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Statistics: Sampling, Probability & Data Analysis

The document contains various statistical problems related to population sampling, data classification, and probability calculations. It includes examples of determining populations and samples, classifying data as discrete or continuous, and solving probability problems involving different scenarios. The document serves as a review of key concepts in statistics and probability.

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4 views7 pages

Statistics: Sampling, Probability & Data Analysis

The document contains various statistical problems related to population sampling, data classification, and probability calculations. It includes examples of determining populations and samples, classifying data as discrete or continuous, and solving probability problems involving different scenarios. The document serves as a review of key concepts in statistics and probability.

Uploaded by

nguyenthitragiangdh
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Review Chapter 2

I) Population and sample


1) Government want in know how American citizens feel about the war in Iraq. They
randomly select 500 citizens from each state and ask them about their feeling. What are
the sample?
A. All of Iraq citizens
B. All of American citizens
C. 500 American citizens
D. 500 Iraq citizens
E. None of them

2) You want to know the mean income of the subscribers to a particular magazine. You
draw a random sample of 100 subscribers and determine that their mean income i is
$27,500. What are the population and the sample?
3) A sample of 50 patients is selected from among the patients admitted to the ER at a
hospital, and it is found that 28% have no health insurance.
4) A city engineering wants to estimate the average weekly water consumption for single-
family dwelling units in the city. 50 single-families are chosen randomly. And it is found
that 25 families consumpt 30m^3 water per month.
5) A medical scientist wants to estimate the average length of time until the recurrence of
a certain disease. He randomly choose 50 medical records of patients and carefully
recorded length of time until the recurrence of a certain disease of each patient.

II) Classify each set of data as discrete or continuous


1) The number of suitcases lost by an airline.
2) The height of corn plants.
3) The number of ears of corn produced.
4) The number of green M&M's in a bag.
5) The time it takes for a car battery to die.
6) The production of tomatoes by weight.
7) A 5 question quiz is given in a Math class. The number of correct answers on a
student's quiz
8) The height of trees at a nursery
9) The length of time it takes for a light bulb to burn out
III) Find probability of an event

1) In a class of 30 students, there are 17 girls and 13 boys. 12 are good students, and nine of
these students are girls. If a student is chosen at random, what is the probability of
choosing a boy or a good student?
A. 19/30 B. 11/15 C. 17/180 D. None of the above
2) In the United States, 43% of people wear a seat belt while driving. If two people are
chosen at random, what is the probability that both of them wear a seat belt?
A. 86% B. 18% C. 57% D. None of the above
3) In a school, 14% of students take drama and computer classes, and 67% take drama class,
30% take computer class. What is the probability that a student takes computer class
given that the student does not take drama class?
A. 81% B. 21% C. 48% D. None of the above
4) In a shipment of 100 televisions, 6 are defective. If a person buys two televisions from
that shipment, what is the probability that at least one television are defective?
A. 0.11697 B. 0.34723 C. 0.1467 D. None of the above

5) In a pet store, there are 6 puppies, 9 kittens, 4 gerbils and 7 parakeets. If a pet is chosen at
random, what is the probability of choosing a puppy or a parakeet?
A. 1.15/6 B. 1/2 C. 11/26 D. None of the above

6. The probability of a New York teenager owning a skateboard is 0.37, of owning a bicycle
is 0.81 and of owning both is 0.36. If a New York teenager is chosen at random, what is the
probability that the teenager owns a skateboard or a bicycle?
A. 1.18 B. 0.7 C. 0.82 D. None of the above

7. A jar contains 6 red balls, 3 green balls, 5 white balls and 7 yellow balls. Two balls are
chosen from the jar, with replacement. What is the probability that both balls chosen are
green?
A. 6/441 B. 2/49 C. 1/49 D. None of the above
8. A nationwide survey showed that 65% of all children in the United States dislike eating
vegetables. If 4 children are chosen at random, what is the probability that all 4 dislike eating
vegetables? (Round your answer to the nearest percent.)
A. 18% B. 26% C. 2% D. None of the above

9. On a math test, 5 out of 20 students got an A. If three students are chosen at random
without replacement, what is the probability that all three got an A on the test?
A. 1/114 B. 25/1368 C. 3/400 D. None of the above

10. In New York State, 48% of all teenagers own a skateboard and 39% of all teenagers own
a skateboard and roller blades. What is the probability that a teenager owns roller blades
given that the teenager owns a skateboard?
A. 87% B. 81% C. 12% D. None of the above

11. At a middle school, 18% of all students play football and basketball and 32% of all
students play football. What is the probability that a student plays basketball given that the
student plays football?
A. 56% B. 78% C. 50% D. None of the above

12. If an aircraft is present in a certain area, a radar correctly registers its presence with
probability 0.99. If it is not present, the radar falsely registers an aircraft presence with
probability 0.10. We assume that an aircraft is present with probability 0.05. What is the
probability of false alarm (a false indication of aircraft presence), and the probability of missed
detecation (nothing registers, even though an aircraft is present)?

