Scribd
Upload
6 views39 pages

Database Notes

The document discusses various aspects of database management systems, including data abstraction levels, relational database concepts, and SQL operations. It covers topics such as schema definitions, data manipulation languages, and the importance of keys in database design. Additionally, it provides examples of SQL statements and relational algebra operations to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

God Father
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
6 views39 pages

Database Notes

The document discusses various aspects of database management systems, including data abstraction levels, relational database concepts, and SQL operations. It covers topics such as schema definitions, data manipulation languages, and the importance of keys in database design. Additionally, it provides examples of SQL statements and relational algebra operations to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

God Father
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Nea es —_ DerBrse Maveoenaur Srey Monegenent. Syston is= 1) Neatectin of taler-vclated data, 7 )N set of (oograrms to mange Whe aceres and at “pb tek ay of data, —_—fltbles = Relations] Jd _— i be) . ee | Dhysteat Level | Cchitechure of Datalboge Sytem) 7 Level of Abstraction — Newest, level of absbacttonts physical Lerel 1 Ilidhest level of abjeactfon fs view level —_Labstaaction fs bastelly hiding of data. | Vigkemthetabibatsailenertierdekls | Vhystal lovel tndepindence 1 acfers tho the abfty of DAMS Why virine oF wiloh Can change the physteal witout affecting legit loel. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | Scena & Tstare- —__» | Scheiar- The local soucbwe of he. database. | Tate The atu Conknt of the database ct a. fata otek in¥e thre, Eximple-| Relation —y Shudat —_ | I a Schema Sbiclnt id Fist_nane _last-nane Sait Gnas Anstante-7 Jetkemnlgi {6 Tekan Stag H e H 8 Daa manipulate | LenguageCom)~ Language Soe ace aripuletig he eae Weed by the gpenprele ee ig andes up = DML algo ne Mbeki gatas Ses nope dan gel Sac Kisaa of a delice cde withotbs ates stident_td Aleck tr, towse Should ye wittlen’ is follows ~ me \sdent (std. Boat ada using {Example - | srtor Name oe Coaumb_no. ——__ |] ters beet Lance . @ scanned with OKEN Scanner |SGL Statements - oe = CRETE TABLE CustomerAable | ra Custoner- nome. Vorc har (20), Customer. sleet Vorchor 20), aaa Astomer- itty Vorchac bo), REATE TELE Account Table _ | CBecourt-number varchar (20), Balance it); + lopfeel Raion Dect on the database schema . Database design _ _Fochnstance ‘Busnes dectsfon- What altetbutes shuld We record fn tho | database? + i Computer Science derision - What aclatten schemas should we hare) i huge Tega Detag on ea of He data, a Eel —Relationdhy Mol Modéts an entrispiiie as a cplletienlOhentitiessantielatonships a a thing ng oo Object, tnsthe enterpice thabis distingufshable don other *ecks. hfinhip- on asgpclatlon between diferent attaibutes. * |Dabtbaie Users = pad Users are dlilrentiatedl by the way they Expect to fnvtered Witt vbemret wilt, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 7 | Danke Use ei a an & - ; [Naive Ver Sopiictel cs, Spell User Nylon Pogeamerens scquivedoens ov ole nyt fon, Clee who do er| (Mofle sho design the, a4 Foinkeeg ct with dnc fgets YOLOVME HEY nendtfood || dhe notre Usews ute, & eye Aeowgh DML coy. fare the Aataboie [dain ressing, I Databaie Mua See EEE eet ‘Coordinates allthe actiites of