Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

Chemistry
Laboratory Manual
Class XII
ISC Board Curriculum 2026

A Comprehensive Guide for Teachers

By

Dr. Noimur Rahman

Postdoctoral Fellow, IIT Kanpur
Founder and Chief Educator, CheMentor

__________________________________________________________
Copyright
©2025 by CheMentor
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted without prior written permission.

Page | 1
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

📘 Table of Contents
Prefatory Section
Preface
Motivation for Writing
How to Use This Manual Effectively
▪ For Teachers
▪ For Students
▪ Pro Tips

🔁 Chapter 1: Redox Titrations

Introduction to Redox Titration Concepts
Experiment 1.1 – Estimation of KMnO₄ Using Mohr’s Salt
Experiment 1.2 – Determination of Water of Crystallization in Oxalic Acid
Advanced Applications of Redox Titrations
▪ Percentage Purity Calculations
▪ Water of Crystallization (Alternate Method)
Experiment 1.3 – Percentage Purity of Mohr’s Salt
Experiment 1.4 – Determining Water of Crystallization
Common Errors and Troubleshooting
Safety Guidelines for Redox Titrations
Viva Voce Questions – Redox Titrations
Teacher’s Notes and Pedagogical Guidance

⏱️ Chapter 2: Rate of Reaction Studies

Experiment – Iodination of Propanone
Relative Rate Measurement
Effect of Acetone and H⁺ Concentration
Temperature Variation & Arrhenius Insight
Graph Interpretation
▪ Rate vs [Acetone]
▪ Rate vs [H⁺]
▪ Arrhenius Plot
Result and Conclusion Format
Common Experimental Errors
Advanced Teaching Tips

Page | 2
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

Safety Protocols – Acetone-Iodine Reaction

Assessment Criteria
Additional Variants and Modifications

🔬 Chapter 3: Identification of Organic Functional Groups

Introduction to Functional Group Testing
Tests for Specific Functional Groups
▪ Alcoholic Group (Glycerol)
▪ Aldehyde Group (Formaldehyde)
▪ Ketonic Group (Acetone)
▪ Carboxylic Group (Benzoic Acid)
▪ Amino Group (Aniline)
Tests for Biomolecules
▪ Benedict’s Test
▪ Biuret Test
▪ Xanthoproteic Test
▪ Lead Acetate Test
Observation Tables
Viva Voce Questions – Organic and Biomolecule Tests
Troubleshooting Guide
Final Inference Templates

🍞 Chapter 4: Characteristic Tests of Carbohydrates and Proteins

Introduction
Experiment – Standard Qualitative Tests
o Carbohydrate Detection
▪ Benedict’s Test
▪ Tollen’s Test (Optional)
o Protein Detection
▪ Biuret Test
▪ Xanthoproteic Test
▪ Lead Acetate Test
Procedure Format and Observation Tables
Result & Sample Report
Viva Voce Questions & Answers
Teacher’s Notes
Cross-Curricular Applications

Page | 3
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

🌈 Chapter 5: pH-Based Experiments

Introduction to pH Determination
Experiment – Determination of pH Using pH Paper and Universal Indicator
▪ Aim and Principle
▪ Materials Required
▪ Procedure (Parts A to D)
▪ Observation Table Template
Graphs and Data Interpretation
Key Learnings
Troubleshooting & Tips
Safety Guidelines
Viva Voce Questions
Teacher’s Notes

⚡ Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Introduction to Electrochemical Cells
Experiment – Voltaic Cell and Electrolyte Concentration Study
▪ Aim and Principle (Nernst Equation)
▪ Materials Required
▪ Procedure
▪ Observation Table Format
Graphs and Interpretation
Sample Calculations
Final Result and Inference
Viva Voce Questions
Teacher’s Notes and Pedagogical Insights
Safety Guidelines

🧪 Chapter 7: Inorganic Qualitative Analysis

Systematic Identification of Cations and Anions
Group-Wise Cation Analysis (Groups 0–VI)
Anion Tests and Confirmatory Reactions
Observation Table
Sample Student Report
Troubleshooting Ion Interference
Safety Guidelines
Viva Voce Questions – Inorganic Practical

Page | 4
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

📎 Chapter 8: Appendices and Supplementary Resources

General Safety Guidelines
Templates for Student Lab Reports
Error-Free Calculation Formats
Viva Voce Question Bank (All Topics)
Troubleshooting Index by Experiment
Teacher’s Notes and Pedagogical Tools
Reagent Preparation Instructions
Laboratory Equipment Checklist
Solubility Rules and Molecular Weights
Flame Colors and Precipitate Chart
Ionic Equations for All Confirmatory Tests
Full student report template for each experiment
Blank observation tables ready for printing
Glossary of Terms (ISC Class XII Practical Vocabulary)

Page | 5
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

✨ Preface
Chemistry practical work is not merely a routine—it is where theory comes alive, curiosity is
tested, and concepts are validated by observation. This eBook is crafted to bring that experience
to the ISC Class XII laboratory, ensuring that students not only follow protocols but understand
the why behind every step.

