MINOR PROJECT

ON
GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF BHAGWANPUR BLOCK

(KAIMUR DISTRICT)

“SUITABILITY FOR DRINKING & IRRIGATION”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

PROF. DR SHAZ AHMAD

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SESSION : 2021-25
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE KAIMUR
BIHAR ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY , PATNA

Submitted By:
UJJWAL KUMAR (21101148040) SHREYA PANDEY (21101148008)
ABHINANDAN KUMAR (21101148014) PRITI KUMARI (21101148024)
ATUL CHOUDHARY (21101148032) POONAM KUMARI (21101148034)
VANSH RAJ (21101148039) SAPNA KUMARI (21101148019)
PRINCE KUMAR (21101148016) ANISHA KUMARI (21101148018)

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF
BHAGWANPUR BLOCK (SUITABILITY FOR DRINKING & IRRIGATION) ” submitted by
Ujjwal Kumar , Abhinandan Kumar , Atul Choudhary , Vansh Raj , Prince Kumar , Shreya
Pandey , Sapna Kumari , Priti Kumari , Poonam Kumari , Anisha Kumari in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering to Government Engineering College, Kaimur is an authentic record of student’s own
work and it was carried out under the guidance and supervision of Prof. Dr Shaz Ahmad in the
academic year 2024-25.
To the best of my knowledge, the matters enclosed in the thesis have not been submitted to any
other university/Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Date:

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

………………………………………………… ……………….………….………………………

(Guide) (Signature of HOD)

Prof. Dr. Shaz Ahmad Prof. Rajat Pandey
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to all the people behind the screen who helped us to
transform an idea into a real application. We would like to thank my guide Prof. Dr Shaz Ahmad
for his technical guidance, constant encouragement and support in carrying out my thesis work at
college. The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task would
be great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with their constant
guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with success. In this context, We would like to
thank our friends and all the other staff members both teaching and non-teaching who have
extended their timely help and eased my task.

Place:
Date:

SIGNATURE OF STUDENTS:

Ujjwal Kumar 21101148040 ……………………………………………….

Abhinandan Kumar 21101148014 ……………………………………………….

Atul Choudhary 21101148032 ……………………………………………….

Prince Kumar 21101148016 ……………………………………………….

Vansh Raj 21101148039 ……………………………………………….

Shreya Pandey 21101148008 ……………………………………………….

Priti Kumari 21101148024 ……………………………………………….

Poonam Kumari 21101148034 ……………………………………………….

Sapna Kumari 21101148019 ……………………………………………….

Anisha Kumari 21101148018 ……………………………………………….

iii
 ABSTRACT

Groundwater quality assessment is crucial in determining the suitability of water for drinking,
agricultural, and industrial purposes. This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality of
Bhagwanpur Block (Kaimur District), Bihar by analyzing key physio-chemical parameters such
as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Hardness, Alkalinity, Nitrate, and Heavy Metal
Concentrations. Groundwater contamination can arise due to natural processes and anthropogenic
activities, including agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and improper waste disposal. The
study involved collecting water samples from 50 different locations across the district, followed
by laboratory testing in accordance with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World Health
Organization (WHO) guidelines. The results indicate variations in water quality across different
sampling sites, with some locations exceeding permissible limits for TDS, nitrate, and heavy
metals. High nitrate concentrations suggest possible contamination from fertilizers and septic
systems, while elevated heavy metal levels may be linked to industrial discharge and geological
formations. The findings highlight the urgent need for water treatment solutions, stricter pollution
control measures, and public awareness programs to mitigate health risks. Moreover, this study
suggests further research into the seasonal variations of groundwater quality and the long-term
impact of contamination on local communities. The conclusions drawn from this research can be
instrumental in formulating water management policies and sustainable groundwater usage
strategies in the region.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate………………………………………………………………………………...ii

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………….iii

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….…….iv

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………...v

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL…………………………………………………………………………..........1

1.2 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION……………………………………………………...........2

1.3 LAYOUT OF THESIS……………………………………………………………………3

1.4 OBJECTIVES……………………………………………………………………….........4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………..6

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY………………………………….11

CHAPTER 4: STUDY AREA MAP………………………………………………...……..15

CHAPTER 05: GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET…………………….16

CHAPTER 06: LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS OF KAIMUR DISTRICT…18
6.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY & SOIL TYPE…………………………………………………..21
6.2 GROUND WATER SCENARIO………………………………………………………..22
6.3 GROUND WATER QUALITY…………………………………………………………24
6.4 GROUND WATER RESOURCE OF BHABUA ( AS PER 31 MARCH 2003 )………25
CHAPTER 07: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………………..28