the database system Mainveeponstbtties— Scheaa defittion ph 7 Spactlyog okepaty constants fii Lfason th uses —_____ x swore andaccess method deffnitin pois feet we torte = Shere an fu tsablon mod’ eaklee | iPockekechne of database bared ‘ay Valoos > ‘ued \ T [user Gla on aod a Teo-ter orthtlecture Thoce -tier archHectare: a “4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | | vows = tuples =reroWds eee - : _anienimnionien fos each ablabuae f, Caied Mbp P no altibule, ae + The spectavivaluannall? (so mamnbow of eae Aarhatee, Tncltem ted Uhat the valite ts lenown, — NAPs PBC anc formant che Ta sereRqAOHINRY Relations are unordescd’ 7 Wes OF Keys : eo IIA =I) 1. Superkes- Set of attributes with te help of sich econ eentip Tek @ tune 7 iD Taelaeeaeal slong | @ 1 © To ,Aame 2. Candidate bey The, sek of attebtes with Ue hele of which we. Can fdedbG the tuples uniquely, Zn other words, candidate key fs 7 esl be k-"@name | @ io 7 3. hs ~ Seb_of attatces. with the help of bith we con Ienihy ie byes unquele Tey ore Jed : Pk Oname or Lv | : 4 leat key- These ave the s5Candiclate keys not selected as the prinaey Ms i fongatic tag Sob of attributes withthe help of which we can tdeatity —_ Hagoles te ‘ch Consists of more Laan gne qtabute . ample- me, LD), @ scanned with OKEN Scanner cleplnane_| Salary “ane, Fiastein Phys “% “16000 wh finnte 4o000 LUSaid 11Mopy » | 60000 katz Cong Se 16000 kin Flee « 5 80000 - Gia: Bilan, p.000 nel: Sikosen Con 65000 _| 7 Califo | es | [62000 | E badt | tone | $2000 [2 Mozar Masse 40009 Gold Physics $7000 Shag Fhince | 8000 | Stolp, Phusis |» 500 ( _fe-@ia OId Name ta dy An I Ou Depb-nvare O74, Colany Ck-@gid 7 Aame dept name ‘ & Foseign Key HL that otibute whith ov Renskegmatatitet 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ae Tgortaat 5 elnssoate, fe 2 ae }—Nowme__}dlogl. name __| solany | wi a Hosen, | Piggies |. 4160 ' lwo Hoance , Gor. a EL sata Histo 60K _ Kate Coop Set 25k @) Tastoctor Table Kim Fle Tg, gok = oo eel Gnu Boley Dre _ | Srintern | Gompf 6g tiny 2s Calitet Hon | 62x | t ‘ 7 brand Com Si | 12k Mozart Muste Yor 7 Gold Aysics | 1 Bate] ssn siagh France |“ 0k dept nome butlding budget [Link] Talo! | \oo000 Biolog “hte 4000.0 © Department: Table ‘Woon te Eng Taylor 85000 Must Racard S000 ae fatorer= | 120000 Histon Rifoter 50000 Phayee 7 witson F000 e fot ~ A sule ree tert Conus natalie tanelbee eS NPARE oxunigiee S o eran Exargle - deptname ha fas fas eo relbencing epnitiment. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Shoasc ope select (0) aes clasemnte, |ReLattonal Npgbon - i | 1D. Qrovectinnt Longuye Consisting of a. set of wpenations “tnab tae one, Lor two aclations as input: and produce. anew sclation as tele seus eck(TT) eae |_Unjon (UW) z Sesesaseee SESE ee gee aio Set diffsence(—=)_ ; | Cartesan product (x) || Xname (p) ____ | SebereGor) — works 0-the B68 _—__———_—_____ eae “Te ach thanoss uhich Satis the ghen Condit om the fagut ele¥en, a > TF torget >elabton) yor Predieate e cok Foe cxomlel! Cfasbuctor) Seecree Aept_nome=" Phystes™ ~ Feom fastuctor — Relobioacl. algo mn WHERE Aepkanove = Pry oe SeLect y Ciosbuctos) Rom tosbctoe Sa boy 7 42000 luHleRe Seley 7 too 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | wD A __thesonate | om oy = NOt aS Ques Wate a veLationnl algebon qMery bo Bod tafoeeation aboull aU the Spteuctor Ancloaging do phy HO department, AtPl name = "Physica" 0 ( bostrcdor) ws “ite arelatamd. algtton ques 40 find the fntoemation shout ct the _ hshnuctors belonging to phy depbe ma salary fresber Mon em i hd a cca ee : 7 Ontpub Ore )eno-n3 _o Oe Gasbudoe)) feqtalent guectes pa oee nana a x AEC —voek on the Céboumns» | rT Cearget relation) SE eae Que WARRQ-to Alad-he name, Za, dept-nane ofall dre fstuctors droothe, _fnsbucter tale i L Chsbudpe). 