NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SILCHAR

Department of Physics
Program: M. Sc in Applied Physics (w.e.f. 2019)
Course structure and detailed syllabus
Minimum Credit Requirement: 70
Minimum Duration: 4 semesters Maximum Duration: 6 semesters

Semester Credit
I 16
II 18
III 17
IV 19

Semester-I

Course Code Course Name L T P Credit

PH 5101 Mathematical Physics-I 3 0 0 3
PH 5102 Classical Mechanics 3 0 0 3
PH 5103 Quantum Mechanics-I 3 0 0 3
PH 5104 Electrodynamics-I 3 0 0 3
PH 5105 Physics Lab-I 0 0 6 4
Total Credits 16

Semester-II

Course Code Course Name L T P Credit

PH 5106 Condensed Matter Physics-I 3 0 3 3
PH 5107 Statistical Mechanics 3 0 0 3
PH 5108 Quantum Mechanics-II 3 0 0 3
PH 5109 Mathematical Physics-II 3 0 0 3
PH 5110 Physics Lab-II 0 0 6 4
PH 5111 Computational Physics lab 0 0 3 2
Total Credits 18

Semester-III

Course Code Course Name L T P Credit

PH 6112 Condensed matter Physics -II 3 0 0 3
PH 6113 Electrodynamics-II 3 0 0 3
PH 6114 Electronics 3 0 0 3
PH 6115 Atomic and Molecular Physics 3 0 0 3
PH 6116 Physics Lab-III 0 0 6 4
PH 6117 Seminar 0 0 2 1
Total Credits 17

Semester-IV

Course Code Course Name L T P Credit

PH 6118 Physics of Semiconductor 3 0 0 3
PH 6119 Experimental Techniques 3 0 0 3
PH 6120 Nuclear and Particle Physics 3 0 0 3
PH 6199 Project 0 0 0 10
Total Credits 19

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PH-5101: Mathematical Physics-I L-3, T-0, P-0
Matrices, Determinants, Matrix operations, linear combination, Linear function, linear operators,
linear dependence and independence. Vector Spaces: Vectors in Function spaces, Operators,
self adjoint operators, unitary operators, Transformation of operators, invariance, Gram-Schmidt
orthogonalization.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, diagonalization,
Tensor analysis - summation conventions, contra-variant and co-variant tensors and their
transformations, classification and fundamental operations with tensors, line element & metric
tensor
Special functions – Legendre, Hermite, Laguerre & Bessel functions, Rodrigues formula,
Generating function, Recursion relations, Orthogonality relation
Fourier series expansion, Fourier series for arbitrary period, Gibbs phenomenon, Integral
transformation – Fourier & Laplace transformation

References:

1. Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences by [Link]

2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Kreyszig
3. Mathematical methods for physicists by Arfken and Weber
4. A first course on complex analysis by Zill
5. Schaum's outline Complex Variables by Spiegel
6. Methods of Mathematical Physics by Courant and Hilbert
7. Special functions and Polynomials by Gerard ‘t Hooft and Nobbenhuis

2
PH 5102: Classical Mechanics L-3, T-0, P-0

Mechanics of a System of Particles, Review of Lagrange's equation: D’Alembert’s

Priniciple, Lagrange's equations, applications, Variational calculus.

Reduction to the Equivalent one body problem, Equations of motion and first integrals,
Classification of orbits, Motion under inverse square law-Kepler problem, Scattering in a
central force field

Hamiltonian formulation: Legendre transformations and Hamilton equations of motion,

cyclic coordinates and conservative theorems, Derivation of Hamilton’s equations a
variational principle, principle of least action.

The equations of Canonical transformations, Examples of Canonical transformations.

Poisson brackets and other canonical invariants, Equations of motion, Hamilton-Jacobi
theory for Hamilton’s Principal function, The Harmonic Oscillator problem as an example
of the Hamilton-Jacobi method, Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s characteristic
function Action-angle variables.

Theory of small oscillations, normal coordinates, normal modes, coupled oscillations.

This course is the basis for all advanced courses in theoretical physics.