Unlike conventional lab manuals, this eBook serves as a complete teaching and learning toolkit.
It is structured for clarity, enriched with error-free calculation formats, ready-to-use templates,
detailed viva questions, and helpful guidance for both teachers and learners.

Whether used for classroom instruction, board exam preparation, or concept reinforcement, this
manual stands out as a thoughtfully curated companion to ensure success in ISC Chemistry
Practical Exams.

- Dr. Noimur Rahman

Founder & Chief Educator, CheMentor

🔍 Motivation for Writing

This manual was born out of countless classroom experiences — watching students struggle with
titration errors, misinterpret endpoints, or feel anxious about viva questions. It also came from
conversations with fellow teachers who wished for one single resource that could offer clarity,
structure, and practicality — not just theory and procedure.

It is designed to:

• Make Chemistry hands-on and minds-on

• Bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and laboratory execution
• Equip teachers with tools to streamline their preparation and instruction
• Empower students to walk into the lab with clarity and confidence

This eBook stands apart as it doesn't just tell you what to do — it explains why, anticipates where
students go wrong, and gives you the language to teach, guide, and assess more effectively.

We hope this eBook makes your teaching more impactful and your students' learning more joyful
and exam-ready.

Page | 6
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

📘 How to Use This eBook Effectively

Whether you're a teacher using this as your core lab companion or a student preparing for
practical exams, here’s how to get the most from this ebook:

👩‍🏫 For Teachers:

• Before the Lab: Use the “Teacher’s Pre-Lab Setup Notes” to prepare reagents, set
safety reminders, and brief students.
• During Demonstration: Follow the step-by-step procedure and highlight “Common
Misconceptions” to prevent typical errors.
• Assessment: Ask viva questions from the curated list to test conceptual understanding.
• Remedial Sessions: Use the “Troubleshooting” and “Common Errors” sections to review
student mistakes.

👨‍🎓 For Students:

• Before the Practical: Read the theory and aim clearly. Understand the principle — don’t
just memorize steps.
• In the Lab: Follow the observation tables and record readings neatly in ink. Use the
sample templates to structure your report.
• After the Practical: Refer to the calculation section to practice accurate problem-
solving. Use viva questions to revise for exams.
• For Viva Prep: Don’t just memorize answers — understand why each step is done.

📌 Pro Tips:

• Always keep a copy of the safety guidelines handy.

• Use the “Result Format” to write clean conclusions during your exams.
• Teachers can extract individual experiments as handouts or PDFs for classwork and
assessments.

This ebook is not just a manual — it’s your complete guide to mastering ISC Chemistry
Practicals.

Page | 7
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

Chapter 1
🔁 Titrations
📚 Introduction to Redox Titrations
Redox titrations are a crucial part of the ISC Class XII Chemistry Practical Curriculum, making
students to explore the transfer of electrons in chemical reactions and apply this understanding to
estimate unknown concentrations, determine percentage purity, or calculate the number of water
molecules in hydrates.

These experiments involve oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions between two substances — one
acting as an oxidizing agent and the other as a reducing agent. In the case of potassium
manganate(VII) (KMnO₄), it serves as a powerful oxidizing agent in acidic medium, making it
ideal for redox titrations with compounds like ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt) and
oxalic acid.

Redox titrations offer a powerful analytical tool for determining not only molarity and
concentration but also structural properties like the number of water molecules of crystallization
in hydrates.

In this experiment, students will determine the value of x in H₂C₂O₄·xH₂O, i.e., the number of
water molecules associated with each molecule of oxalic acid in its hydrated form.

This is done by titrating the hydrated oxalic acid solution against a standard potassium
permanganate (KMnO₄) solution in acidic medium. The redox reaction between C₂O₄²⁻ and
MnO₄⁻ is self-indicating — KMnO₄ acts as a self-indicator, turning from colorless to light pink
at the endpoint.