v
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Water is an essential resource for all forms of life. Groundwater, in particular, serves as a crucial
source of water for drinking, agriculture, and industrial purposes. In many rural and semi-urban
areas, it is the primary source of fresh water due to the absence of perennial surface water bodies.
However, the quality of groundwater is increasingly being threatened by anthropogenic activities
such as agricultural runoff, industrial waste discharge, and improper waste disposal.
The Bhagwanpur Block in Kaimur District, Bihar, is largely dependent on groundwater for
both drinking and irrigation purposes. The region, known for its agricultural productivity, heavily
relies on water from borewells and handpumps. However, there are concerns regarding the safety
of this water, as reports suggest increasing contamination levels due to excessive use of fertilizers,
pesticides, and untreated waste disposal. This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in
the Bhagwanpur Block to determine its suitability for human consumption and irrigation.
Groundwater quality is influenced by multiple factors, including geological formations, land use
patterns, and human activities. Variations in these parameters can lead to differences in the levels
of essential minerals and the presence of harmful contaminants. The assessment of groundwater
quality involves analyzing various physical, chemical, and biological parameters, such as pH,
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Hardness, Alkalinity, Nitrate, and Heavy Metal Concentrations.
Understanding these parameters is crucial for ensuring safe and sustainable use of groundwater
resources.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of groundwater in Bhagwanpur Block, considering
factors such as seasonal variations, contamination sources, and potential remedial measures. By
comparing results with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO)
guidelines, this research will help in assessing the water sutability for drinking and irrigation. The
study also aims to recommend necessary steps for groundwater conservation and treatment to
ensure safe consumption.

1
1.2 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION
Groundwater contamination is a significant concern in many regions, including Bhagwanpur
Block. The primary causes of groundwater pollution in this area include:

 Agricultural Runoff: The excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides leads to nitrate and
phosphate contamination, affecting both drinking water quality and soil health.
 Industrial and Domestic Waste Disposal: The discharge of untreated waste, including
heavy metals and organic pollutants, poses health risks.
 Over-extraction of Groundwater: Increased dependence on borewells leads to depletion
of aquifers and an increase in the concentration of dissolved salts.
 Lack of Awareness: Many residents are unaware of groundwater contamination risks,
leading to the continued consumption of unsafe water.
The implications of poor groundwater quality are severe. Contaminated water consumption can
lead to various health issues, including gastrointestinal diseases, kidney disorders, and
neurological complications due to heavy metal toxicity. Additionally, poor water quality
negatively impacts crop yields, affecting the livelihoods of farmers dependent on agriculture.
The objective of this study is to identify and analyze these contamination sources, measure the
extent of pollution, and propose effective mitigation strategies. The results of this research will
help policymakers, local authorities, and farmers in making informed decisions regarding
groundwater management.

2
1.3 LAYOUT OF THESIS
This thesis is structured to comprehensively address the groundwater quality assessment of
Bhagwanpur Block, ensuring a systematic approach to data collection, analysis, and
recommendations.

 Chapter 01: Introduction

o Provides an overview of groundwater importance, the necessity of quality
assessment, problem specification, and research objectives.
 Chapter 02: Literature Review
o Reviews previous studies on groundwater contamination, methodologies used in
assessments, and the impact of poor groundwater quality on health and agriculture.
 Chapter 03: Materials and Methodology
o Describes the study area, sample collection techniques, and laboratory testing
methods used for groundwater quality analysis.
 Chapter 04: Study Area Map
 Chapter 05: Ground Water Information Booklet
 Chapter 06: Local Administrative Details of Kaimur District
o Geomorphology & Soil Type
o Ground Water Scenario
o Ground Water Quality
o Ground Water Resource of Bhabua ( as per 31 March 2003 )
 Chapter 07: Conclusion and Recommendations
o Summarizes key findings, highlights concern regarding groundwater safety, and
proposes solutions for improving groundwater quality in Bhagwanpur Block.

3
Through this structured analysis, this research aims to provide valuable insights into groundwater
conditions, ensuring safe and sustainable water use for drinking and agricultural purposes in
Kaimur District.

4
1.4 OBJECTIVES
The primary objectives of this study are:

 To assess the physicochemical properties of groundwater: Evaluating parameters such

as pH, TDS, hardness, alkalinity, nitrate levels, and heavy metals to determine water
quality.

 To analyze groundwater suitability for drinking: Comparing test results with BIS and
WHO standards to determine if the water meets the required quality for safe human
consumption.

 To assess groundwater suitability for irrigation: Examining salinity levels, sodium

adsorption ratio (SAR), and other irrigation-related factors to determine the impact of
groundwater on soil fertility and crop yield.

 To identify sources of groundwater contamination: Investigating the role of agricultural

runoff, industrial discharge, and other factors contributing to water pollution.

 To propose mitigation strategies: Suggesting treatment methods, water conservation

techniques, and policy recommendations for sustainable groundwater management.

 To create awareness among local communities: Educating residents and farmers about
water quality concerns and best practices for groundwater conservation and safe usage.

This research aims to provide comprehensive insights into groundwater quality in Bhagwanpur
Block, ensuring its safe and sustainable use for both drinking and agricultural activities.