References:
1. H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics
2. L.O. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Mechanics.
3. I.C. Percival and D. Richards, Introduction to Dynamics
4. J.V. Jose and E.J. Saletan, Classical Dynamics: A Contemporary Approach

3
PH 5103: Quantum Mechanics-I L-3, T-0, P-0

Postulates of Quantum Mechanics, wavefunction, probability and probability current density,

conservation of probability, Operators and their expectations values, Dirac notation.
Schroedinger equation: Simple potential problems, infinite potential well, step and barrier
potentials, finite potential well and bound states, linear harmonic oscillator, operator algebra of
harmonic oscillator; Three dimensional problems: spherical harmonics, free particle in a spherical
cavity, central potential, Three dimensional harmonic oscillator, degeneracy, Hydrogen atom;
Angular momentum: Commutation relations, spin angular momentum, Pauli matrices, raising and
lowering operators, Total angular momentum, addition of angular momentum, Clebsch-Gordon
coefficients.
The variational principle, the ground state of Helium, the hydrogen molecule ion.

References:
1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: D. J. Griffiths
2. Quantum Mechanics Concept and Applications: N. Zettili
3. Quantum Physics: S. Gasiorowicz
4. Modern Quantum Mechanics: J.J. Sakurai
5. Quantum Mechanics: L. I. Schiff

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PH 5104: Electrodynamics-I L-3, T-0, P-0
Laplace equation in one, two and three dimensions. Boundary equation and uniqueness theorem,
conductor and second uniqueness theorem. The method of Images: The classic Image problem,
Induced surface charge, Force and energy and other image problems.
Electric Field in matter: Dielectric, Induced dipoles, Alignment of polar molecules, polarization,
bound charges and its physical interpretation, the field inside a dielectric, Gauss law in the
presence of dielectric, boundary conditions, Linear dielectric: susceptibility, permittivity dielectric
constant boundary value problem with linear dielectric , energy and force in dielectric.
Review of Magnetostatics: magnetic vector potential and magneto static boundary conditions,
multipole expansion of the vector potential.
Magnetic field in matter: Diamagnets, paramagnets, ferromagnets and torque and forces on
magnetic dipoles, The field of magnetized object and bound currents the magnetic field inside
matter, Linear and non-linear media.
Electrodynamics: Maxwell’s equations: How Maxwell fixed Ampere’s law, Magnetic charge,
Maxwell’s equation in matter, Boundary conditions, The continuity equation, Poynting’s theorem,
Momentum: Newton’s Third law in Electrodynamics, Maxwell’s stress Tensor, Conservation of
momentum, angular momentum,.

References:
1. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Wiley Eastern, 2nd Edition (1975).
2. David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd Edition, (1989).
3. J.R. Reitz., F.J. Milford and R. W. Christy, Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory, 3rd Edition,
Narosa Pub. House (1976).
4. P. Lorrain and D. Corson, Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. CBS Publishers and Distributors
(1986).
5. B.H. Chirgwin, C. Plumpton and C. W. Kilmister, Elementary Electromagnetic Theory, Vols.1,
2 and 3" Pergamon Press (1972).

PH 5105: Physics-Lab-I L-T-P: 0-0-6

1. To calculate the beam divergence and spot size of the given laser beam
2. Determination of wavelength of unknown lines with help of plane transmission grating.
3. To draw the calibration curve (d vs λ) of a spectrometer with given prism and hence find the
wavelength of some unknown lines.
4. To draw the current –voltage (I-V) characteristics of a solar cell.
5. To determine the permittivity of air using parallel plate capacitor.

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PH 5106: Condensed Matter Physics-I L-T-P : 3-0-0
Crystal Physics; Symmetry, Bravais lattice, point and space groups, Miller indices and reciprocal
lattice, Structure determination: diffraction, X-ray , electron and neutron, crystal binding.
Lattice Dynamics: Monoatomic and diatomic lattices. Phonon frequencies and density of states.
Debye theory dispersion curves, thermal expansion. Thermal conductivity, Normal and Umklapp
processes scattering experiments.
Free electron theory of metals. Thermal and transport properties, Hall effect, electronic specific
heat. Bloch function Kronig Penney model, Brillion zones effective mass of charge carriers. Tight
binding and Wigner Seitz method (Only qualitative).
Macroscopic electric field, local electric field at an atom, filed of dipoles inside cavity, Dielectric
constant and polarizability: Complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses, electronic
polarizability, classical theory,

