Finger Cards APPENDIX 1

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 Tally Cards APPENDIX 2

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 APPENDIX 3
Bead Cards

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 Sandpaper Numbers APPENDIX 4

The numbers are backward so they can be glued

(or traced) on the back of 3M’s Safety-Walk
Tread or Tape. A layout for the tape is shown
below on the left.
13.5 in

Placement of the green dots.

These Sandpaper Numbers
are used in game N11,
Writing Numbers.

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 APPENDIX 5

18
9
17
16
8
15
14
7
13
12
6
11
Line

10

Number Chart
Sum Line

Chart
5

Ten-Strip
Ten-strip
CotterSum

Number
9
Cotter

8
4
7
6
3
5
4
2
3
2
1
1
0
0

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 APPENDIX 6
Dot Cards

even
odd
even
odd
even
odd
even
odd
even
odd

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 APPENDIX 7

Swim to Ten Game

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© Activities for Learning, Inc. 2010, 2024 Math Card Games: Over 300 Games for Learning and Enjoying Math
 APPENDIX 8
Swim to Ten Game Advanced

10
1

10
1

10
1

10
1

10
1

10
1

10
1

10
1

10
1

10

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© Activities for Learning, Inc. 2010, 2024 Math Card Games: Over 300 Games for Learning and Enjoying Math
 APPENDIX 9
Place-Value Cards (2 sets)

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 APPENDIX 10

Addition Strategies
Strategies are a way to learn a fact or to recall a forgotten fact. These strategies are not to be
taught as rules, but should be thought of a powerful visual tool. Counting should be discouraged
because it is slow, often inaccurate, and unmindful of place value. Some facts can be learned
with more than one strategy. Also teach the names of the strategies.
Number plus 1. Adding 1 to a number is the next number.
Even number plus 2. Adding 2 to an even number is the next even number.
Odd number plus 2. Adding 2 to an odd number is the next odd number.
Adding 5 plus numbers 1 to 4. Adding 5 to a number is obvious on fingers or the abacus.
What makes 10. Enter 10 on the abacus. Separate one quantity and see what’s left.
Adding 9. Enter 9 on the first wire and the other number, for example, 4 on the second wire. Take 1
from the 4 and give it to the 9 to make a ten. The sum is 10 plus 3, or 13.
Adding 8. This strategy is similar to adding 9. Two beads are moved back, which is similar to count-
ing by 2s backward.
Two-fives. Both numbers need to be between 5 and 10. For example, enter 8 and 7 on two wires of the
abacus. The sum is 10 plus the “leftovers,” 3 and 2.
Doubles. New facts with the doubles are 3 + 3 and 4 + 4. Beyond 4 + 4 they can be seen as the
Two Fives strategy.
Near Doubles. New facts with the doubles are 3 + 4 and 4 + 5. Beyond 4 + 5 they can be seen as the
Two Fives strategy.
Relating facts. There are four facts not covered with these strategies: 6 + 3, 3 + 6, 4 + 7, and 7 + 4.
They can be seen in relation to the 10’s facts.

Making 10: 8 + 2 = 10.

Doubles: 4 + 4.

Near doubles:
4 + 5.
Even + 2. Odd + 2. Adding 9: 9 + 4 becomes 10 + 3.

Two 5s: 8 + 7 = 10 plus 3 and 2. Relating facts: if 6 + 4 = 10, then

6 + 3 = 9.

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11 APPENDIX

Subtraction Strategies
A child should know all the addition facts before attempting to master the subtraction facts to
avoid confusing the two. Some addition strategies require subtracting and some subtraction
strategies require adding. The whole point of strategies is that they be efficient and accurate.
Visual strategies are very powerful. Counting is not an efficient strategy.
Some facts can be learned with more than one strategy. Teach the names of the strategies.
Part/whole circles. Part/whole circles, as shown below, Part-whole circles
help children see the correlation between addition and 10 showing 10 = 4 + 6,
subtraction. The whole is written in the large circle and 10 – 4 = 6, and
the parts in the smaller circles. They also help children 10 – 6 = 4.
solve word problems.
Subtracting 1. Subtracting 1 from a number is the previous 4 6
number.
Subtracting 2. Subtracting 2 from an even number is the previous even number. Subtracting 2 from
an odd number is the previous odd number.
Subtracting consecutive numbers. Explain the meaning of consecutive. The result is 1.
Subtracting from 10. These were learned first with the Go to the Dump game.
Subtracting from 9 and 11. Do these by comparing them to subtracting from 10.
The facts ≤ 10. The above strategies include all the facts with the following exceptions: 6 – 3, 7
– 3, 7 – 4, 8 – 3, 8 – 4, and 8 – 5. Two 8 facts easily can be seen with 5 as one part. The
remaining four facts can be found with the following Going Up strategy.
Going Up < 10. The Going Up strategy works for any fact. To subtract 9 – 6, start with 6 and
re-member how much is needed to get to 9. [3] If the number being subtracted is less than 5,
first find how much is needed to go to 5 and then add the amount over 5.

