candida species
HEPATITIS B ICT:
1. INTERPRET THE RESULT OF THE
TEST SHOWN?
Hepatitis b positive
1. MENTION ITS PRINCIPLE
Lateral flow assay
1. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF OTHER NEW
TECHNIQUES?
ELISA ,immunofluorescence ,western
blot,CLIA,ELFA
DENGUE ICT
1. INTERPRET THE RESULT
Dengue NS1 Positive
1. MENTION ITS PRINCIPLE
Lateral flow assay
1. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF OTHER NEW
TECHNIQUES?
ELISA ,immunofluorescence ,western
blot,CLIA,ELFA
COVID 19 ICT
1. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE
TEST?
Lateral flow assay
1. WHAT ARE THE VIRAL ANTIGENS
USED IN THE TEST?
Nucleocapsid antigen of SARS Cov -2
1. GIVE NEW TECHNIQUE FOR THE
ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION?
ELISA ,immunofluorescence ,western
blot,CLIA,ELFA
MAC CONKEY - LACTOSE FERMENTERS
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Macconkey agar - lactose fermenters
1. NAME THE ORGANISM WITH THE
FOLLOWING MORPHOLOGY
Klebsiella pneumoniae
1. WHAT TYPE OF MEDIA IS THIS?
Differential media
MACCONKEY NON LACTOSE FERMENTERS
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Macconkey non lactose fermenters
1. NAME THE ORGANISM WITH COLONY
MORPHOLOGY
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1. WHAT TYPE OF MEDIA IS THIS?
Differential media
BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR
a. Mention the use of this spore.
The spore in this vial is used as a biological indicator to verify the efficacy of sterilization
processes (especially in autoclaves or ethylene oxide sterilizers). It ensures that the sterilization
conditions are sufficient to kill highly resistant microbial spores.
b. Name other organisms which can be used as biological indicators.
1. Geobacillus stearothermophilus – used for steam sterilization (autoclaving).
2. Bacillus atrophaeus – used for dry heat and ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization.
3. Clostridium sporogenes – used for anaerobic sterilization validation.
c. What is its principle?
The principle of biological indicators is:
● They contain highly resistant bacterial spores.
● If sterilization is effective, these spores will be killed.
● Post-sterilization, the vial is incubated; no color change/turbidity indicates successful
sterilization (no growth).
● Color change (often due to a pH indicator like bromocresol purple turning yellow)
indicates spore survival and sterilization failure.
BLOOD AGAR - BETA HEMOLYTIC COLONIES
1. IDENTIFY THE MEDIA USED
Blood agar
1. WHAT PROPERTY HAS BEEN
DEMONSTRATED
Beta hemolysis
1. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THE ORGANISM
EXHIBITING THE PROPERTIES
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
INDOLE TEST
1. IDENTIFY THE BIOCHEMICAL TEST
Indole test
1. NAME THE ORGANISM POSITIVE OF
THE TEST
[Link]
1. NAME THE INDICATOR
Methyl red
MUCOID COLONIES
a. Identify the colony morphology.
Mucoid colonies – these appear shiny, glistening, and sticky due to
the production of a polysaccharide capsule.
b. Name an organism with this colony morphology.
Klebsiella pneumoniae – this organism commonly produces large,
mucoid, lactose-fermenting colonies due to its prominent capsule.
c. What type of media is this?
This is MacConkey agar (MC), a selective and differential medium:
● Selective for Gram-negative bacteria (inhibits Gram-positive
with bile salts and crystal violet).
● Differential for lactose fermentation (lactose fermenters like
E. coli and Klebsiella produce pink/red colonies).
NA - PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
a. What property has been demonstrated here?
Pigment production by bacteria on Nutrient Agar (NA) has been demonstrated.
The characteristic yellow-green pigment is indicative of pyoverdine (a siderophore
pigment).
b. Name the organism demonstrating this property.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa – known for producing greenish pigments like
pyoverdine (fluorescent yellow-green) and pyocyanin (blue-green) on nutrient
media.
c. What are the other uses of this media?
Nutrient Agar (NA) is a general-purpose medium that supports the growth of a wide
range of non-fastidious organisms. Other uses include:
● Cultivation of bacteria for routine laboratory work.
● Colony morphology observation.
● Maintenance of bacterial stock cultures.
● Testing pigment production or other metabolic properties in certain species.
MALARIA ICT
1. INTERPRET THE RESULT
Malaria positive
1. MENTION ITS PRINCIPLE
Lateral flow assay
1. MENTION THE ANTIGEN IT USES
LDH,HRP -II
BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
1. IDENTIFY THE SLIDE?
Bacillus anthracis
1. WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT SEEN
HERE ?
"boxcars" or "bamboo"
1. WHAT IS THE INFECTION CAUSED BY
THEM ?