This experiment builds on foundational concepts:

• Redox reactions
• Stoichiometry
• Molarity calculations
• Molecular mass determination
• Understanding of hydrates

Page | 8
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

🧪 Why These Experiments?

• Reinforce theoretical concepts such as oxidation states, electron transfer, and
stoichiometry.
• Teach precision in volumetric analysis and observation skills.
• Develop critical thinking by connecting lab results to real-world applications (e.g.,
metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment).
• Provide hands-on experience with self-indicating titrations where KMnO₄ acts as its own
indicator due to its intense color change from colorless to faint pink.

🧠 Key Concepts Covered:

Concept Description
Redox Reactions Electron transfer between species — oxidation and reduction
occur simultaneously
Self-Indicating No external indicator needed — KMnO₄ provides visual endpoint
Titrations
Molarity & Used to express solution strength; calculated using reaction
Concentration stoichiometry
Percentage Purity Helps determine how much of the sample is active ingredient vs
impurities
Water of Crystallization Number of water molecules bound in a crystal lattice —
determined via molar mass differences
Volumetric Analysis Accurate measurement of volumes to deduce concentration or
quantity
Equivalence Point vs Equivalence point = exact mole balance; endpoint = observed
Endpoint color change

🧪 Two Core Experiments in This Series:

1. Potassium Manganate(VII) vs Ammonium Iron(II) Sulphate (Mohr's Salt)
• Used to determine the molarity and concentration (g/L) of KMnO₄.
• Reaction:
5Fe2+ + MnO− +
4 + 8H → 5Fe
3+
+ Mn2+ + 4H2 O

2. Potassium Manganate(VII) vs Oxalic Acid

• Used to determine the number of water molecules (x) in hydrated oxalic acid.
• Reaction:
5C2 O2− − +
4 + 2MnO4 + 16H → 10CO2 + 2Mn
2+
+ 8H2 O

Page | 9
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

Note: These reactions must be carried out in acidic medium, typically using dilute
H₂SO₄, which provides protons without interfering in the redox process (unlike HCl).

🧪 Experiment 1.1 Determination of Molarity and Concentration

of KMnO₄ Using Mohr’s Salt
🎯 Aim:
To estimate the molarity and concentration in g/L of a given potassium permanganate
(KMnO₄) solution by titrating against a standard solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s
salt).

🔬 Principle:
In acidic medium, Fe²⁺ ions are oxidized to Fe³⁺ while Mn(VII) in KMnO₄ is reduced to Mn²⁺.
The balanced redox equation is:

5Fe2+ + MnO− +
4 + 8H → 5Fe
3+
+ Mn2+ + 4H2 O
Since KMnO₄ changes from purple to colorless, and the first excess drop gives a faint
permanent pink color, it acts as a self-indicator, eliminating the need for an external indicator.

🧰 Materials Required:
• Burette and stand
• Pipette (20 mL)
• Conical flask
• Standard Mohr’s salt solution (0.1 M)
• Unknown KMnO₄ solution
• Dilute H₂SO₄ (2N)
• Distilled water
• Funnel
• Thermometer (optional)

📋 A. Teacher's Pre-Lab Setup Notes

🧪 Reagent Preparation:
1. Standard Potassium Permanganate Solution (0.02 M):
• Dissolve 3.16 g of KMnO₄ in distilled water.
• Make up to 1 L in a volumetric flask.
• Store in amber bottles — light-sensitive.

Page | 10
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

2. Mohr’s Salt Solution (0.1 M):

• Weigh 39.2 g of pure Mohr’s salt [(NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6H₂O].
• Add 10 mL of dilute H₂SO₄ to prevent hydrolysis.
• Make up to 1 L with distilled water.
For determining percentage purity, use ~4.9 g of impure Mohr’s salt in 250 mL solution.
3. Dilute Sulphuric Acid (2N):
• Use 5.5–6 mL of conc. H₂SO₄ per 100 mL of water.
• Always add acid to water slowly — never reverse.

⚠️ Common Student Misconceptions to Address:

Misconception Correction
KMnO₄ can be used without KMnO₄ is unstable; always needs calibration
standardization
Dilute HCl can be used instead of HCl reacts with KMnO₄ → Cl₂ gas evolved
H₂SO₄
Pink color at any point means endpoint Endpoint is when color lasts for 30 seconds after
swirling

🔒 Safety Reminders:
• Wear gloves and goggles — KMnO₄ stains skin and fabric.
• Handle concentrated acids carefully — avoid inhalation.
• Ensure proper ventilation — especially during heating steps.

