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PPHS 101: Introduction to Population Science
Module 6: Concepts and definitions
Migration
Md. Sanaul Haque Mondal
Department of Social Relations
East West University, Bangladesh
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Definition (cont.)
Migration
• According to Haupt, Kane, & Haub (2011) According to UN Multilingual Demographic Dictionary
“Migration is the geographic movement of people across “Migration is a form of geographical mobility or spatial mobility
between one geographical unit and another, generally involving a
a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a
change in residence from the place of origin or place of
new permanent or semipermanent residence.”
departures to the place of destination or place of arrival.”
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Types of migrations
• Migration is distinguished from residential mobility (such as
moving to an apartment down the hall or home three block • International migration: is the movement of people between
countries
away)
• Migration and residential mobility are also distinguished from • Domestic or internal migration: relates to population movements
within a country.
vacating, tourism, or temporary work assignment.
• You may be a traveler or perhaps a daily commuter from your
home to work. These activities represent mobility, but not migration.
(Source: Poston and Bouvier, 2010)
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Internal migration (cont.)
Internal migration
• In-migration refers to the residential migration of persons to an
• Internal migration is the change of permanent residence within a
area of destination;
country, involving a geographical move that crosses a political
boundary, usually a county or county-type geographical unit.
• out-migration refers to the migration of persons from an area of
origin.
• Not all changes in residence are migrations
• Return migration is the migration of persons back to their area
• Any person who changes residence, whether the change involves
moving across the street or from Aftabnagar to Badda, is a mover. of origin at some time after their initial out-migration.
(Source: Poston and Bouvier, 2010) (Source: Poston and Bouvier, 2010)
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Origin and destination Net migration
• Please of origin/ place of departure: • Net migration refers to the migration balance of an area,
The place from a move is made is the place of origin or
departure consisting of the number of in-migrants minus the number of
out-migrants
• Place of destination/place of arrival:
• Net balance may be positive (representing a net population gain
The place of arrival or the place of destination refers to the
place at which a move terminates. to the area) or negative (representing a net loss) or,
conceivably, zero.
(Source: Poston and Bouvier, 2010)
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Gross migration Migration efficiency
• Gross migration is the sum of migration for an area and is • Migration efficiency is an area’s net migration divided by its gross
comprised of the in-migration into the area plus the out- migration.
migration from the area. • Migration in an area may be efficient or inefficient.
• For example, if there has been a lot of in-migration and little out-
migration (i.e., most of the migrants have moved in and very few
have moved out), then the migration is positively efficient. This is a
case with little turnover of people, that is, not much milling around.
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Migration stream
• Migration could be negatively efficient if there has been very little in-
migration and a lot of out-migration. • A migration stream is a body of migrants departing from a
• Migration is not effective (it is inefficient) for an area when there are common area of origin and arriving at a common area of
about the same numbers of persons migrating into the area as there destination during a specified time interval.
are persons migrating out of the area.
• High negative migration efficiency characterizes areas of economic
hardship, whereas high positive efficiency is often found in areas
experiencing economic expansion
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Migration counterstream Immigration and Emigration
• A migration counterstream is the migration stream, smaller in • Immigration refers to the migration of people into a new country
size, going in the opposite direction during the same time for the purpose of establishing permanent residence
interval.
• Emigration refers to the permanent departure of people from a
country
(Source: Poston & Bouvier, 2010)
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Measures of migration
Immigrant and emigrant
• An immigrant is a person who enters a new country of
permanent residence and crosses an international boundary in
doing so.
• An emigrant is one who migrates away from a country with the
I refers to the number of in-migrants moving into an area during a certain time
intention of establishing a permanent residence elsewhere. interval (usually 1 or 5 or 10 years);
O refers to the number of out-migrants moving out of an area during a certain time
interval;
• Remigration refers to the migration of international migrants P is the denominator and refers to the midyear or average size of the population of
the area.
back to their original countries of origin.