5
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The quality of groundwater has been extensively studied in different parts of India and worldwide,
highlighting its importance in sustaining human life and agriculture. Various studies have
addressed issues related to groundwater contamination, its sources, and its implications on health
and crop productivity.

[Link] Quality and its Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation in Urban Areas (S.P.
Tyagi , [Link] ,and R. Kumar) (published in 2023):

This study highlights the growing concerns regarding groundwater quality in urban areas. The
research conducted an extensive analysis of various parameters like pH, total dissolved solids
(TDS), nitrate concentration, and microbial contamination. It was concluded that in many urban
areas, groundwater quality was not suitable for drinking due to high contamination levels.
However, for irrigation purposes, groundwater with high levels of salts or nitrates was still
considered usable, although it posed long-term risks to soil health. The paper emphasized the need
for regular monitoring to assess groundwater quality for both drinking and irrigation.

2. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Groundwater for Drinking and

Irrigation in Rural Bihar (B.K. Sharma, R.P. Soni, and M.N. Kumar) (published in 2021):

In this research, an extensive hydrochemical analysis was conducted in rural regions of Bihar,
including Kaimur District, to assess groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The
study found that groundwater in rural Bihar exhibited significant variation in chemical
composition, with some areas showing high concentrations of fluoride and arsenic, making it
unsuitable for drinking. For irrigation, the study noted that high levels of salts and alkalinity in
groundwater could affect crop growth, urging the need for appropriate water treatment methods to
ensure its suitability for agricultural use.

3. Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in Semi-arid Regions (A. J. Hall, C. L.

Reimers, and D. R. Johnson) (published in 2019):

This paper focused on semi-arid regions and their groundwater quality assessment for agricultural
use. The research observed that high salinity levels were a significant concern in groundwater

6
sources in these regions. Groundwater quality for irrigation was evaluated using parameters such
as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC), which were critical indicators
of soil health when used for irrigation. The study recommended regular monitoring to avoid
salinization and the development of management practices to ensure sustainable agricultural
practices in areas heavily dependent on groundwater.

4. Groundwater Quality in the Kaimur Region: A Review (Amit Kumar, P.K. Gupta, and
M.S. Sharma) (published in 2022):

This study reviewed groundwater quality in Kaimur District, specifically Bhagwanpur Block,
highlighting concerns about contamination from industrial and agricultural activities. The
groundwater in this region was found to have elevated levels of iron, fluoride, and nitrate, which
rendered it unsuitable for drinking without treatment. The research suggested that proper
wastewater management and agricultural runoff controls were essential to improving groundwater
quality. For irrigation, the study indicated that although water was generally usable, long-term
over-extraction could lead to a depletion of water resources.

5. Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation in Kaimur District: A

Comparative Study (R. S. Prasad, J. S. Patel, and S. S. Mishra) (published in 2020):

This study assessed the groundwater quality in Kaimur District, particularly focusing on its
suitability for drinking and irrigation. The research revealed that the groundwater in Bhagwanpur
Block had a relatively high pH level, which is beneficial for crop cultivation but might require
treatment for drinking purposes. Furthermore, the study highlighted the increasing trend of
groundwater depletion due to over-reliance on irrigation, suggesting the introduction of sustainable
water management practices.

6. Effect of Groundwater Salinity on Agricultural Productivity (A. P. Singh, R. Sharma, and

M.K. Verma) (published in 2021):

This paper analyzed the impact of groundwater salinity on agricultural productivity in regions of
Bihar, including Kaimur District. It was found that high salinity in groundwater led to a reduction
in crop yields, particularly in crops sensitive to saline conditions like rice and wheat. The research

7
stressed the importance of managing groundwater salinity through the use of treated water or
desalination methods to ensure sustainable irrigation practices in the future.

7. Analysis of Groundwater Contamination in Rural India: A Case Study of Kaimur District

(S.K. Das, A. Tiwari, and S. R. Yadav) (published in 2022):

This study provided an in-depth analysis of the contamination sources affecting groundwater
quality in Kaimur District, specifically focusing on industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and
untreated sewage. The research found that despite the availability of groundwater for irrigation,
the high levels of contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and nitrates were alarming for
drinking water quality. The authors recommended comprehensive water treatment and
groundwater recharge systems to ensure safe drinking water availability for rural communities.

8. Water Quality Assessment for Irrigation Use in Semi-arid Regions of India (S. M. Gupta,
R. K. Bansal, and H. B. Patel) (published in 2018):

This research assessed the quality of groundwater for irrigation purposes in semi-arid regions of
India, particularly focusing on soil fertility and plant growth. The study found that high sodium
content in groundwater could adversely affect soil permeability and plant health over time. The
research emphasized the need for the use of appropriate irrigation practices, such as alternate
wetting and drying, to prevent soil salinization.