References:
1. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley (1996)
2. A. J. Dekker, Solid State Physics, Macmillan (1986)
3. N. W. Ashcroft and N D Mermin, Solid state Physics Cengage (1976)

PH 5107: Statistical Mechanics L-T-P : 3-0-0

Classical Statistical Mechanics: Statistical Thermodynamics: Macroscopic and microscopic
states, connection between statistics and thermodynamics, classical ideal gas entropy of mixing
and Gibb’s paradox, Elements of ensemble theory, Micro canonical, canonical and grand
canonical ensembles, partition and grand partition function, particle density energy fluctuations in
grand canonical ensemble, equivalence to other ensembles.

Quantum Statistical Mechanics: Basic principle, quantum mechanical ensemble theory, density
matrix, ensemble in Quantum Statistical Mechanics.

Ideal bose gas: Thermodynamics, Bose-Einstein condensation, black body radiation, phonons,
Helium-II

Ideal Fermi Gas: Thermodynamics, Pauli paramagnetism, Landau diamagnetism, thermionic and
photoelectric emissions white dwarfs.

References:

1. R. K Pathria, Statistical Mechanics, Butterworth-Heinemann (1996)

2. K. Huang, Statistical mechanics, John Wiley Asia (2000)
3. W Greiner, L Neise, H Stocker, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Springer (
1994)
4. L D Landua and E M Lifshitz, Statistical Physics-I Pergamon (1980)

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PH 5108: Quantum Mechanics-II L-T-P: 3-0-0

Time independent perturbation theory - nondegenerate and degenerate cases, Fine structure of
hydrogen – relativistic correction, spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman effect – weak, strong and
intermediate-field, hyperfine splitting in hydrogen, Stark effect.

WKB approximation – classical region, quantization condition, tunneling, Gamow’s theory of α-

decay, connection formulas

Three pictures of quantum mechanics, time dependent perturbation theory – two-level systems,
sinusoidal perturbations, semi-classical treatment for interaction of radiation with matter, Fermi’s
golden rule, magnetic resonance, Adiabatic and sudden approximation.

Scattering – classical theory, quantum scattering theory, partial wave analysis – phase shifts,
Born approximation – integral form of Schrödinger equation, scattering for different kind of
potentials

Introduction to relativistic quantum mechanics, Klein-Gordon & Dirac equation and their solutions

References:

1. D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics.

2. L. I. Schiff, Quantum Mechanics.
3. B. H. Bransden& C. J. Joachain, Quantum Mechanics.
4. R. Shankar, Principles of Quantum Mechanics.
5. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics, Volume 3.
6. N. Zettili, Quantum Mechanics.
7. J. J. Sakurai, Modern Quantum Mechanics.
8. J. D. Bjorken and S. D. Drell, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics.

PH 5109: Mathematical Physics-II L-T-P: 3-0-0

Complex analysis - complex number system, complex variables, complex functions, complex
function as mapping, linear mapping: translation, rotation and magnification, limits, continuity,
derivative, analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Complex integration, Cauchy-
Goursat’s theorem, Cauchy Integral formulas, Sequences and infinite series, Poles –
classification and Residue theorem.
Polynomial equation, Linear equation and Eigen value problem, Interpolation and approximation,
Differentiation and Integration.

References:
1. Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences by M. P. Boas
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Kreyszig
[Link] methods for physicists by Arfken and Weber
4. A first course on complex analysis by Zill
5. Schaum's outline Complex Variables by Spiegel
6. Methods of Mathematical Physics by Courant and Hilbert
7. Numerical Recipes in C, W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Verlling and B. P. Flannery
8. Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation, M K Jain, S R K Iyengar
R K Jain

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PH 5110: Physics Lab-II L-T-P: -0-0-6

1. To determine charge density of a semiconductor using Hall effect.

2. To determine the wavelength Laser beam using Michelson interferometer.
3. To measure the magnetresistance of n-type semiconductor
4. To measure the susceptibility of liquid or aqueous solution using Quinck’s method.
5. To study the basics principle of digital to analog converter.
6. To study the lattice dynamics of monatomic and diatomic linear chain using lattice dynamics
Kit.