3 ‘Tdjname ept-name Sues led he ames of aU the Sastoucbors Toon Comp. Sa. dept Waring salary Qreaec shan 72x fromske instructor 2€lation. Ta, CF depenane OY SC.” Realéry F200 — SHYT) rete @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ™~! chesnut, — —— He a | Compoition of Relational cprentions= | Tre result of a relational ~algelan opernttoe fs rela ton md Herefrce of [geben gpevations Can be Composed Lojetyer feto & Pele |2clatinal -a [algebra expreestno, ag seem on the last fasten ce “Touhes.— a fable ir — — a | 2ort_| rn C$ ~3) _ Spring | 2018 =e — 4 L ak 2or_| - fl2i21 2o1e - Log 207 | 4556 O 208 5565 (S-lo) bes] Sons 2019 7 {965 J Gs-39 1 Spe) 018 | 8 [50-101 Lo | Somme [2014 | — 766 I 850-30) LT Summee og. | |] $382) [ CS-190 1 Spring ohn fe [cto 2 Spoing 201% Io3te1 | C5319 7 me | 30 [itz | EF) j vo | aly pig | Lor, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner So, a cantetion preluct detwenn Snstructer bale and teaches able Kegon hy Os Mls so i 2 piAp Alia tas] ts | a el | bs | by \_|4 a bs bes || Jao ap {a4 ba hy ap fan be by oy fom | ba} by an On bs be . Snsbutoe x dnble. : foshyctoatd] Dame enone | salary | Jeadws. Z| coursed | sec id] seared ye © oro |Setason | Comps 65008 | rior | os-o1 fr | rou foes VoVO1 |Stofuson | _tomnp-ser-' | 65000 | foro! | 2-315 1 Spreeg bag lovol ivan | Comps: 65000 | Jolol (5-343 | Fal |2012 lolol SSrkavn |. Comp scr | 65000 | farain ~{F e209 — |b [Sie boy Jorol Siriasen | Come. cop | 65000 | isi |mv-197 |] | reg fooe. Ioio1__biton | Gomes, [64000 [92209 [fv [ey bo ts of the Carkesin prduche ae oot noled just wie Ui eranple as howtre (Cartesian product vill be represented Cinsbuctos x eiches). Ingo ctor: ZA = Leaches TA \ Seek ty Carlesfan freduck 2 Jon So the combinabon of select(o) anc Cacton product fs comed as Jot @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 4 Join 4 States | \oyo) Jovol iro} Nola) 1518) x io A so-lol Gide | Biggs |_| bbe | | Bioiol | || Gick ay Then 2a coustetd | 6», 1010) Go Sobicen | Cag Su _ | Novon | oat Goin | COM hae | loro | G-30 las Fiore {20k | pa | zon muna Mom | Mucic [tor | 1515 | Fin | Physts | se | 222% filtyion Laid thi bow | 22813 | Misusl | Katz | Corpsa | 76 4545) C101 Kate Copter | 95" | 18565, G-3t Al nove dep hnane solomon] CONE St [ae _|_ 2696 | Sto-21 comps: | 92K 83g21 | Gs-190 | mt | Comps. oe _| Sp | Glo Sroodt | Gon. ok _| 8362) | G-319 Kion Elec gok | 18375 | Be-h ‘Toi - Allows 10 combine a selech operatin ond a (Arleon-proly ______Operatinn Into single ogembbn Thus Cingbuctorx-teaches) ie hector. fal = [Link] Can be waitin 4, [Snstrurkor 94 teach i Tntuctos 7d = eachesstd ‘ = @ scanned with OKEN Scanner te condita Rr unton operation ¢ ts ome SS Rreeseeton“e port | gad set affevenie. Dis ) Aathle land table 2apey shoud Blow the fillovine sales - —wTable Lanet Table > shld have de same numer of Galles, ' 2 Tek Cocap og rbbibntes Should hers onactching Aonaios. ae] ‘| + + Tn onter ‘long [Link] table sxchos ‘ges “Woah in fed all Couses a lobe fall 2619 semester lor in te _ z| i | _ Spring 2018 semester, or in bi pom the beaches table. a | _ “ (tad - laches) U G “eneslees “sphy” Ayoee ce) o “ru 'N yeae= 201% ))@uree ta oer ayo (Ques