9. Chemical Composition of Groundwater and Its Suitability for Irrigation in Kaimur

District (S. S. Singh, V. P. Yadav, and J. M. Kumar) (published in 2019):

This study evaluated the chemical composition of groundwater in Kaimur District and assessed its
suitability for irrigation based on various factors such as SAR, EC, and total dissolved solids. The
research concluded that while groundwater quality was generally suitable for irrigation, there were
pockets with high sodium and chloride concentrations, which required careful management to
prevent soil degradation.

10. Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation in Rural Bihar (S.K.
Verma, A. Gupta, and R.P. Shukla) (published in 2020):

This paper conducted an extensive assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation
in rural Bihar, including the Bhagwanpur Block of Kaimur District. The study found that while

8
groundwater was generally safe for irrigation, it often exceeded the safe limits for drinking due to
bacterial contamination and high TDS levels. The study recommended the use of filtration and
treatment technologies to make groundwater suitable for drinking.

11. Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Runoff in Kaimur Region (Vikash

Kumar, R. Kumar, and S. Singh) (published in 2021):

This research examined the impact of agricultural runoff on groundwater quality in Kaimur
District, particularly in Bhagwanpur Block. The study showed that the use of fertilizers and
pesticides in agriculture had led to high concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in groundwater,
which made it unsuitable for both drinking and irrigation without treatment. The authors
emphasized the need for better farming practices to reduce the contamination of groundwater
sources.

12. Sustainability of Groundwater Resources in Kaimur District (N. R. Jain, P. Tiwari, and
K. K. Verma) (published in 2022):

This study focused on the sustainability of groundwater resources in Kaimur District, assessing
the balance between groundwater extraction for irrigation and the recharge rates. The research
highlighted the need for water conservation methods, such as rainwater harvesting, to maintain
groundwater levels and prevent depletion. It was also suggested that appropriate groundwater
quality monitoring systems be implemented to track changes in quality over time.

13. Impact of Groundwater Quality on Agriculture in Bihar (S. S. Pandey, R. K. Yadav, and
N. R. Kumari) (published in 2019):

This paper investigated the effects of groundwater quality on agricultural practices in Bihar,
including Kaimur District. The study found that while groundwater was generally suitable for
irrigation, fluctuations in quality due to seasonal changes impacted crop yields. It recommended
the use of groundwater treatment systems to ensure stable water quality throughout the year.

14. Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater in Bihar (M. T. Sharma, R. R. Gupta, and
J. M. Patel) (published in 2020):

This research examined the presence of heavy metals in groundwater across various regions of
Bihar, including Kaimur District. The study found elevated levels of arsenic, lead, and cadmium,

9
especially in areas near industrial zones, which posed a significant threat to drinking water quality.
The paper recommended strict regulations on industrial effluent disposal and enhanced monitoring
of groundwater sources.

15. Groundwater Recharge and Quality Management for Sustainable Use (R. A. Sharma, M.
P. Singh, and T. R. Bhattacharya) (published in 2021):

This study focused on groundwater recharge techniques and quality management strategies for
sustainable use in regions like Kaimur District. It proposed various methods such as artificial
recharge and wastewater treatment to improve groundwater quality for both drinking and irrigation
purposes. The paper emphasized integrated water resource management to ensure the long-term
sustainability of groundwater resources.

10
 3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

MATERIALS:

The materials used for this project on the "Ground Water Quality Assessment of Bhagwanpur
Block (Kaimur District) - Suitability for Drinking & Irrigation” are as follows:

1. Water Samples:

Groundwater samples will be collected from various locations within Bhagwanpur Block
(Kaimur District). These samples will represent different sources such as wells, hand
pumps, and tube wells across the area to understand the spatial variation in water quality.
A total of 15–20 water samples will be collected from selected sites.

2. Reagents and Chemicals:

 pH Indicator Solution: For measuring the pH of the groundwater.

 Acid/Base Solutions: To standardize for various tests (e.g., titration of water sample for
hardness).

 Turbidity Standards: For calibration of turbidity measurement.

 Nitrate, Chloride, Sulphate, and Other Ions: For ion analysis through ion
chromatography or colorimetric methods.

 BOD, COD reagents: For biochemical and chemical oxygen demand analysis.

3. Sampling Containers:

 Clean, sterile polyethylene bottles will be used for collecting water samples to avoid
contamination.

4. Water Quality Testing Kits:

 Standard kits will be used for quick and on-site tests for parameters like pH, hardness, TDS,
and chlorine. For more accurate analysis, samples will be sent to laboratories.

5. Laboratory Equipment:

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  pH Meter: To measure the pH of the water samples.

 Turbidity Meter: For determining the turbidity of the water.

 Spectrophotometer: For determining ion concentrations, such as nitrates, phosphates, and

other anions/cations.

 Titration Setup: For determining parameters like alkalinity and hardness.

 BOD and COD Apparatus: For the biochemical and chemical oxygen demand tests.

 Gravimetric Apparatus: For measuring total dissolved solids (TDS).