PH 5111 Computational Physics Lab L-T-P: -0-0-3

Numerical Differentiation: forward, backward and centred difference formulae;
Numerical integration: Trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, Gauss-Legendre integration,
applications; Linear equation and eigen value problem

Students will be able to:

At the end of this laboratory, the students will be capable to use different numerical scheme to
tackle basic physical problems using C/FORTRAN.

References
1. Numerical Recipes in C, W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Verlling and B. P. Flannery
2. Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation, M K Jain, S R K Iyengar
R K Jain

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PH-6112: Condensed Matter Physics-II L-T-P: 3-0-0
Superconductivity: Experimental survey (zero resistance, persistent currents, superconducting
transition temperature (Tc) and critical field (Hc), isotope effect, perfect diamagnetism and
Meissner effect, heat capacity, energy gap and microwave properties); Theoretical survey
(thermodynamics of superconductors, free energy, London equation, penetration depth,
coherence length, BCS theory of superconductivity, Cooper pairing and properties of BCS ground
states, flux quantization); Ginzburg-Landau theory; Tunneling phenomenon, energy-level
diagram, DC and AC Josephson effects, microscopic quantum interference, Type-I and type-II
superconductors, intermediate states, mixed states. Basics of High-Tc superconductivity.

Magnetism: Magnetic moments and Bohr magnetron, magnetic field in free space and mater,
canonical momentum, Atoms in a magnetic field; Isolated magnetic moments: Magnetic
susceptibility; Langevin's theory of diamagnetism and paramagnetism (semi-classical treatment),
Brillouin function; Van-Vleck and Pauli spin paramagnetism, ground state of an ions and Hund's
rule; Crystal field splitting; quenching of orbital angular momentum; Electron spin resonance
(ESR), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); Spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation,
Ferromagnetism: Weiss theory of ferromagnetism; Exchange interaction; Heisenberg model,
Ferromagnetic domains, Magnetization curve; Bloch wall, Curie and Neel temperature; Spin
waves and magnon dispersion relation; The Bloch T3/2 law; Antiferromagnetism and
Ferrimagnetism, Magnons in Antiferromagnet

Phase Transitions and critical Phenomena: Order parameter; Critical points; First and second
order phase transitions; Phase diagram; Mean field theory; Properties near critical point; Landau
theory of phase transition; Landau-Ginzberg theory; Bragg-Williams theory

References
1. Magnetism in Condensed Matter ( Oxford master series in Condensed matter Physics) by
Stephen Blundell
2. Introduction to Soild State Phsyics, Wiley, Charles Kittel
3. Solid State Physics by N. David, Cornell University, Neil W. Ashcroft
4. Condensed Matter Physics, Wiley, Michael P. Mardar

5. Introduction to phase transitions and Critical Phenomena (OUP), by H. Eugene Stanley

9
PH 6113: Electrodynamics-II L-T-P: 3-0-0

Electromagnetic Waves: The wave equation, Sinusoidal waves, Boundary conditions: reflection
and transmission, Polarization. Electromagnetic waves in vacuum, The wave equation for E and
B, Monochromatic Plane waves, Energy and momentum in electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves in matter, Propagation in linear media, reflection and transmission at
normal incidence. Reflection and transmission at oblique incidence
Absorption and dispersion, Electromagnetic waves in conductors, reflection at a conducting
surface, the frequency dependence of permittivity, Wave guides, the waves in a rectangular wave
guide, the coaxial transmission line.

Potentials and fields: Scalar and vector potentials, Gauge transformations, Coulomb Gauge and
Lorentz Gauge. Retarded potentials, Jefimenko's [Link] potentials, The field
of a moving point charge.

Radiation: What is radiation? Electric dipole radiation, Magnetic dipole radiation, radiation from
an arbitrary [Link] radiated by a point charge, radiation reaction, the physical basis of the
radiation reaction.