WARE to vad i a af alte: courses a dang torka beta he lanes Land gring WI semesters, fron the tides able . Tr U6srnstee eh yor'2012" ore NY (Cece = “sp “ Nye =e y Jues__|WAKAG, fain He Will 201 senator butak a : ig sete leis Te _|[(Ceenester rau“ hyear "2000" ee "\= ((TReester se spih*Ayere = “roe Creches? J 3 Sebel Mlows to fad uples that [Link] telation but are not anobes, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner i | : toate, gl fit ot 6 a N tsdemaeopmste- We use Uh foe assigning forts ofa ell (lgeton. expressions to dompoveny vanables, i: WARAQ 4 Lind He Tnsbucloes fore, types and custe poet a. Cirstouctor) ) 1 Physkes — 97, Thame leanne 8) | Music — Trame (eptnames * Musics CAE) | Phases U Muse A of vel Zoas b he [Link] We _Con Use or 3 denome Opearine Pie oi cna {xe) mest “To fad. fefbemsioe chou: courses yah ly labructoes fo te Bi dlepactinent nth salary Guenter bran. FOp00 Chostouctos) dept name = “Psi” “salay A000 Caepe-naet "Alysia (Galary 28000 RSE) give toe same result 00 a jo il ay ge @ scanned with OKEN Scanner a qe _ find § fo{oomelfoa qhout Coysses 4a ‘inctuctoss fo the. : if! ysis eQuiclment. Bom Sostuctor and "edhe table, | fotraco, Lee ta.) Sethian ‘dz seachea td a ee heathe, ee ROE NRE Wag" | {nstrueloegd = toxches ian ion poe = Entity -class Fan | colos. b. Bsandl [Link]- of blades Type ot tastalloton F Sefol ‘um Brand) (pot bud S ae Ge) i A yfte-ot-festatletib0) Seal.) —| E ia : Sect No | Colae | Beondl a Ly Fea al icin \ 2. Se Ma 5. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ie | Seu | | ola || oS N XW |Enbiy = Lt is an object tat erishs and & Antic ich wale. . - Yak my got Sct of entsiies of Ke same ee Moat shore the — z ‘ Rectangles Kpreser ute} Enbly sets os, lenis sented + Pitbsoubss Listect na % me Underline fodtabes Pk * a Ne [ 2 Gere) Galanpy | Titeouctes | Ht | i [ekidect i 2 1 _| Reladinship- Tt ts an assodiatfon Among several emtiies . a D Relationship cek- Beis a set of au Lhe ae i: Igek of emtttes. Relationship. Sels with fbbiaces { “Taatel [ostauctoe Tame Shy 2D —_ dissoe, mD } Name ane. Salary dob cre ad @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | ¢ Bores- The Labels Course it and Pre Jd oe ed aces Course fd a A The dewee of aselationshipset refers to the numbers of entity sets _—Parblpating tral relationship sels 4 TPs oF Altstbutes /Gnglex Mibsibukes 7 : __ 4b 8a | Je eat op gS Bee abbsfbybe~ ID" gender (Connot be cided 2nko smaller Pints) (oogeste abide Nome Le On wae of values ~ ngle_and_Multicese ingle —onlyy one ealue prexonte #20 IMubalyeY mose Yon Value > phone number Ly [Derived attshute hich is oblshed fom omlarateibute. E- DOB —_fhueaththite) and Pye ts (Derhed atthe), fnstuctoe Tp as afr Key | nome cher stanpte Compost Fest came. sfogle Fade intl oo laddeess be Compomte fs “ | if derek, FPacse t Steet number | 'skegle eat ci | Sate pastel ine serra dete of Vink linge Cieuatrat ey @ scanned with OKEN Scanner }| La ete — a cag fats 7 ——__ Comune? Congtraa ‘ch anobiee entity Canbe ag. ‘i { catibies 40 whi Wy Continaliby Express toe number 0 via 0 selalionship sel- one te one ee lb | 3] ee) By [ bl ] wi | oA one [Link] one [(_ ern —_undfcectedl mas many: I g dg | Dl Total and Past ol Cretic(edtioos [Fokab- Every entity in the entity set poeticipabes wit atlas Jone nelats ce te = Some_entises_tnay nob Pardsipate § ny ela biorshi, fn be sel#bion ship seb rc — @ scanned with OKEN Scanner “tudeat To. name _tob.« t= eb ciation of ol ghident a qdvisos aC labor ts total. ite pticipaln of fasbuctor ty adusne fe posit. 