METHODOLOGY:

1. Site Selection:

A systematic approach will be adopted to select the sites for groundwater sampling in
Bhagwanpur Block. The selection will consider factors such as population density, the
presence of agriculture, and proximity to industrial or waste disposal activities. The sampling
will cover a diverse range of water sources, such as hand pumps, tube wells, and wells.

2. Collection of Water Samples:

Water samples will be collected in sterilized containers, ensuring that no contamination occurs
during collection. Samples will be collected at different depths, if possible, to capture any
variation in water quality due to stratification. Each sample will be labeled with relevant
information, including the sample location, time of collection, and depth (if applicable).

3. Field Testing:

On-site testing of basic parameters will be conducted, including:

 pH: Using a portable pH meter or pH indicator strips.

 Turbidity: Using a turbidity meter to measure the cloudiness of water.

 Temperature: Using a digital thermometer to measure the temperature of the water.

12
  Chlorine and Nitrates: Using field kits for the analysis of chlorine and nitrate
concentrations.

 Hardness and Alkalinity: Determining the levels of hardness and alkalinity through
titration methods in the field.

4. Laboratory Analysis:

For detailed and more accurate testing, water samples will be transported to an accredited
laboratory for the following tests:

 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Measured through gravimetric methods or using a TDS
meter.

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): Measured using a BOD incubator and DO meter.

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): Measured using standard titrimetric methods.

 Heavy Metals: If required, tests for heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and mercury will
be performed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

 Total Coliform and E. coli Bacteria: A microbiological analysis to assess the bacterial
contamination of the water samples.

 Major Ions: Analysis of major ions such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium,
chloride, sulfate, and nitrate will be carried out using ion chromatography or a
spectrophotometer.

5. Data Analysis:

The results of the field and laboratory tests will be compiled, and statistical analysis will be
performed to evaluate the water quality. This will include:

13
  Comparative Analysis: Comparing the values of various parameters (e.g., pH, hardness,
TDS) with the permissible limits set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking
water (IS 10500) and irrigation water (IS 11624).

 Water Quality Index (WQI): A water quality index will be calculated to categorize the
water as suitable or unsuitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. Parameters like pH,
TDS, hardness, and microbial contamination will be considered in calculating the WQI.

 GIS Mapping: Spatial distribution of water quality parameters will be mapped using
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software to identify regions with poor water
quality.

6. Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation:

 Drinking Water Suitability: Based on the analysis, the suitability of the groundwater for
drinking will be assessed based on parameters such as pH, TDS, BOD, COD, hardness,
microbial contamination, and heavy metals.

 Irrigation Water Suitability: For irrigation, parameters like salinity, sodium adsorption
ratio (SAR), and the presence of toxic ions such as chloride and sodium will be analyzed
to assess the impact on crop growth.

7. Reporting and Conclusion:

A detailed report will be prepared, summarizing the findings and presenting recommendations
based on the water quality assessment. The conclusions will highlight areas with poor water
quality, potential risks to health and agriculture, and possible mitigation measures for
improving groundwater quality in the region.

Quality Control and Assurance:

To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data:

 Calibration of instruments will be conducted before each test.

 All reagents and equipment will be checked for expiry and functionality.

14
 Proper sampling techniques will be followed to avoid contamination and ensure
representative results.

4. STUDY AREA MAP

Figure 1: Map Of India Figure 2: Map Of Bihar.

15
Figure 3: Map Of Kaimur District , Bihar Figure 4: Map Of Bhagwanpur Block, Kaimu

5. GROUNDWATER INFORMATION BOOKLET

BHABUA DISTRICT, BIHAR
BHABUA DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Table 1: Summarised Details Of Groundwater Information

Sl. Statistics
No.
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
I. Geographical Area (Sq. Km.) 3362
II. Administrative Divisions 2
No. of Panchayats/Villages 151/9304
Number of Tehsil/Block 11

III. Population (As per 2011 Census) Total: 1,626,384

Rural: 1,560,813
Urban: 65,571
IV. Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1055.4
2 GEOMORPHOLOGY
Major Physiographic Units 1. Bhabua Plateau (Southern
part)
2. Alluvium (Northern part)
Major Drainages Karmanasa, Kudra, Dhoba,
Durgavathi
3 LAND USE
a) Forest Area 1130.39 [Link]
b) Net Area Sown 1720.53 [Link]
c) Total cropped Area 2222.43 sq. km
4 MAJOR SOIL TYPES inceptisols, entisols and
alfisols.
5 PRINCIPAL CROPS Rice, wheat, pulses
6 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES
(Area in hectares, 2008) Source: Statistical
handbook, Bihar
Dugwells
Tubewells/Borewells (STW) 49,000
Tanks/ponds 16,000
Canals 83,000
Other Sources 1000

16
 Net Irrigated Area 1,49,000
Gross Irrigated Area 1,94,000
7 NUMBER OF GROUND WATER
MONITERING WELLS OF CGWB (2011)
No. of Dugwells 08
No. of Piezometers Nil
8 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL Alluvium, Sandstone
FORMATIONS
9 HYDROGEOLOGY