Electrodynamics and relativity: The special theory of relativity, Einstein's postulates, The
geometry of relativity, The Lorentz transformations, The structure of space time. Proper time and
proper velocity, relativistic energy and momentum, relativistic kinematics, relativistic dynamics.
Magnetism as a relativistic phenomena, How the fields transform, The field tensor,
Electrodynamics in tensor notation, relativistic potentials.

Reference books:

1. Introduction to Electrodynamics by David J. Griffiths

2. Classical Electrodynamics by J. D. Jackson

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PH 6114: Electronics L-T-P: 3-0-0

Analog electronics: Concept of voltage source, concept of current source, Source

equivalence, Four terminal network, Impedance matching, Superposition Theorem,
Reciprocity Theorem, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s Theorem, The maximum power transfer
theorem

Low frequency and high frequency and Power amplifiers using transistors - Sine wave
generators - Wien bridge and phase shift oscillators - Multivibrator circuits - Triangle and
square wave generation

Ideal operational amplifier: characteristics. Feedback types, Applications: voltage follower,

Basic scaling circuits - current to voltage and voltage to current conversion – summing and
difference amplifiers - Integrating and differentiating circuits

Digital Electronics
Number systems; decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal system arithmetics; logic families;
logic gates; Boolean algebra; De Morgan's laws; Half adder, Full adder, Comparators,
Decoders, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers - Design of combinational circuits, Sequential circuits,
flip flops; S-R flip flop, Clocked R-S flip flop, J-K flip flop, D-type flip flop, T flip flop, counters,
Registers, A/D and D/A conversion characteristics.

References Books

1.J. Milman and C.C. Halkias, Electronic Devices and Circuits, McGraw-Hili (1981).
[Link]. Malvino, Electronics: Principles and Applications, Tata McGraw-Hili (1991 ).
3.A P. Malvino Donald P. Leach, Digital Principies and Applications - s" edition,
McGraw-Hili 1994
[Link] State Devices & Electronics, E; G Streetman & S K Banarje Prentice Hall

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PH 6115: Atomic and Molecular Physics L-T-P : 3-0-0

Pauli exclusion principle: spectral terms from two equivalent electrons, calculation of
Zeeman pattern, Paschen-Back effect, Stark effect in hydrogen, hyperfine structure and
determination of nuclear spin and nuclear g factors, radiative transition probabilities, line width:
Doppler broadening, natural broadening, collision broadening and Stark broadening.
Rotation, vibration and rotation-vibration spectra of diatomic molecules, selection rules,
determination of rotational constants. Electronic spectra: Born-Oppenheimer approximation, (i)
vibrational structure of electronic transition, progressions and sequences of vibrational bands,
Intensity distribution, Franck-Condon principle, (ii) rotational structure of electronic transition,
band head formation.
Raman spectra: Quantum and classical theory of Raman effect, Vibrational Raman
spectrum, selection rules, Stokes and anti-Stokes lines, Rotational Raman spectrum, selection
rule.

Books Recommended
1. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain, Physics of Atoms and Molecules, Longman (1996).
2. H. E. White, Introduction to Atomic Spectra, Tata McGraw Hill (1934).
3. G. Herzberg, Spectra of Diatomic Molecules (Vol. 1).
4. C. N. Banwell and E. M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, Tata McGraw
Hill (1994).

PH 6116 Physics Lab –III L-T-P : 3-0-6

1. To study the Hysteresis Loop of a ferromagnetic material and calculate the energy loss
2. Determination of wavelength of an electron and verification of de-Broglie wave equation
3. Measuring the resistance of a noble metal as a function of temperature at various points
4. To determine the specific charge of an electron (the ration of charge to mass of electron)
5. To experimentally demonstrate the concept of quantization of energy levels according to
Bohr’s atomic model
Students will be able to:

At the end of this laboratory course, the students will be trained to operate experimental kits,
collect and analyze the data to learn the Physics concepts behind these experiments.