🧭 B. Step-by-Step Procedure for Students

1. Cleaning & Rinsing Apparatus:
• Rinse burette with KMnO₄ solution.
• Rinse pipette with Mohr’s salt solution.

2. Filling the Burette:

• Fill above zero mark.
• Adjust meniscus to exactly zero.
• Remove air bubbles by tapping gently or refilling.

3. Pipetting:
• Transfer 20 mL of Mohr’s salt into conical flask.
• Add 20 mL of dilute H₂SO₄ to maintain acidity.

Page | 11
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

4. Titration:
• Titrate dropwise while continuously swirling the flask.
• Stop when a faint permanent pink color appears.
5. Recording Observations:
• Use ink only — no pencil or overwriting.
• Repeat until two concordant readings are obtained.

📊 C. Observation Table Format (Student Entry)

All entries must be made in ink only — pencil not allowed.
❌ Overwriting not permitted — strike through and write neatly beside if mistake occurs.
[Link]. Initial Reading (mL) Final Reading (mL) Volume Used (mL) Concordant?
1 0.00 20.1 20.1 ❌
2 0.00 20.0 20.0 ✅
3 0.00 20.0 20.0 ✅

✅ Only [Link]. 2 and 3 will be used for calculation.

🧮 D. Calculations (Error-Free, Up to 4 Decimal Places)

Let’s assume:
• Volume of Mohr’s salt = 20.00 mL
• Molarity of Mohr’s salt = 0.1000 M
• Average volume of KMnO₄ used = 20.00 mL
From reaction:
𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑀2 𝑉2
=
𝑛1 𝑛2
Where:
• 𝑛1 = 5 (Fe²⁺)
• 𝑛2 = 1 (MnO₄⁻)
Substitute values:
0.1000 × 20.00 𝑀KMnO4 × 20.00
=
5 1
0.4000 = 𝑀KMnO4 × 20.00
0.4000
𝑀KMnO4 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐌
20.00

Page | 12
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

Concentration in g/L:
= 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.0200 × 158.03 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟔 𝐠/𝐋

📝 E. Result (Format for Students):

• The molarity of the given KMnO₄ solution is 0.0200 M.
• Its concentration is 3.1606 g/L.

📄 F. Sample Student Report Template

📝 Experiment: Estimation of Molarity and Concentration of
KMnO₄ using Mohr’s Salt
Aim:
To estimate the molarity and concentration in g/L of a given potassium permanganate solution
by titrating it against a standard ammonium iron(II) sulphate (Mohr’s salt) solution.

Theory:
The redox reaction in acidic medium is:

5Fe2+ + MnO− +
4 + 8H → 5Fe
3+
+ Mn2+ + 4H2 O
KMnO₄ acts as a self-indicator — the endpoint is marked by the appearance of a faint
permanent pink color that persists for at least 30 seconds.
Materials:
• Burette and stand
• Pipette (20 mL)
• Conical flask
• Standard Mohr’s salt solution
• Unknown KMnO₄ solution
• Dilute H₂SO₄
• Distilled water
• Funnel

Page | 13
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

Procedure:
1 Clean and rinse the burette with KMnO₄ solution.
2 Fill the burette above zero mark, then adjust to exactly zero.
3 Rinse and fill pipette with Mohr’s salt solution.
4 Pipette 20 mL of Mohr’s salt into conical flask.
5 Add 20 mL of dilute H₂SO₄ to maintain acidic conditions.
6 Titrate dropwise while swirling until faint pink color persists.
7 Record initial and final burette readings in ink only.
8 Repeat until two concordant readings are obtained.
Observations:
[Link]. Initial Reading (mL) Final Reading (mL) Volume Used (mL) Concordant?
1 0.00 20.1 20.1 ❌
2 0.00 20.0 20.0 ✅
3 0.00 20.0 20.0 ✅

✅ Only [Link]. 2 and 3 will be used for calculation.