Going up: 9 – 6, start at 6 and go Going up: 7 – 3, start at 3, go up

up to 9 by adding 3, the answer. to 5, then go up to 7. The answer
is 4, the total added.
Going Up > 10. Use the same procedure for subtracting from numbers over 10. For 13 – 9, it takes 1
to get to 10 and 3 to get to 13; so the answer is 1 + 3 = 4. See the left figure below.

Going up: 13 – 9, start at 9, go Subtracting from 10: 15 – 9, sub-

up to 10, then go up to 13. The tract 9 from the 10, then 1 + 5 = 6.
answer is 4, the total added.

Subtracting from a 10. Subtracting 15 – 9 can be also thought of as subtracting 9 from the 10,
getting 1, and adding the result to 5 to get 6. See right figure above.
Derived strategies. Of course, there are also derived strategies. For example, if you know 12 – 6 =
6, then 13 – 6 = 7.
Doubles and near doubles. The doubles and near doubles are not very obvious in subtraction, and
therefore, not good strategies.

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 APPENDIX 12

Hundred Chart

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

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 APPENDIX 13
Clock A

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 APPENDIX 14
Clock B

12
11 1
10 2

9 3

8 4
7 5
6

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 APPENDIX 15
Clocks on the Hour

12 12 12
11 1 11 1 11 1
10 2 10 2 10 2

9 3 9 3 9 3

8 4 8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5 7 5
6 6 6
12 12 12
11 1 11 1 11 1
10 2 10 2 10 2

9 3 9 3 9 3

8 4 8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5 7 5
6 6 6
12 12 12
11 1 11 1 11 1
10 2 10 2 10 2

9 3 9 3 9 3

8 4 8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5 7 5
6 6 6
12 12 12
11 1 11 1 11 1
10 2 10 2 10 2

9 3 9 3 9 3

8 4 8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5 7 5
6 6 6
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 APPENDIX 16

Tags for the Hour and the Half Hour

1:00 2:00 3:00

4:00 5:00 6:00

7:00 8:00 9:00

10:00 11:00 12:00

1:30 2:30 3:30

4:30 5:30 6:30

7:30 8:30 9:30

10:30 11:30 12:30

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 APPENDIX 17
Clocks on the Half Hour

11 12 11 12 11 12
1 1 1
10 2 10 2 10 2

9 3 9 3 9 3

8 4 8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5 7 5
6 6 6
11 12 11 12 11 12
1 1 1
10 2 10 2 10 2

9 3 9 3 9 3

8 4 8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5 7 5
6 6 6
11 12 11 12 11 12
1 1 1
10 2 10 2 10 2

9 3 9 3 9 3

8 4 8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5 7 5
6 6 6
11 12 11 12 12
1 1 11 1
10 2 10 2 10 2

9 3 9 3 9 3

8 4 8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5 7 5
6 6 6
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 APPENDIX 18
Multiples Patterns

1 2 3 4 5 5 10 3 6 9
15 20
6 7 8 9 10 12 15 18
25 30
21 24 27
2 4 6 8 10 35 40
30
45 50
12 14 16 18 20

7 14 21
4 8 12 16 20
28 35 42
24 28 32 36 40
49 56 63

70
6 12 18 24 30
36 42 48 54 60
8 16 24 32 40
48 56 64 72 80
10 20 30 40 50

60 70 80 90 100
9 18 27 36 45
Cut out and tape each of the 10 skip
counting layouts onto 10 envelopes. In- 90 81 72 63 54
sert into each envelope 10 cards with the
same numbers as are on the envelope.
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 APPENDIX 19

Multiplication Table

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

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 APPENDIX 20

Short Multiplication Tables

1 1
2 4 2 4
3 6 9 3 6 9
4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16
5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25
6 12 18 24 30 36 6 12 18 24 30 36
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 7 14 21 28 35 42 49
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1 1
2 4 2 4
3 6 9 3 6 9
4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16
5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25
6 12 18 24 30 36 6 12 18 24 30 36
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 7 14 21 28 35 42 49
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Cut out the two squares above. Fold back on the heavy lines to make the tables stand up.
See below for examples for use.
1 1 1
2 4 2 4 2 4
3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16
5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25
6 12 18 24 30 36 6 12 18 24 30 36 6 12 18 24 30 36
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 7 14 21 28 35 42 49
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

6 x 6 = 36 4 x 8 = 32 7 x 9 = 63

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 APPENDIX 21
Fraction Chart

10
1
9
1
1
8
1
7
1
6
5
1
1
4

10
1
3

9
1

1
1
8
7
1

10
1
1

1
2

9
1
5
1

1
8

10
1
1
7
1
4

9
1
1
6

1
8

10
1
1

9
1

10
1
1
8
1
6

9
1
1
4

1
7

10
1
1
8
5
1

9
1

10
1
1

1
2

1
7
1
8
3

9
1

10
1
1
4

5
1

1
6

7
1

1
8

10
9
1

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