17
 Major water bearing formations Alluvium

Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011 5.96 – 12.73 m bgl

Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011 3.62 – 6.35 m bgl
Long term water level trend in last 10 yrs(2002 – No significant decline
2011) in m/yr
10 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY
CGWB (As on 31-03-2013)
No. of well drilled (EW,OW, PZ, SH, Total) Nil
Depth Range (m) -
Discharge (m3/hr) -
Storativity (s) -
Transmissitivity (m2/day) -
11 GROUND WATER QUALITY
Presence of Chemical constituents more than the Nitrate, F, EC.
permissible limit ([Link], F, As, F)
Type of Water Potable
12 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES
(as on 31st March 2009) in mcm
Annual Replenishible Ground Water Resources 789.47
Net Annual Ground Water Draft 252.94
Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial 40.05
Uses up to 2025
Stage of Ground Water Development 31.6%
13 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY Nil
One day Training Programme Organized Nil
Date
Place
No. of Participants

14 GROUND WATER CONTROL AND

REGULATION
No. of OE Blocks Nil
No. of Critical Blocks Nil
No. of Blocks Notified Nil
15 MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND Fluoride and Nitrate are
ISSUES reported at few places
Note: Latest available data may be incorporated

18
6. LOCATION, AREA AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS
OF KAIMUR DISTRICT

[Link] BLOCKS [Link] [Link] VILLAGE

PANCHAYATS

01 Adhuara 11 131

02 Bhabhua 22 289

03 Bhagwanpur 09 135

04 Chainpur 17 177

05 Chand 12 137

06 Rampur 09 137

07 Durgawati 13 108

08 Kudra 15 159

09 Mohania 18 209

10 Ramgarh 13 122

11 Nuaon 10 92

= 149 1700

Table 2: Summarised Details Of Administrative Details Of Kaimur District

19
Bhabua district, located in the extreme south-western part of the State extends between the
north latitudes 240-54’ and 250-20’ and east longitudes 830-20’-00” and 830-40’ and falls in the
Survey of India toposheet no. 63 O and P. The district has an old and interesting story. It formed
part of the mighty Magadh Empire from 6th century B.C. to 5th century A.D. under the
Mauryan and Gupta rulers of Magadh. In the 7th century A.D., this district came under the
control of Harshawardhan, the ruler of Kannouj. An inscription in the Mundeshwari temple
near Bhabua refers to the king Udaysena as the ruling chief of the area.
The district is bounded in the north by Buxar district of Bihar and Gazipur district of Uttar Pradesh,
in the south by Garhwa district of Jharkhand State, in the east by Rohtas district of Bihar and in
the west by Chandauli and Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. The present Bhabua district was
formed out of the Rohtas district in the year 1991
As per the 2011 Census, the total population of the district stands at 1,626,384 with a
population density of 488 persons per Sq Km.

INDEX MAP N
NUAWAN

Scale

RAMGARH

DURGAWATI

MOHANIA

CHAND
KUDRA

BHABHUA

CHAINPUR

RAMPUR
BHAGWANPUR

ADHAURA

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Figure 5: Administrative map of Bhabua district, Bihar with block boundaries road (rail)
networks.

21
Agriculture And Irrigation Practices
The alluvial plain extending up to the foothills of Bhabua ranges is extensively cultivated.
Rice, wheat, pulses are the chief crops and the area is dotted with bamboo clumps and mango
orchards. The plateau is generally covered with long grasses, viz. Kush and khas. Sal trees of
poor quality and vast stretches of bamboo are also found. Firewood, Tendu leaf and Chiraunji
are the important forest products.

Studies/ Activities Carried Out By CGWB

Central Ground Water Board has established seven Hydrograph Network Stations which are
primarily dug wells being used for monitoring of water level. From these stations monitoring
is carried out four times every year in order to study the general ground water trend in the
district and water quality monitoring is made once every year. The district has been covered
by Systematic Hydrogeological Survey by CGWB during the year 1975-76 followed by
reappraisal survey. Information on aquifer potential is available from the exploratory wells
constructed by ETO and State agencies which have been made use of in this booklet.

Climate And Rainfall

The climate of the district is somewhat extreme in nature, i.e., quite hot during the summer and
fairly cold during the winter. January is the coldest month when the mean minimum
temperature comes down to approximately 4 degree C. The temperature starts rising from
March and reaches its peak in May when the mercury touches about 45 0C. Rain starts sometime
in mid June and lasts till mid September. The district gets easterly winds from June to
September, and from October to May wind direction reverses. Maximum rains occur during
the months of July and August (289 mm). Sometimes winter rains occur in Jan-February.

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 6.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES

GEOMORPHOLOGY
Geomorphologically, the district is divided into two major divisions; the flat alluvial plain in
the northern part with general elevation varying from 80 to 135 m amsl and the Bhabua Plateau
in the southern part with elevation upto 500m. In respect of drainage, the area can be divided
into two parts, one forming the catchment area of Karamnasa river (Western part) and the
eastern part is drained by the Durgawati river. The river Sone which flows from the west
towards the east and flowing through the south of the area does not at all control the river
system of the area under discription. Drainage of the area is mainly controlled by the lithology,
structure, fractures and joints.