4 NoFstion he expressing mose Complex Constentints, _ — |e Tinstautain me) L Name _* > _ salan | | tot cued 2 _Inshyctrs Gan adil 0 06 move Students, A student must have. [Nadsoe; Cannot howe mult ple adlisrs. =2| Almac” value of & fodieates:no Leni. ‘Ges Rrofece 71-5. ty ~~ Tnmuctar-y 2-10 | IShudent_ 7 |= rope To etna, : linsbucbow : Stadt 2D 22 Od tor 2] Tp Name Name Sala bot cred @ scanned with OKEN Scanner =r yer ie oy 0) ae. | tob_caedh = . f saloy | Ff Weak Eby sets ~ lo a [section | . | weil | Lag me | 2 _ Seren | : Loci | . yeas] [hh ER diayons , 0 wertevendtlyneetmalsrAepttediyfararctoukle . _ eptargle : = | Weundled’ae tre Alichinin aos pha weak en Wir esruahe a dagen nt ‘ o - es ty ly ipa set-tothe : ident bong ently sot Ys cep adouble dfanay 7 - Hier Key fos Sebion — (oursetd ee semester, eat —— @ scanned with OKEN Scanner A sample Fok “4 Rela Mowshi? cllagwan ¢ oveatng alt Ike. Cone aught Coolepls ans \dlepartineat 7 |depkname (6 si bulldin ioucestd K019> tgese RE tie Hae slot 14 Bee TT Tda, : q co Stab_ tre, end _time Classen _] building om -nuember | Cpacies @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ie /) | lee } I L Functionat Pylon || Yy Kalepaodl Gt on, | dalerminant | Fail = | Bavoks uy . Corey Nostt, I Glee Sane 1 | Green _Walbut a Hayes Mako | | Johnson Alona | | does al say Pare | Sint Nie | I emer fucnam If Je Wile Nassau | Ptoceton i Table - The Customer Relation 1 [Funct in Aga ty 7). CuStoener er Ch 2+ Customer name — custemes- street, | 3 Customer — name — Custoner= Cy aopeelies of Functional Dependency a:ka, Prmstrongs Povfoms, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 7] Te Fuoctional Daypotaniirs Tal P= Warp iidatal ff Gx MED Mery fe a taival Foal y 6 a Sublet Of. Hoey nple, ta the custome relation the FDe ‘Luystomer. street , (us toner. cy? costo ner city ts dando ih olter words, wm yt beta ft we 2 Non-teivaL FD — Demy voKangr™y RN'W@E a FUBUEP OF KE” Ex qustomer-name, Cuslymerstreek p> Customer oF — fee aa "Aoi rods Uschi constants wih ve the of fe Fafa neces seal stoner ay 2 ee Custoente name Custo tee c! Cushomer- state? Customer =o x “og es T Nome L ‘ Ram Prysgfes a 4 Chepats Sk> [ 3 nde rene? 1 fudtirgno. name) 4 Sohan Chem abstds no, depl-nane ft | howto ef I, 0. pane dept! o i lg 00 ane pe = 1 (Butldig ns. nane ) (K> (Building No. name) OR 2 Puslaleg vo, dept name ) building No. egb-name.) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Ln 4, Raval D+ Conte, | Pine Mbbeibuber and Non ~ rine a ables [eine atlaitutes - They ore a pact of the Condihete p., Non -prine atlailnd-cs—‘h "Gy On ett part of he candidate — a a =(A.8,¢,0) I. kag ¢, D> = i Aw — (A ep Py : i 4 “| (astial FD - Tf ay non-prime_abbaiiade fs clepend, -on|deteomived ya TE ol ie dilate ley en diss partial FD. fA -2@-D AGC l a Aare t | Student no. Course do | Course Bae | | a logo -7> | 2 C 1500 | | : C4 2000. ~ 1 iy v3 (000 ‘| | 4 Ci looo 2 (e5 |_... 2600 LCK= (Ghidentoo., course no) | PA Shidentno. ,paurse ne, : —__NPA- course fee [Link] this table +: ] Course no, —7 Course’ fee. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner R80) ren b> ¢ | fyte Barb Aiscoelne ls =f ne hence, MR NBC (By the proges My of gee Na Wary ) ' d hove AB will be Ue Canclidate key of He table P(4,6,0) and 1,8 wl be the pare atbabules LowtiZ C0 be the wn-palee attahbute, 5, Mutti-value FD- Lf (NERVE and Mlemnd 2” AoW Ae Be rRaRENeTEA BHRER 2 's a. multivalued functional dependaney. Fo cacmple Te : [No | Name =e 7 | ye Tec Saal | 43 PGR | 18 47 _ | XYZ [gs 7 ys | Aéc 19 G. Tiesihe Fp- it WT ond HOE then MERE ad dectlys ——— | Frwollment We. Name. Gu ding No. Yo fec 6 Y | | 43 foe | coe} 2 ty | Mz | Tr | iL 4s fc | fee 2 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner & Chogeeties of Fs AKA Dnstony Maras 1 ‘ Cots of ) LeL X Yond Z bedhe atliibules fa aclation Rs So te ing pepeltes of FD, whith always hold fo Aare Knowngs ‘brtctomys Ayioms - isk ReFlextity >, H Yis q slbset of X, then X—>Y. (iD. Pagmntanton > HX? Y ahen XZ IZ jrsbrea® Zi aon, Lavmbube which es augmented, 3 Transit ff X94_and Y->Z then indheetly x - 4. itelbute‘closuse> Seb of attaiiubes which ame ; Gtatbute X fs called attribute Undine of X, fb ts sepe,, as ‘x*. {= “_Jomns— 2) 7 Is Join _clouse fs used to combine -huo ox move tables 09. basis theferelatecl coloumn. : : = : i Thichims allthe matched values of boththe tables. ees, Osdeetd | Aiclowen id | tidDate. 2 losoe 196 09-18 10309 3h} 19% - 9-19 lo3io _ tt 1/996 -09-20 Oxdec Table @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Poystonce id |_tuslonwrname. | omaclname Go — \ Mifveds Mario ama | 2 Ang fina thevtol {3 Nnlonio Pntooto (Morten. Cuctomes Table SE LECT Orders. onder? A, Customer: custorernane, orders orbecdat FRom orders INNER Jost Cuslomors ON) texetn Orders. [Link] = customer. customeria , SELECT orders. odentd Customer. Customer—name Qiders. Oveler—date. FROM ___Ordlers INNER ToIN lustomers ON edders. Customer.fd_ = Customer, Gustomer_ta Te setums GU the value fom the left table [ Orders | and the matched m_Hairt table er. JE Ef } To Had she customer name ancl onler fd Brom te gicen tables. SECECT Custy-mecs wistomer—Name Orders. oxdler—td From Sev Lert outer Join es ON Customer, [Link] = orders. wsbomertd @ scanned with OKEN Scanner “Que Te find ovdertd andl ludtiniee name OM Q > Oe LA veluens atlate voles homahe aight dntle 1d mde _ylues homthe WH table. — & __SELECT orders 0 omderid ec aa Gane aistamecname FRom ores RIQUTOUTER Jot. Customer [ON __ Orders. customertd = Customer. cushomee—td Me | T+ vekums all the seconds Don, oy He -tatfes when samatch fo left and sppetalile sco 2 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Rast ia Semester > AC rere ave 2 ways +o clestin q database + ER modelit > Nosmalisaite Goat of nesmalisation fs to Clininhte the xedunda Theee are yavious levels of normalitatin , : LL BNE - 5 oemalise Loom ri 2. UNF = 1" Nonmalised from 7 _ 3. GCMF ~ BOE Ye Codd Nomalited four Level oF schndone, 4. 3NF - 3” Nosmalised frm Se 2NF = 27 Nema fom _ 6. INF = I Moca lise fran Vv =_NFs ae a set of guiddines 40 ensure Yat degn of databace is free fevr_any fo condstenctes acated ip dota and ts CMicient — Nis ace als etgatded as no- various foams of no«malts ebfoa Ns are_alee <7 | NF | file |- Every bable cell should have only a single vale. ; | OR ; Tf a selation has multiralued atteibuybes then te glen table ts ot ta [lve Hiclent No. | Stident-nome | stuclentb—contact | Ram 4562, 95e 2 Ram "925 | 3 Swiesh 2284 f Table - Student (Tieabore tuble ts not novmalteed @ scanned with OKEN Scanner _~— Rule = \4, Table should alcady be fo_ INF. ~ - WRelation should not Bntda dm Partfal dependency act - __nonfieime_attafbuce should be Aependent: on any prgecag C5 : Of we Candidate key 0 T Student—No |. (ouase No. fe f ahi. an 1000" — 2 Cary. = 1300 — | cy 2000 a 4 C3 looo 34" — 4 C looo = alae’ 2. C5 2000 _— @ scanned with OKEN Scanner —_— Kouene | Course