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Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Chapter 4 discusses chemical bonding and molecular structure, explaining why atoms combine for stability and detailing types of bonds: ionic, covalent, and coordinate. It covers key concepts such as Lewis dot structures, the octet rule, formal charge, bond parameters, VSEPR theory, hybridization, molecular orbital theory, and hydrogen bonding. The chapter emphasizes the relationship between bond order, bond strength, and molecular shape.

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4 views2 pages

Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Chapter 4 discusses chemical bonding and molecular structure, explaining why atoms combine for stability and detailing types of bonds: ionic, covalent, and coordinate. It covers key concepts such as Lewis dot structures, the octet rule, formal charge, bond parameters, VSEPR theory, hybridization, molecular orbital theory, and hydrogen bonding. The chapter emphasizes the relationship between bond order, bond strength, and molecular shape.

Uploaded by

amrutharamesh709
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🧪 Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

1. Why Do Atoms Combine? Atoms combine to become more stable (attain noble gas
configuration).

Stable configuration = 8 electrons (octet rule) in outer shell (except H, He → duplet).

2. Types of Chemical Bonds 🧊 Ionic Bond Complete transfer of electrons from metal to non-
metal.

Forms ions:

Metals lose electrons → cations

Non-metals gain electrons → anions

Example: NaCl → Na⁺ and Cl⁻

🌐 Covalent Bond Sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Usually occurs between non-metals.

Example: H₂O, CH₄, O₂

💥 Coordinate (Dative) Bond Both electrons in the bond come from the same atom.

Example: NH₄⁺

3. Lewis Dot Structures Represents valence electrons using dots around element symbols.

Example:

O → •O•

H₂O → H:O:H (dots shown for lone pairs)

4. Octet Rule Atoms tend to complete 8 electrons in outer shell.

Limitations:

Incomplete octet: BeCl₂, BF₃

Expanded octet: PCl₅, SF₆

Odd electron species: NO, NO₂

5. Formal Charge Formula Formal Charge = Valence electrons − Lone pair electrons − 1 2 ×
Bond pair electrons Formal Charge=Valence electrons−Lone pair electrons− 2 1
×Bond pair electrons

6. Bond Parameters A. Bond Length Distance between nuclei of bonded atoms.

Depends on size of atoms & bond order.

B. Bond Angle Angle between two bonds at an atom.

C. Bond Enthalpy Energy required to break one mole of bonds.

More bond enthalpy → stronger bond.


D. Bond Order Number of bonds between two atoms.

Ex: Single bond = 1, Double = 2, Triple = 3

Higher bond order = shorter, stronger bond

7. VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Shape of molecule depends on
repulsion between electron pairs.

Lone pair > Bond pair repulsion.

Type (ABxEy) Example Shape Bond Angle AB2 BeCl₂ Linear 180° AB3 BF₃ Trigonal Planar 120° AB4 CH₄
Tetrahedral 109.5° AB3E NH₃ Pyramidal ~107° AB2E2 H₂O Bent ~104.5°

8. Hybridisation Mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals.

Types and Shapes:

Type Orbitals Mixed Shape Example sp 1 s + 1 p Linear BeCl₂ sp² 1 s + 2 p Trigonal planar BF₃ sp³ 1 s +
3 p Tetrahedral CH₄ sp³d 1 s + 3 p + 1 d Trigonal bipyramidal PCl₅ sp³d² 1 s + 3 p + 2 d Octahedral SF₆

9. Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) Atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals.

Bonding MO = lower energy

Antibonding MO = higher energy

Bond Order = ½ (Nb - Na)

Nb = no. of bonding electrons

Na = no. of antibonding electrons

10. Hydrogen Bonding Attractive force between H atom bonded to F, O, or N and a lone pair on
another F/O/N.

Types:

Intermolecular → between molecules (e.g., water)

Intramolecular → within same molecule (e.g., o-nitrophenol)

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