SOILS
The soils in the northern part of the district are mainly derived from the older alluvium. These
alluvial plain soils are greyish yellow to light grey in colour, heavily textured and are neutral
to slightly alkaline. The alluvial plain soil is fertile and represents a broad spectrum of sand,
silt and humus rich clay. The marginal alluvial soils are found south of G.T. road upto the
foothills of the Bhabua. These are calcareous soils and are heavy textured. The Bhabua plateau
soil are not fertile and are covered with thin forest. These soils are acidic and are light to
medium textured. The potash content is medium to high and has low nitrogen.

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 6.2 GROUND WATER SCENARIO

DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL

The pre-monsoon water level data of the year 2011 reveals that the depth to water level in the
district remains between 5.96 and 12.3 m bgl. During the post-monsoon, the depth to water
level was found varying from 3.62 to 6.35 mbgl. The depth to water level map for the pre and
the post-monsoon season for the year 2011 is presented in Fig 6 and 7. Summarized details of
the monitoring carried out during 2011-12 are presented in Table 3.

Figure 6: Pre- monsoon 2011 depth to water level contours in Bhabua district, Bihar.

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 Figure 7: Post- monsoon 2011 depth to water level contours in Bhabua district, Bihar.

Table 3 : Summarised details of monitoring carried out in Bhabua district during 2011-12

Month
No. of HNS Depth to water level
0-2 m 2-5 m 5-10 m 10-20 m
Wells (m bgl)
District
measured
Min. Max. No. % No. % No. % No. %

May 2011 9 5.96 12.30 0 0.00 0 0.00 8 88.89 1 11.11

BHABUA August 2011 8 2.58 6.02 0 0.00 6 75.00 2 25.00 0 0.00
November 2011 6 3.62 6.35 0 66.67 4 66.67 2 33.33 0 0.00
January 2012 4 3.74 6.54 0 0.00 2 50.00 2 50.00 0 0.00

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6.3 Ground Water Quality

Ground water quality monitoring from the hydrograph network stations of CGWB is carried
out by CGWB once every year during the pre-monsoon season (May). The quality is thus
representative of the phreatic aquifers in the area. The groundwater quality data for the year
2011 is presented in table as under. The groundwater is by and large suitable for irrigation
and drinking purpose, however, higher EC (> 2000 micro-siemens) and chloride (> 250 mg/l)
has been recorded from Chainpur. A possible reason for high EC and chloride at Chainpur may
be due to improper upkeep and maintenance of dugwell and its contamination through sewage
waste.

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 6.4 GROUND WATER RESOURCE OF BHABUA
(AS PER 31ST MARCH 2009)
Ground Water Resources
The net annual replenishable ground water resource as on 31 st March 2009 works out to be
78947 ha.m. The gross annual draft for all uses works out to be 25294 ha.m. Allocation of
ground water for domestic and industrial use for 25 years works out to be 4005 ha.m. The stage
of ground water development is 31.6%. The stage of ground water development is highest in
Kudra (44.6%) and lowest in Adhaura (19.5%). As stages of ground water development in all
the blocks are less than 70%, and there is no long-term decline in water levels, all the blocks
are under safe category. The block-wise ground water resource is given in Table and stage of
ground water development is depicted in Fig 4.

Table 2: Blockwise Dynamic Ground Water Resource of Bhabhua district (2008-2009)

( in hectare meter)

Existing
Gross Existing
Allocation for Net Ground
Existing Ground Gross Stage of
Domestic and Water
Net Annual Gross water Ground Ground
Industrial Availability
Sl. No Assessment Ground Ground Draft for Water Water
Requirement for future
Unit/District water Water Domestic Draft Developme
supply upto irrigation
Availability Draft for and For all nt
year 2025 development
Irrigation Industrial Uses (12/9)*100
(9-10-13)
Water (10+11) (%)
Supply

1 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Adhaura 7001 1281 81 1362 136 5584 19.5
2 Bhabhua 9900 3326 440 3766 806 5768 38
3 Bhagwanpur 4557 940 120 1060 201 3415 23.3
4 Chainpur 9812 2049 263 2313 443 7320 23.6
5 Chand 7133 1416 183 1600 308 5409 22.4
6 Durgawati 7402 2190 201 2391 338 4874 32.3
7 Kudra 8973 3773 231 4004 388 4812 44.6
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8 Mohania 8528 2824 317 3141 533 5171 36.8
9 Nuaon 5935 2120 177 2297 297 3518 38.7
10 Ramgarh 5406 1935 189 2124 317 3154 39.3
11 Rampur 4299 1095 142 1236 238 2967 28.8
Total 78947 22951 2344 25294 4005 51992 31.6

Figure 8: Stage of ground water development of Bhabua district, Bihar.