fee Couse—no._| sturfeak-do. | © 1000 a ' /500 Ca i 2000 cy ! looo 63 ' bln IND cr 4 2000 G 2. ___ Mable |) Table 2) ABA tables are fy 2-NE Sceieenueseacest “Tis can_be further incerstbod as follows 1 Tinnstsiee_depeedancy oftues when a non-Key attthsrke depends 90 another non-key atttbdt retire than dicey onthe priory kex _[Stidectd | None | peptcd | Depten I {tor Rag ool | csé (tor Nha Gor |. Ete 103 Kaxan 01 _- Table =: Stdent dees. [Primary key Scented] [Thisrable fs not foBNF So the Jem _Causi bid _& Degb-ose ‘Depa fs dependent id which in tum 's Sependeat on ____Bhudent wid Hrecernre Dept-name {5 Transistire Dependent on Studost— id Anroug h h cept -d wert 2emovtag Vansitine Depeadtny (TD) dom fing heb fr lt mannes: gl oe ai = Deptt Student tet Name | | Dept. Table Student Table @ scanned with OKEN Scanner =? Boyce Codd NF —_o Lt should a ready befy 3ue | Every deteemfrant “should be a. candidate o7 KY =| oo &c-We +b compare: fn D-bable Course | fnstuctos: Student. ea Cousse-fnchuctos doble Student Course table _|YNF- Rules IIIA selation should al sea ben Bove, 2. |TE should not vex ote 3. 1D multivalued depend 4s OC( wh fs a le: multiple =Indegen dant rallies ty another colowmn, by @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ~ Nyabby s Must. Dance Magic Shident td —> Course Student td —> hob: % Course. ond hobby ate factependent thts tablets okh Yur 2? Grenting Tle § INE decompose fro 2 difleot able, ~ Tetudant td = hob «> SNF- et Relation should be io {NE ts rete ack ty 7 A collocHon_of 0 Comgleles Gr exetutes 2 task. ‘Al 'B) All or Nothing mains Alon Read (*) React 6) f=A- 600 B= 64500 wertelA) waite 2) —iaie yapoas ditutlons @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Acwe Tsoletyon Durnbiltty nn) I ‘ Aly fenstonry Le Phomicity> A transaction fs tanatod as a rr Indie uty, QU Cparekons of transaclne ave Gre cuteol fn bade °F none ofa oe Execution of @ ‘transaction tn fsolatton suththaty, * _olber eet ‘s excell Co Concumenty Petes He cong — 3 [lan aon when salle ansatiny Biybe Ona eating ty, io 7 | rea Ti tat ether fon belnse T. Th Started, an ic wil Start exe ution aftee B. foe ae . = paket Teansactinn tut Parti \_ Con Covent | | (Adtire J ee) Transactions rc fsolaked wih-the help OF locks « 4 Lock Le, Shared Lock Exdlu sive lock Cs) (x) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Fu F 4. Ly there are 2 Aronsaction Vp JTF team action has obstiloed a clnee mode lok (6) on adata than thea ME Conn eta wt nwt ey 42TH atrawaction (1) his ebstnined an exclusive mode lack (1) On a dita them Aber transiretion can cad tt and woke on tt modes Sv with a dain tee nlapn oe Voeredt bya ¥ Locktng otocol= His « common y Conbml. Mehantrn vied in Database ment: syetm Lo Coondtnate the. access ond madtfteaton of data ems a Ug '6 donunent: txmsactions.. Lis object is ty pene 29 tomnsa clon. Ht acess the same date items. TE allons _tEransactioas to aggre and selene Locks on deka thems -bo comwol, ttc Actess and apply « soeb of she dating or orden, ith Th TF Read @) Red _ Read 1A) Wite(@) __ I WJeite (P) Read(®) | Wate (9 upitele) = Read(e)_- Read () * Reed (8) ste (8) 7 wite(A) Read (a Wwaece) alte (a) 4 |Gitefa foe Conflécting operations = — Foe aay set Ke be tont licking they must salshy the Lllute attena- (7) Foy should log cltffeent: tents actions. (i), ACh sa d bea “ge the same data ttm. 7 (MMIBHest noe of Hem shoulol bo a weite operation 4 ||Schedule- A Schedule ta Collectiin_of beansaction s @ scanned with OKEN Scanner (Ns-)) | Sefeléoble schedyl > Tt fs aby seal schedule which canbe how [a ito. Sal le, diacéo: bh I 4 jpemns [ [ i | ! Ain uA — | | wlB) fee ' : Schedule (*) ; = @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Wi) Win) Sesfalisable vesion of schedule (1) (Ns-2), Non-serflisable schedule > Te ei. a safalfeable eputralert, 7 ercfose. (5-3) Conic selsobitiy WT ensines-the onnenty ord contig of ____rhransaclfors, asus 7 _ Ths 0 pgecly wlthquamenlees Yab-the execution of Contuitre bensacton Seputralpat bp some sedal-execkian vbtee brorsactars are executed one abc lanother. i Tequovides a ine tthe Concysrent ere of trarsaelfars Can lend ty a Stating where Ye cthn ts the same ast Ore created shally. a Gis) (oscadng Rollback schedule > tp asthedule fyuhich the effects ofa | fot cl M Le Leading 4o a Soes of solbcks, When a bansackion Ti modifies dota thems ‘and subse ils .a Asi |chect octues when 0 atten Heat hare al mo ‘dada 4 so oe be. dolled back. 5) \Cascade-less Gollbacke scheduler dIfey are algo Endun'as 'Shict accoveeble Sched) le. Tey are destmned ty ani f the Cascading eect of sollback. le_a fat clay only sollbacte ibs om Chango 2 Bache, aM cascade ls: ond does oot affect any ober tansackin é hey ele fn aniline by an ‘ as-they geevenb propagation _ Tol tncorcect data caused! by oollbacks’. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner fF OtiCSY dea lace | QE cf Concumenry Qolocol- Deals with the Coosdination and Mondgen Contanentattess to. shracd data hy multiple trans aeons mt, leona tt Fremsactins can aun Conturttly without Causteg dat , i : — 2-PL Qwtocol | Mists War So that |__ 2 - Phase] cking Protocol. Grout Shaki hie Que? 8c bo phase loot Potncal ta widely Used tervunény, Conbot | fn DBMS tpenuse fs and WiCts_ bebween _ —bsacdine | # Te follows aset of rules foracg, fgg ond we aig locks on date 2 : tg te exan an saci, TE ghes, srtelbliy ond gents | | a ¢ ists of2 phages aoe 1) | Qxpw £ acquisition 5 Ete ty stings aad eS Lock segues. Gin be. goaked only ff thay don'ts Cause conflicts wlth He ~ pi any ober transaction. = \CooHicke vill occur when a transaction alzordy holds an exclusive lock ~ # Once alocle {s granted it helds Up-untél the end of the tansacfn: ~~ (A) Iohtnktys phase Lock delese) Aer F el ands is leg Ha, tenes fibration he acgtsfred all te - y __—_@ Thbisphate a baradin aot lcs on Oe 1 ne longoc* a [SS @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Masa bons of 2h. Crolocol-r he ne 8s alae rr — {1 frotocol Crop fon astral vadation choy have been ello foto ltlowia Phaws = wh hi Us San temsadn Alay tay tha 0 H/ pied forks (ocud ond |e witte) no locks ae iclarsed fo thts pare. Gor vitor aging). vt sti» a shaed locles may be aelerged biting Wes pha. sie locks ax. {toed Unb He ems action comnts oF aborts, Mreverts cascade dollbacks. ght block Okie tamsactas lo én sti surfer bom Denlocks ZEnauees yeco-era byl lity. due to reatved enchustre locks. fs Sider thanthe “stick 2-PL Q@obocol’ - dts Phaies areas fpllons - : = 0 tpape> hae ela cyte all locke mae] (xtad and Jor witte) : I = no locks ave released Indus Phase infil Rep» No Locks are relented until He hems action commit, of bent ‘ocket Recents dleadlarles . Frevents cascading wUbacks 3 Prckamed fo Intgh Falgyaey nvésvoments Like Boing 6 Saket arintat | sueben. Linttntipe Ulster blocking of Oker toansacdian due to 2ekentin ofall Locke. *| May lard to Pecfoomane ovesharc andl longer wisibfog. chasos. v @ scanned with OKEN Scanner

You might also like