Cutaneous and pulmonary anthrax
PNEUMOCOCCI
1. IDENTIFY THE ORGANISM
2. ANY TWO IDENTIFICATION POINTS
DERMATOPHYTE - MICROSPORUM SPECIES
1. WHAT IS THE ORGANISM
microsporum
1. WHAT ACT AS PRESERVATIVE IN
LPCB MOUNT
Phenol
1. NAME OTHER DERMATOPHYTE
Trichophyton sp.
Epidermophyton sp.
RHINOSPORIDIUM
1. IDENTIFY THE SLIDE FOCUSED
Rhinosporidium
1. NAME THE CULTURE METHOD
Cannot be cultured
1. WHAT IS THE TREATMENT
Surgery
Dapsone
CANDIDA GRAM STAIN
[Link] THE ORGANISM AND GIVE THE
DESCRIPTION
Candida albicans
2. WHAT IS THE DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Germ Tube Test
[Link] CAUSED BY THE ORGANISM
Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)
Vaginal Candidiasis
ASPERGILLUS NIGER
1. IDENTIFY THE ORGANISM
Aspergillus niger
1. NAME THE POINTS FOR
IDENTIFICATION
1. WHAT ARE THE DISEASE CAUSED BY
IT
ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS
1. IDENTIFY THE ORGANISM
Aspergillus niger
1. NAME THE POINTS FOR
IDENTIFICATION
Black colonies on SDA agar
1. WHAT ARE THE DISEASE CAUSED BY
IT
otomycosis
ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS
1. IDENTIFY THE ORGANISM
Aspergillus fumigatus
1. NAME THE POINTS FOR
IDENTIFICATION
Blue green colonies on SDA agar
1. NAME THE OTHER FUNGUS
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus niger
RHIZOPUS
1. IDENTIFY THE ORGANISM IN THE
SLIDE
Rhizopus
1. POINTS FOR IDENTIFICATION
Broad, non-septate hyphae with right-angle
branching
3. NAME THE DISEASE CAUSED BY THE
ORGANISM
Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis
MUCOR MYCOSIS
1. IDENTIFY THE ORGANISM IN THE
SLIDE
Mucor
1. POINTS FOR IDENTIFICATION
● Broad, aseptate (or sparsely septate)
hyphae
● Right-angle branching (∼90°)
1. NAME THE DISEASE CAUSED BY THE
ORGANISM
mucormycosis
NOCARDIA - MZN
● IDENTIFY THE SLIDE
Nocardia in modified acid fast stain
● MODIFICATION
1% sulfuric acid
● INFECTION CAUSED
Septicemia ,wound infection
PLASMODIUM - HYPNOZOITES
1. IDENTIFY THE ORGANISM IN THE SLIDE
Plasmodium falciparum
1. POINTS FOR IDENTIFICATION
Multiple ring forms inside a single RBC (often
2 or more per RBC)
1. WHAT ARE HYPNOZOITES
Hypnozoites are dormant liver-stage forms
of certain Plasmodium species (malaria
parasites) that can remain latent in the
liver and cause relapses weeks, months,
or even years after the initial infection
FASCIOLA HEPATICA
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Fasciola hepatica
1. WHAT IS THE INFECTIVE FORM
Metacercaria
1. WHAT ARE THE DISEASE CAUSED BY
THE ORGANISM
Fascioliasis (also known as liver fluke
infection)
FASCIOLA HEPTIC EGG
1. [Link] THE ORGANISM
Egg of Fasciola
1. WHAT IS SPORULATED EGGE
A sporulated egg is a mature, infective-stage
egg of a parasite that contains sporozoites or
sporocysts formed inside it after development.
1. WHAT IS THE DOC
Albendazole
ASCARIS - EGG
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Egg of ascaris
1. WHAT IS THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE
DRUG
Albuminated egg
1. WHAT IS THE DECORTOCID DRUG
A decorticated egg is a parasitic egg that has lost its
outer protein coat (mammillated layer or albuminous
layer), giving it a smooth surface instead of a rough
one.
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Trichuris trichiura
1. WHAT ARE THE INFECTION CAUSED BY
THE ORGANISM
Trichuriasis
1. WHAT ARE COMPLICATION
● Iron deficiency anemia
● Rectal prolapse (especially in children)
● Growth retardation and malnutrition
● Tenesmus and urgency
HOOKWORM EGG
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Hook worm
1. WHAT IS THE MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
Skin penetration
1. WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS
Iron deficiency anemia
Hypoproteinemia
Hymenolopilas nana
1. [Link] THE SPOTTER
2. WHAT IS THE MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
3. WHAT IS THE TREATMENT
Echinococcus granulosus
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
Echinococcus granulosus
1. WHAT IS THE DISEASE CAUSE
Hydatid cyst
1. WHAT IS THE ORGAN MOSTLY
INVOLVED
Liver
Schistosoma mansoni
[Link] THE SPOTTER
Schistosoma mansoni
[Link] ARE THE DISEASE CAUSED BY THE
ORGANISM
Schistosomiasis
[Link] ARE THE COMPLIACTIONS
● Hepatosplenomegaly
● Portal hypertension
● Colonic polyps
MICROFILARIA
[Link] THE SPOTTER
Microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti
[Link] PROVOCATION TEST
● Give DEC 100–150 mg orally (usually after food).