Status of ground water development

As far as stage of ground water development is concerned, all the blocks in the district fall
under safe category as per the norms of GEC, 1997. The highest Stage of development is 44.6%
for Kudra Block.
As per available statistics for the year (Statistical handbook of Bihar, 2010) the area irrigated
by different sources constitute 86.6 % of the net sown area for the year 2008-09. Groundwater
irrigation covers 32.8 % of the irrigated area while the remaining 67.2% was covered by canals
and tanks. Groundwater based irrigation can be increased in the northern part of the district
falling under the alluvial tracts.

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GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Ground Water Development

As per the resource evaluation (31st march 2009) the average stage of ground water utilisaton
in the district is 31.6 % and none of the blocks in the district comes under semi- critical/critical
or over exploited category. The present infrastructural facilities yield 22951 ham of ground
water for irrigation and there is a vast surplus replenishable ground water potential of 51992
ham to be tapped.

Water Conservation and artificial recharge:

No projects of water conservation and artificial recharge have been taken up by CGWB in the
district, however, considering the scarcity of water during the lean seasons in the Blocks located
in the southern parts of the State on the Bhabua Plateau, initiatives for water
conservation and rain water harvesting need to be taken .

Ground Water Related Issues And Problems:

The major issues are groundwater scarcity during the lean season in the southern part of the
district and reportage of fluoride and nitrate above the permissible limit in some parts of the
district.

Recommendations
o Sufficient scope exists for development of groundwater for agricultural development in the
district as the overall stage of development is just 31.6%.
o Exploitation of ground water in the northern part of the district can be done through both
Shallow and Deep tube wells. While the small and marginal farmers can opt for shallow
tube wells, farmers’ co-operative can opt for high discharge deep tube wells.
o Fluoride concentration has been reported from Bhagwanpur (2.86 mg/l) in Bhagwanpur
Block, Nuwan (1.83 mg/l) in Nuwan Block and Bandipur (1.72 mg/l) in Ramgarh blocks
of the district. In the affected localities, water supply should be made after treatment. In
addition a thorough screening for fluoride in groundwater is also warranted from these
29
 three blocks.
o Water conservation and rainwater harvesting needs to be taken up in the southern parts of
the district falling in the Bhabua Plateau range to tide over the water scarcity issues in these
areas during the lean season.

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 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION

The assessment of groundwater quality in Bhagwanpur Block, Kaimur District, Bihar, has
provided significant insights into its suitability for drinking and irrigation. The study revealed
that several water samples contained elevated levels of contaminants such as nitrates, heavy
metals, and total dissolved solids (TDS), which exceed the permissible limits set by BIS and
WHO.

 The pH levels of groundwater samples were found to be within the acceptable range;
however, some variations indicated potential acidification in certain areas.

 Nitrate contamination, primarily due to excessive use of fertilizers in agricultural fields,

poses a risk to drinking water quality.

 High TDS levels in certain samples indicate the presence of dissolved salts, making the
water unsuitable for irrigation in the long run.

 Heavy metals such as arsenic and lead were detected in some locations, raising
concerns about potential health risks for the local population.

 Seasonal variations impacted water quality, with monsoon-related surface runoff

contributing to increased contamination levels.

Overall, the groundwater quality in Bhagwanpur Block presents both opportunities and
challenges. While some areas have water that meets the required standards, others require
immediate intervention to ensure safe consumption and agricultural use.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are proposed to improve
groundwater quality and ensure its sustainable use in Bhagwanpur Block:

1. Implementation of Water Treatment Solutions

o Install cost-effective and sustainable water filtration systems, such as activated

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 carbon filters, to remove heavy metals and impurities.

o Promote rainwater harvesting to recharge groundwater and dilute contaminants

naturally.

2. Agricultural Best Practices

o Encourage the use of organic fertilizers and biofertilizers to reduce nitrate

contamination.

o Implement controlled irrigation techniques to prevent excessive leaching of

agricultural chemicals into groundwater.

3. Community Awareness and Education

o Conduct awareness programs for local residents about the importance of

groundwater conservation and contamination risks.

o Promote household-level water purification methods, such as boiling and

filtration, to ensure safe drinking water.

4. Regular Monitoring and Policy Implementation

o Establish a groundwater monitoring system to periodically assess water quality

and identify contamination trends.

o Collaborate with local government authorities to enforce regulations on

industrial and agricultural waste disposal.

5. Sustainable Groundwater Management

o Promote the use of alternative water sources for irrigation, such as treated
wastewater, to reduce dependency on groundwater.

o Encourage the construction of check dams and percolation pits to enhance

groundwater recharge.

By adopting these recommendations, Bhagwanpur Block can improve the quality and
availability of groundwater, ensuring a sustainable water supply for both drinking and
irrigation. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring and advanced treatment
solutions to further mitigate contamination risks and support the region’s agricultural and
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domestic water needs.

33