(Source: Poston & Bouvier, 2010) (Source: Poston & Bouvier, 2010)
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Population
30763567
1544477
17893522
18367237
(Source: Poston & Bouvier, 2010) (Source: Poston & Bouvier, 2010)
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Forced Migration (Involuntary migration) Sources of migration data
• A forced migrant is someone who has been forced to leave his or her a) Census
home because of a real or perceived threat to life and well-being.
b) Survey
• Types:
c) Population register
i. Internally displaced: still in their original country but not in • Port statistics
their original residence. • Passport statistics
• Transit statistics
ii. Refugees: have been forced into another country. • Transport contracts statistics
iii. Slavery (human trafficking) • Population register statistics
(Source: Weeks, 2020)
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Theories of Migration Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
• The first attempt to spell out the ‘laws of migration’ was made by
E.G. Ravenstein in 1885.
• Ravenstein's Laws of Migration (E.G. Ravenstein) • He identified a set of generalizations “Laws of Migration”
• Gravity Model of Migration (W.J. Reilly and G.K. Zipf) concerning inter-county migration in Britain.
• Lee’s Theory of Migration (Everett Lee)
• Most of these generalizations hold good even today.
(Source: Anderson, 2014)
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1. Most migrations are over a short distance
6. Women are more often internal migrants than men. Men are
2. Migration often occurs in steps more likely to be long-distance or international migrants
3. Long-range migrations are usually to urban areas 7. Most migrants are adults
4. Each migration flow produces a counter-migration flow in the 8. Urban places grow more by migration than by natural increase
opposite direction
9. Migration increases with economic development
5. Rural residents are more likely to migrate than urban
10. Migration is usually motivated by economic reasons.
residents
(Source: Anderson, 2014) (Source: Anderson, 2014)
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Lee’s Theory (cont.)
Lee’s Theory of Migration
Everett Lee proposed theory of migration in 1966: a. Factors associated with the Area of Origin:
• There are many factors which motivate people to leave their
a. Factors associated with the Area of Origin
place of origin to outside area. They are push factors.
b. Factors associated with the Area of Destination
c. Intervening Obstacles
d. Personal Factors
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c. Intervening Obstacles:
• There are intervening obstacles like distance and transportation
b. Factors associated with the Area of Destination
which increase migrant selectivity of the area of destination.
• There are very attractive forces at the area of destination to
• These obstacles have been lessened in modern times with
which the proportion of “selectivity” migrants is high. According
technological advances.
to Lee, such forces are found in metropolitan areas of a country.
• Lee also refers to cost of movements, ethnic barriers and
Pull factors are present in such areas.
personal factors as intervening obstacles.
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d. Personal Factors:
• Lastly, it is the personal factors on which the decision to migrate
from the place of origin to the place of destination depends.
• In fact, it is an individual’s perception of the ‘pull and push
forces’ which influence actual migration.
• He categorizes these forces into “pluses” and “minuses”
• Pluses are pull factors
respectively.
• Minuses are push factors
• “Zeros” which balance the competing forces
(Source: Lee, 1966)
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• According to Lee, it is the personal factors such as age, sex, • Lee has formulated three hypotheses within the conceptual
race and education which along with the pull-push factors and framework of the above noted four factors.
intervening obstacles that determine migration. Characteristics of Migrants
• Further, there are sequential migrants such as children and Volume of Migration
wives of migrants who have little role in the decision to migrate. Streams and Counter-streams of Migration
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Differential migration References
• Poston DL and Bouvier LF (2010) Population and Society: An Introduction to Demography. Cambridge University Press.
• Differential migration by age • Haupt, A., Kane, T. T., & Haub, C. (2011). PRB's population handbook.
• Lucas, D., Mcdonald, P., Young, E., & Young, C. (1980). Beginning Population Studies: Demography Teaching Notes 2.
• Differential migration by sex • Lucas, D., & Roettger, M. E. (2021). The scope of population studies and demography. In Beginning Population Studies
3rd Edition. ANU Press.
• Differential migration by marital status • Bhende, A. A., & Kanitkar, T. (2019). Principles of population studies. Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House (19th
Edition).
• Yusuf, F., Swanson, D. A., & Martins, J. M. (2014). Methods of demographic analysis. Springer: Germany
• Differential migration by educational attainment • BBS. (2021). Report on Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics 2018. Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
• Weeks, J. R. (2020). Population: An introduction to concepts and issues. Cengage Learning.
• Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3, 47-57.
• Anderson, B. A. (2014). World population dynamics: an introduction to demography. Pearson Higher Ed.
(Source: Bhende, & Kanitkar, 2019)
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