Answer: 0.095 & 0.0005


13. The phone lines to an airline reservation system are occupied 40% of the time. Assume
that the events that the lines are occupied on successive calls are independent. Assume
that 10 calls are placed to the airline.
a) What is the probability that for exactly three calls the lines are occupied? (answer:
0.215)
b) What is the probability that for at least one call the lines are not occupied? (answer:
0.999)
14. You enter a chess tournament where your probability of winning a game is 0.3 against
half the players (call them type 1), 0.4 against a quarter of the players (call them type 2),
and 0.5 against the remaining quarter of the players (call them type 3). You play a game
against a randomly chosen opponent. What is the probability of winning?
Answer_ 0.375

15. A test for a certain rare disease is assumed to be correct 95% of the time. If a person has
the disease, the test results are positive with probability 0.95 and if the person does not
have the disease, the test results are negative with probability 0.95. A random person
drawn from a certain population has probability 0.001 of having the disease. Given that
the person just tested positive, what is the probability of having the disease?
Answer: 0.0187
16. Three cards are drawn from an ordinary 52-card deck without replacement. Find the
probability that none of the three cards is a heart.
Answer: 0.414

17. Let P(A) = 0.1; P(B) = 0.2. Which of the followings are true?
a) If A and B are independent, they are mutually exclusive.
b) If A and B are disjoint, they are independent.
c) If P(A∪ B) = 0.28, A and B are independent,
d) If P(A∪B) = 0.3, A and B are mutually exclusive.
18. In a certain county, 60% of registered voters are Republicans, 30% are Democrats,
10%are Independents. When those voters are asked about increasing military
spending, 40% of Republicans opposed it, 65% of the Democrats opposed it, 55% of
the Independents opposed it.
a) What is the probability that a randomly selected voter in this county opposes increased
military spending? (0.49)
b) A registered voter from our county writes a letter to the local paper ,arguing against
increased military spending. What is the probability that this voter is a Democrat? (0.398)

19. Just for the heck of it Bob decides to take a test for AIDS and it comes back positive.
The test is 99% effective (1%FP and FN). Suppose 0.3% of the population in Bob’s
“bracket” has AIDS. What is the probability that he has AIDS?( 0.23).
20. We toss a fair coin three times. Find the probability of an event that more heads than
tails come up given that the first toss is a head. (3/4).

21.
We roll a fair four-side die. If the result is 1 or 2, we roll one more but otherwise, we
stop. What is the probability that the sum of our rolls is at least 4? (9/16).

Common questions

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Given that the test correctly identifies the disease 95% of the time, and the prevalence of the disease is 0.1%, the probability that a person truly has the disease given a positive result can be calculated using Bayes' theorem. The high false positive rate reduces the reliability of the positive outcome, resulting in a real probability of having the disease at only 0.0187, indicating a substantial misclassification issue .

The expected outcome of the dice rolling event involves computing the total probabilities for sums of 4 or greater using probability trees combining outcomes from a first roll result between 1 and 2 and any subsequent rolls. Specifically, the probability of achieving a sum of at least 4 is calculated by considering the possibility of rolling a 1 or 2 initially, then another roll leading to possible sums meeting the criteria based on combinations and their respective probabilities .

The number of suitcases lost by an airline is classified as discrete data because it consists of countable quantities that can only take integer values .

The probability that more heads than tails appear in three tosses of a fair coin, given that the first toss is a head, involves assessing the scenarios for the remaining two tosses: HT, TH, and HH. Out of the four possible outcomes, three result in more heads than tails, yielding a probability of 3/4 .

The probability of a false alarm, where the radar incorrectly registers the presence of an aircraft while it isn't present, is 0.095. In contrast, the probability of missed detection, where the radar fails to register the presence of an aircraft when it is present, is much lower at 0.0005 .

To evaluate the probability of not drawing a heart in three consecutive draws, calculate the probability of selecting 3 non-heart cards sequentially. This involves multiplying the probabilities of drawing the remaining 39 non-heart cards from 52 on the first draw, 38 out of 51 on the second, and 37 out of 50 on the third. The resultant probability reflects the cumulative likelihood of this event, calculated at about 0.414 .

The probability of selecting a voter who opposes increased spending is calculated by considering the weighted sum of opposition within each party: Republicans (0.4 * 0.6), Democrats (0.65 * 0.3), and Independents (0.55 * 0.1). The resulting probability is 0.49 .

When P(A ∪ B) equals the sum of P(A) and P(B), it suggests that events A and B are mutually exclusive, meaning they cannot occur simultaneously. However, if P(A ∪ B) is less than the sum of P(A) and P(B), it may imply that the events are not mutually exclusive, depending on the intersection. Independence implies no influence over each other, represented by P(A ∪ B) being equal to P(A) + P(B) - P(A)P(B), which doesn't apply if they are mutually exclusive .

The probability of 0.375 for winning a chess game against a randomly selected opponent is derived by calculating the weighted average of winning probabilities against different player types: Type 1 (0.3), Type 2 (0.4), and Type 3 (0.5). These probabilities are weighted based on their proportional occurrence, leading to a combined probability reflecting all possible scenarios {Source 3].

In this context, the population is all American citizens, as the government wants to understand their opinions on the Iraq War. The sample is the 500 American citizens randomly selected from each state to participate in the survey .

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