● Wait for 30–45 minutes to 1 hour.
● Collect peripheral blood sample and prepare thick and
thin smears.
● Stain (usually with Giemsa or Leishman stain) and examine
under microscope.
3. DOC
Albendazole
CITRATE TEST
UREASE TEST
1. IDENTIFY THE BIOCHEMICAL TEST
Urease test
1. NAME AN ORGANISM POSITIVE FOR
THE TEST
Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus species
1. WHAT IS THE INDICATOR USED
Phenol red
MICROTITER PLATE 1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER
ELISA with microtitre plate
1. HOW CAN IT BE DISCARDED
Red bag
1. MENTION THE USES AND APPLICATION
Used for antigen and antibody reaction for
various disease
ETHYLENE OXIDE
1. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE USED HERE?
Broad microbicidal action including spore
causes alkylation of cell components such as cell
proteins
1. WHAT ARE THE MATERIALS STERILISED
USED DURING THESE?
Heart lung machine
Sutures
Respirators and dental equipment
Multi lumen tubing
1. WHAT IS THE STERILISATION CONTROL
IS USED HERE?
Spores of bacillus atrophaeus used as
biological indicator to check the effectiveness
of sterilisation
5% PHENOL
1. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE USED HERE?
Phenolics act as a protoplasmic poison
disrupt the cell wall and precipitate the cell
proteins
1. WHAT ARE THE MATERIALS
STERILISED USED DURING THESE?
Bed side table , bedrails and laboratory
services
1. WHAT IS THE STERILISATION
CONTROL IS USED HERE?
They are toxic so they are not used as
antiseptics
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
1. MENTION ITS APPLICATION AS A
DISINFECTANT?
Disinfection in various hospital supplies
1. WHAT IS THE MECHANISM OF ACTION?
Yield hypochlorous acid causes oxidation of
cellular materials and destruction of
vegetative bacteria
1. MENTION ONE OF ITS DISADVANTAGE ?
Toxic to skin and mucous membrane and
carcinogenic
GLUTARALDEHYDE
1. WHAT ARE THE ITEMS THAT ARE
STERILISED USING THE SPOTTERS
2. MENTION IT’S ADVANTAGE
3. WHICH LEVEL OF DISINFECTION IS IT
BELONGING TO
OXIDASE TEST
1. IDENTIFY THE SPOTTER?
Oxidase test
1. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF THIS
Detection of cytochrome oxidase enzyme
in the bacteria
1. NAME AN ORGANISM POSITIVE FOR
THIS TEST
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
N95 MASK
Used for protection against the airborne disease
Eg Mycobacterium tuberculosis
CHARTS
HOOK WORM
Enterobius vermicularis
Trichuris trichiura
Cyst -Entamoeba histolytica
Bacillary dysentry
Cryptosporidium servum
Giardia lambia
ELISA
AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS
ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
CANDIDA - BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS
MALARIA
SCRUB TYPHUS
TRICHOMONAS
BRUCELLOSIS
Streptococcus pyogenes
ENTERIC FEVER
DENGUE
Gas gangrene - Clostridium perfringens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Leprosy
Chicken pox - varicella zoster virus
Dermatophytosis - microsporidium
Mycetoma of the foot
Rhino orbital MUCORMYCOSIS
Oropharyngeal esophageal candidiasis
MEASLES
Rhinosporidium
Faucial diphtheria
Bacterial pharyngitis
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Pulmonary apspergillosis
Lobar pneumonia caused by haemophilus influenza
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Corona virus
Influenza virus
Lobar pneumonia caused by nocardia
Enteric fever
Congenital rubella syndrome
Infective endocarditis
Anti streptolysin O
CERBRAL MALARIA
LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS
WESTERN BLOT ASSAY
BLOODSTREAM INFECTION - Klebsiella pnuemonia
CELLULITIS
BACTERIAL SEPSIS- Streptococcal pneumonia
TUBERCULAR MENINGITIS
PRIMARY AMOEBIC ENCEPHALITIS
RABIES
POLIO
KERATITIS
ENCEPHALITIS BY HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
Bacterial meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza
Fungal meningitis caused by cryptococcus meningitis
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
BREAST ABSCESS
BOIL
RHEUMATOID HEART DISEASE
ECHINOCOCCUS - HYDATID CYST
CHANCHROID
HEPATITIS A
HEPATITIS B
CHRONIC HEPATITIS DUE TO HEPATITIS C
HEPATITIS E
SYPHILIS – PRIMARY SYPHILIS
HEPATITIS C NEEDLE STICK INJURY
VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA
PRAGNONIMUS INFECTION
SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
FASCIOLA BUSKI
SLE
HBV
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
SYPHILIS-RPR
TERTIARY SYPHILIS
VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
SYMPTOMATIC UTI- [Link]
ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERURIA OF PREGNANCY
CAUTI