PH 6117: Seminar L-T-P : 0-0-2

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PH-6118: Physics of Semiconductor L-T-P : 3-0-0
Semiconductor in equilibrium: Equilibrium distribution of holes and electrons, Intrinsic carrier
concentration and intrinsic Fermi level, Dopants and energy level, Extrinsic semiconductor and
equilibrium distribution of electrons and holes, Compensation and charge neutrality.
Carrier transport Phenomena: Carrier drift and carrier diffusion, graded impurity distribution and
Hall Effect.
Excess carrier in semiconductor: Optical absorption, Luminescence, Carrier life time and
photoconductivity, Direct recombination of electron and holes, indirect recombination, traping
quasi-Fermi level. Diffusion and drift of carriers, built in fields, diffusion and recombination. The
continuity equation, Steady state carrier injection, the Haynes-Shockley experiment, gradients in
quasi- Fermi level.
Junctions: The pn junction: pn junction under zero, forward and reverse bias, Built in potential
and depletion layer width, junction capacitance, linearly graded junction.
Pn junction current, charge flow in pn junction, minority carrier concentration at depletion layer
edge, minority carrier distribution, Ideal pn junction current,
Metal-semiconductor junctions: Schottky barriers, Rectifying contacts, Ohmic contact, typical
schottky barriers, heterojunctions.

References:
1. Physics of Semiconductor devices, S M Sze
2. Semiconductor Physics and Devices, Donald A Neamen
3. Solid State Electronics Devices, B G Streetman, S Banerjee

13
PH 6119: Experimental Techniques L-T-P : 3-0-0

General experimental techniques, data collection, data processing, analog to digital conversion
of data, signal to noise ratio, types of noise, noise reduction techniques.
Error analysis, significant figures, statistical methods, Linear and non-linear curve fitting, Chi-
square test, use of graphs, interpretation of data from graphs, computational methods.
Vacuum, vacuum ranges, general vacuum techniques, pumps, rotary pump, diffusion pump, turbo
molecular pump. Vacuum gauges, pirani, penning & McLeod gauges, seals, connectors & grease.
Detectors: optical detectors, photoemission detectors, Particle detectors and radioactive Decay:
Interactions of charged particles and photons with matter; gaseous ionization detectors,
scintillation counter, solid state detectors
Analytical techniques: X-ray diffractometer, spectrophotometers, scanning electron microscope,
atomic force microscope, interferometers.

Books Recommended
1. Modern electronic instrumentation and measurement techniques, A. D. Helfrick and W. D.
Cooper, Prentice Hall of India (1996).
2. Principles of measurement systems, J. P. Bentley, Longman (2000).
3. Introduction to Error Analysis (2nd Ed), J. R. Taylor, University Science Books (1997).
4. Building Scientific apparatus, by J. H. Moore, Christopher C. Davis and Michael A. Coplan,
Cambridge University Press; 4th edition (2009).
5. A. Roth, Vacuum technology, Elsevier (1990).
6. Radiation detection and Measurements, G. Knoll, 3rd Edition
7. D. A. Skoog, F. J. Holler and T. A. Nieman, Principles of instrumental analysis, Saunders
Coll. Publ. (1998).

14
PH 6120: Nuclear and Particle Physics L-T-P : 3-0-0

Nuclear properties: radius, size, mass, spin, moments, abundance of nuclei, binding energy,
semi-empirical mass formula, excited states; Nuclear forces: deuteron, n-n and p-p interaction,
nature of nuclear force, Yukawa hypothesis; Nuclear Models: liquid drop, shell and collective
models; Nuclear decay and radioactivity: radioactive decay, detection of nuclear radiation, alpha,
beta and gamma decays, radioactive dating;

Particle accelerators and detectors: cyclotron, synchrotron, ionization chamber, scintillation

detectors, semiconductor detectors;

Elementary particles: Fundamental forces, properties mesons and baryons, symmetries and
conservation laws, quark model, concept of colour charge, discrete symmetries, properties of
quarks and leptons, particle interactions and Feynman diagrams.

Reference:
1. K. S. Krane, Introductory Nuclear Physics, John Wiley (1988).
2. R. R. Roy and B. P. Nigam, Nuclear Physics: Theory and Experiment, New Age (1967).
3. A. Das and T. Ferbel, Introduction to nuclear and particle physics, John Wiley (1994).
5. F. Halzen and A. D. Martin, Quarks and Leptons, John Wiley (1984).
6. Introduction to Particle Physics, David Griffiths

PH 6199 Project

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