Chapter 7: Work, Energy and Power
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From Textbook “Physics for Scientists and Engineers (with
Modern Physics)”, Serway & Jewett, Thomson
PHYV101 Slides by Dr. David Waswa Brooks/Cole Publishers 1
After this section you should be able to...
1. Define the work done by an external force on an object.
2. Have gained knowledge of the scalar and product of vectors and
be able to apply the knowledge.
3. Derive an expression for the work done by a varying force.
4. Know Hooke’s law.
5. Determine the work done to extend a spring.
6. Define kinetic energy.
7. Derive the work-energy theorem.
8. Define Potential Energy.
9. Derive the potential energy associated with gravity.
[Link] problems on the above.
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
Work will only be performed when
∆𝑟 ≠ 0
𝐹 cos 𝜃 ≠ 0
DOT PRODUCT
Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 Similary,
𝐶 = 𝐴. Ԧ ∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ ∆𝑟Ԧ cos 𝜃
𝑊 = 𝐹.
If 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑗,Ƹ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 = 𝑖.Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑖Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ cos 90 = 0
If 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 = 𝑖.Ƹ 𝑖Ƹ = 𝑖Ƹ 𝑖Ƹ cos 0 = 1
If 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑗,Ƹ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 = 𝑗.Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑗Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ cos 0 = 1
𝑖.Ƹ 𝑖=Ƹ 𝑗.Ƹ 𝑗= 𝑘=1,
Ƹ 𝑘.
𝑘.
𝑖.Ƹ 𝑗=Ƹ 𝑗.Ƹ 𝑘= 𝑖=0
Ƹ
Chapter 7 : Problem 7
𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘, 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘
Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘 . 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘
𝐴.
0 0 0 0 0
= 𝐴𝑥 𝑥𝐵𝑥 𝑖. 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑥 𝑥𝐵𝑦 𝑖. 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑥 𝑥𝐵𝑧 𝑖. 𝑘 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑥𝐵𝑥 𝑗. 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑥𝐵𝑦 𝑗. 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑥𝐵𝑧 𝑗. 𝑘 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑥𝐵𝑥 𝑘.
𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ +0 𝐴𝑧 𝑥𝐵𝑧 𝑘.
𝐴𝑧 𝑥𝐵𝑦 𝑘. 𝑘
𝑘 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑘 𝐵𝑘
Ԧ 𝐵= 𝐴𝑥 𝑥𝐵𝑥 𝑖. 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑥𝐵𝑦 𝑗. 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑥𝐵𝑧 𝑘.
𝐴.
Chapter 7 : Problem 8
Ԧ 𝐵 = 28.9
Ans: 𝐴.
Chapter 7 : Problem 9
Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵 = 16
Ans: 𝐶.
If W is the work done on a system and W is positive, energy is transferred to the system;
if W is negative, energy is transferred from the system.
𝑊 = 𝐹∆𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 50 N x 3 m x cos 30 = 130 𝐽
Imagine a particle undergoing a very small displacement ∆𝑥. The x component 𝐹𝑥 of the
force is approximately constant over this small interval and is given by
Work done due to displacement ∆𝑥, ∆𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝑥𝑓
Total Work done
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝑥𝑖
If the size of the small displacements is allowed to approach zero
𝐹Ԧ𝑥 = 𝐹cos
Ԧ 𝜃
Read on work done due
to net force
𝑊𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐶 = 25𝐽
The force required to stretch or
compress a spring is proportional
to the amount of stretch or
compression x.
k - is called force constant or
the spring constant
This force law for springs is
known as Hooke’s law.
Integration
13
Suppose the block has been pushed to the left to a position -xmax and is
then released
The work done, Ws by the spring force on the block as the block moves
from xi = -xmax to xf =0 is given by
𝑛+1
We applied the integral 𝑥 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥
, with n = 1
1 2 𝑛+1
𝑊 = 𝑘𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
The work done, Ws by the spring force on the block as the block
moves from xi =0 to xf = xmax to is given by
1 2
𝑊 = − 𝑘𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
Therefore, the net work done by the spring force on the block as it
moves from xi = -xmax to xf = xmax is zero.
Spring with an Applied Force
Suppose an external agent, Fapp, stretches the spring
The applied force is equal and opposite to the
spring force
Work done by Fapp is equal to
1 2
𝑊 = − 𝑘𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
The work done by the applied force is
In equilibrium position:
Apply Hooke’s law. 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔
One possible result of doing work on a system is that
the system changes its speed.
Kinetic energy represents the energy associated
with the motion of the particle.
1
𝐾 ≡ 𝑀𝑣 2
2
From fig. 7.12 shows a mass M moving through a
displacement ∆𝑥 under the action of a net force σ 𝐹Ԧ𝑥
From Newton’s second law, σ 𝐹Ԧ𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 (1)
Work Done, 𝑊 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑥 ∆𝑥 (2)
Substitute eq(1) in eq (2) 𝑊 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ∆𝑥 (3)
Use equations of motion
𝑉−𝑢 1
𝑎= (4) s= 𝑉 + 𝑢 𝑡 (5)
2
𝑡
Substitute eq(4) and (5) in eq (3) 𝑊 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ∆𝑥 (3)
𝑉−𝑢 1 1
𝑊 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ∆𝑥 = 𝑀 𝑉 + 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑀 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
𝑡 2 2
1 1
𝑊 = 𝑀𝑣 − 𝑀𝑢2
2
(6) 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
2 2
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦,
From eq (6)
The work done by a constant
𝑊 = 𝑘𝑓 − 𝑘𝑖 = ∆𝑘 (7) force equals the change in Kinetic
energy
𝑣𝑖 = 0 𝑚/𝑠, m = 6 kg, F = 12 N, ∆𝑥 = 3 𝑚
1 1
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 Ԧ
= 𝐹∆𝑥 = ∆𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2
2 2
Potential energy, stored energy that
depends upon the relative position of
various parts of a system.
✓ A spring has more potential energy
when it is compressed or stretched.
✓ A steel ball has more potential energy
raised above the ground than it has
after falling to Earth.
➢ In the raised position it is capable of
doing more work. [Link]
➢ Potential energy is a property of a
system and not of an individual
body or particle; the system
composed of Earth and the raised
ball
Work done is equal to gravitational potential
energy Ug
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑈𝑔 = 𝑀𝑔𝑦 (1)
𝑃𝐸 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑀𝑔 (𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 )
Let’s say the trophy has a mass of approximately 2 kg,
yi and the top of a person’s foot is about 0.05 m above the
floor. Also, let’s assume the trophy falls from a height of
yf 1.4 m
Chapter 7: problem 5
A block of mass M=2.50 kg is pushed a distance d = 2.20 m along a
frictionless, horizontal table by a constant applied force of magnitude
F = 16.0 N directed at an angle 𝜃 = 25𝑜 below the horizontal as
shown in Figure P7.5. Determine the work done on the block by (a)
the applied force, (b) the normal force exerted by the table, (c) the
gravitational force, and (d) the net force on the block.