Calculations:
Given:
• Volume of Mohr’s salt = 20.00 mL
• Molarity of Mohr’s salt = 0.1000 M
• Volume of KMnO₄ used = 20.00 mL
Using:
𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑀2 𝑉2
=
𝑛1 𝑛2
0.1000 × 20.00 𝑀KMnO4 × 20.00
=
5 1
0.4000
𝑀KMnO4 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐌
20.00
Concentration (g/L) = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.0200 × 158.03 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟔 𝐠/𝐋

Result:
• The molarity of the given KMnO₄ solution is 0.0200 M.
• Its concentration is 3.1606 g/L.

Page | 14
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

💬 G. Viva Voce Questions & Answers:

Q1. Why is KMnO₄ considered a secondary standard?
A: It absorbs moisture and decomposes on standing — needs frequent standardization.

Q2. What is the function of dilute H₂SO₄ in this titration?

A: Provides H⁺ ions — necessary for redox reaction.

Q3. Why is dilute HCl not used instead of H₂SO₄?

A: HCl reacts with KMnO₄ to release Cl₂ gas — interferes with Fe²⁺ oxidation.

Q4. What is the endpoint in this titration?

A: Appearance of a faint permanent pink color indicates excess MnO₄⁻.

Q5. What is the oxidation state of Mn in KMnO₄?

A: +7

Q6. What is the oxidation state of Mn after reduction?

A: +2 (as Mn²⁺ in solution)

Q7. Why shouldn't you heat the solution in this titration?

A: Reaction is fast at room temperature — heating may accelerate side reactions.

Q8. What is the role of Mohr’s salt in this experiment?

A: Acts as a stable source of Fe²⁺ ions for redox titration.

Q9. What happens if the endpoint is overshot?

A: Gives incorrect volume — restart the titration with fresh sample.

Q10. What is the formula of Mohr’s salt?

A: (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6H₂O

Q11. What is the confirmatory test for Fe²⁺?

A: With KMnO₄ in acidic medium → decolorization.

Q12. What is the industrial use of redox titration?

A: Used in metal content analysis, drug testing, and food processing.

Q13. What is the Tyndall effect?

A: Scattering of light by colloidal particles — used to distinguish true solutions from colloids.

Page | 15
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

Q14. What is the purpose of the white tile under the flask?
A: Enhances visibility of the faint pink color change.

Q15. Why is the burette rinsed with KMnO₄ before filling?

A: Prevents dilution from residual water.

Q16. What is the balanced equation for this reaction?

A: 5Fe²⁺ + MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ → 5Fe³⁺ + Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O

Q17. What is the real-world application of redox titrations?

A: Used in ore analysis, pharmaceuticals, and environmental monitoring.

Q18. What is the confirmatory test for oxalate ion?

A: With CaCl₂ → White precipitate of CaC₂O₄.

Q19. Why is oxalic acid preferred over other organic acids?

A: Stable, pure crystalline form; easy to weigh and dissolve.

Q20. What safety precautions should be followed?

A: Wear goggles and gloves — KMnO₄ stains skin and fabrics.

🛠️ H. Troubleshooting Tips for Teachers

Issue Cause Solution
No pink color during Incorrect volume or low Recalibrate burette; check solution
titration KMnO₄ strength freshness
Pink color disappears Premature endpoint Repeat with careful swirling
quickly
Inconsistent readings Dirty apparatus Clean thoroughly
Precipitation in flask Impure Mohr’s salt Filter solution before use
Gas evolution in flask Side reaction Check for contamination or
decomposition

🔒 I. Safety Guidelines Specific to This Experiment

• Always wear full PPE — KMnO₄ stains permanently.
• Never leave KMnO₄ bottles open — store in dark.
• Use fume hood for strong acid work.
• Dispose of Mn²⁺-containing waste properly.

Page | 16
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

BUY NOW- CLICK HERE

Page | 17
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

✨ EXCITING NEWS FOR CHEMISTRY TEACHERS! ✨

We have launched!
ISC Class XII Chemistry Laboratory Manual Specially designed for Teachers

Curriculum 2026

What makes this special?

✅ Step-by-step lab guidance

✅ Smart reagent management tips

✅ Student engagement techniques

✅ Instant troubleshooting solutions

✅ Complete safety protocols

✅ 100% ISC Board compliant

GRAND LAUNCH OFFER: 60% OFF!

Transform your chemistry labs from challenging to seamless! Join thousands of teachers who
are already revolutionizing their practical teaching.

Get ready to grab your copy: [Link]

Page | 18
[Link]
Chemistry Lab Manual I ISCXII CheMentor

Contact us

WhatsApp: 7099779727
Email: help@[Link]

Page | 19
[Link]