Important Questions from Module 4
1. What is the nature of antigen-antibody interactions, and which types of bonds are involved?
2. Define and differentiate between affinity and avidity in antibody binding.
3. What is cross-reactivity in antigen-antibody reactions? Give examples.
4. Explain the principle and applications of the Avidin-Biotin interaction system.
5. List and explain different types of serological tests used to study antigen-antibody reactions.
6. What is the Precipitation reaction? Explain the precipitation curve and zones (prozone, postzone,
equivalence).
7. Compare and contrast Single Radial Immunodiffusion and Double Immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony
method).
8. What is Immunoelectrophoresis? How does it differ from simple immunodiffusion?
9. Describe the principle and application of Rocket Electroimmunodiffusion.
10. What is Radioimmunoassay (RIA)? Describe its principle and significance in diagnostics.
11. Outline the steps involved in the production of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma
technology.
12. List the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
13. What are the types of ELISA techniques? Explain with advantages and applications of each
(Direct, Indirect, Sandwich, Competitive).
14. What is Western Blotting? Describe its steps and applications in disease diagnosis.
15. Explain the principle and applications of flow cytometry. How is forward and side scatter used in
cell analysis?
16. What is the principle of Western blotting and how is it used in disease diagnosis?
17. Describe the five main steps of Western blotting.
18. Explain the role of SDS-PAGE in protein separation for Western blotting.
19. How is a membrane used in Western blotting and what is immunoblotting?
20. List key applications of Western blotting in medical and research settings.
21. Define flow cytometry and mention its main components.
22. Explain forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC) in flow cytometry. What do they indicate?
23. What are the major steps in the flow cytometry workflow?
24. What are CD markers, and why are they important in flow cytometry?
25. What are fluorochromes? Name at least four commonly used fluorescent dyes.
26. How does fluorescence emission work in the context of flow cytometry?
27. Differentiate between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Mention one disadvantage of each.
28. What is the HAT medium and how is it used in hybridoma technology?
29. List and explain the diagnostic applications of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs).
30. Describe the therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies with examples.
31. How are MAbs used in drug delivery and immunotoxin therapy?
32. What are catalytic MAbs (abzymes) and give one application.
33. Explain the concept and advantages of humanized monoclonal antibodies.
34. What are the limitations of monoclonal antibodies in immunological assays?
35. Compare flow cytometry with Western blotting in terms of sensitivity and application.
36. What is FACS (Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting) and how does it differ from regular flow
cytometry?
37. Describe the three core systems of a flow cytometer (fluidics, optics, and electronics).
38. What is hydrodynamic focusing and why is it crucial in flow cytometry?
39. Explain how a histogram and dot plot are interpreted in flow cytometry.
40. What is a gating strategy in flow cytometry? How is it used to isolate specific cell populations?
41. What are the common applications of flow cytometry in clinical and research settings?
42. How is flow cytometry used in stem cell analysis and cancer detection?
43. What is immunophenotyping and how is it performed using flow cytometry?
44. What types of cells can be detected and sorted using flow cytometry?
45. How is flow cytometry used in drug discovery and development?
46. What are the major advantages of using fluorochromes in antibody labeling?
47. How is DNA content measured using flow cytometry?
48. What is the significance of forward scatter vs side scatter when analyzing blood cells?
49. What are some common fluorescent dyes and their emission wavelengths used in flow
cytometry?
50. Explain the application of flow cytometry in transplantation research.
51. Describe the role of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers in immune cell characterization.
52. What is the principle behind fluorescence detection in flow cytometry?
53. What is the role of FITC and PE in flow cytometry?
54. How are rare cell types like adult stem cells isolated using flow cytometry?
55. Compare and contrast Western blotting and flow cytometry in terms of detection method,
application, and sample type.