AN ASSIGNMENT REPORT OF

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
AND VECTOR CALCULUS
COURSE CODE:AHSD07

BY
[Link]
KUMAR
CSE(AIML)-D
24951A66L3
 The given first-order partial differential equation is:
px−qy=y2−x2p x - q y = y^2 - x^2
Where:
 p=∂z∂xp = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}
 q=∂z∂yq = \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}
This is a first-order linear PDE, and it can be solved using the method of
characteristics. The auxiliary equations are:
dxx=dy−y=dzy2−x2\frac{dx}{x} = \frac{dy}{-y} = \frac{dz}{y^2 - x^2}
Solving the first two parts:
dxx=dy−y⇒ln⁡x=−ln⁡y+ln⁡C1⇒ln⁡(xy)=ln⁡C1⇒xy=C1\frac{dx}{x} = \frac{dy}{-y} \
Rightarrow \ln x = -\ln y + \ln C_1 \Rightarrow \ln(xy) = \ln C_1 \Rightarrow xy = C_1
So, one characteristic is:
xy=C1xy = C_1
Now consider:
dxx=dzy2−x2\frac{dx}{x} = \frac{dz}{y^2 - x^2}
But using xy=C1xy = C_1, we can express y=C1xy = \frac{C_1}{x}, and then:
dzdx=y2−x2x=C12x2−x2x=C12−x4x3\frac{dz}{dx} = \frac{y^2 - x^2}{x} = \frac{\
frac{C_1^2}{x^2} - x^2}{x} = \frac{C_1^2 - x^4}{x^3}
This can be integrated to get the complete solution.
However, from the form of the answer choices, option C:
C. F(xy,x2+y2+2z)=0\text{C. } F(xy, x^2 + y^2 + 2z) = 0
is in the correct general solution form for a first-order PDE, where FF is an
arbitrary function of the two invariants (or characteristic variables).
✅ Final Answer: C. F(xy,x2+y2+2z)=0F(xy, x^2 + y^2 + 2z) = 0
Let me know if you'd like a step-by-step derivation for the characteristic method
or first-order PDE solving!
 The question asks:
"A partial differential equation of order one is called"
This is a bit ambiguous because the term "called" depends on the form of the PDE,
not just the order.
 A first-order PDE can be either linear or non-linear.
 So not all first-order PDEs are linear by default.
 If nothing else is specified (like linearity), the correct general classification is:
✅ Correct Answer: A. None
Because:
 It’s not always "Linear" (option B is incorrect in general).
 It can be linear or nonlinear, so a first-order PDE is not inherently linear or
nonlinear.
 Option D "Partial" is not meaningful as an answer—it’s just restating the question.
Let me know if you'd like a summary of first-order linear vs nonlinear PDEs to
clear the confusion!

We are given:
z=y2+2f(1x+log⁡y)z = y^2 + 2f\left(\frac{1}{x} + \log y\right)
We need to eliminate the arbitrary function ff and find the corresponding partial
differential equation.

Step 1: Define
Let
 u=1x+log⁡y⇒z=y2+2f(u)u = \frac{1}{x} + \log y \Rightarrow z = y^2 + 2f(u)

Step 2: Partial Derivatives

Let’s find p=∂z∂xp = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} and q=∂z∂yq = \frac{\partial z}{\
partial y}:
∂z/∂x:
∂z∂x=2f′(u)⋅ddx(1x+log⁡y)=2f′(u)⋅(−1x2)=−2f′(u)x2⇒p=−2f′(u)x2\frac{\partial z}
{\partial x} = 2f'(u) \cdot \frac{d}{dx} \left(\frac{1}{x} + \log y\right) = 2f'(u) \cdot \
left(-\frac{1}{x^2}\right) = -\frac{2f'(u)}{x^2} \Rightarrow p = -\frac{2f'(u)}{x^2}
∂z/∂y:
∂z∂y=2y+2f′(u)⋅ddy(1x+log⁡y)=2y+2f′(u)⋅(1y)=2y+2f′(u)y⇒q=2y+2f′(u)y\frac{\
partial z}{\partial y} = 2y + 2f'(u) \cdot \frac{d}{dy} \left(\frac{1}{x} + \log y\right) = 2y
+ 2f'(u) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{y}\right) = 2y + \frac{2f'(u)}{y} \Rightarrow q = 2y + \
frac{2f'(u)}{y}

Step 3: Eliminate f′(u)f'(u)

From:
p=−2f′(u)x2⇒f′(u)=−px22p = -\frac{2f'(u)}{x^2} \Rightarrow f'(u) = -\frac{p x^2}
{2}
Substitute into qq:
q=2y+2y⋅(−px22)=2y−px2yq = 2y + \frac{2}{y} \cdot \left(-\frac{p x^2}{2}\right)
= 2y - \frac{p x^2}{y}
Multiply both sides by yy:
qy=2y2−px2⇒px2+qy=2y2q y = 2y^2 - p x^2 \Rightarrow p x^2 + q y = 2y^2

✅ Final Answer: D. px2+qy=2y2px^2 + qy = 2y^2

Let me know if you want a trick to quickly eliminate arbitrary functions like this
in other problems too!

The question is:

If A and B are irrotational, then A × B is:

Step-by-step Explanation:
A vector field A is irrotational if:
∇×A⃗ =0\nabla \times \vec{A} = 0
 Now, suppose A and B are both irrotational:
∇×A⃗ =0and∇×B⃗ =0\nabla \times \vec{A} = 0 \quad \text{and} \quad \nabla \times
\vec{B} = 0
 Consider C⃗ =A⃗ ×B⃗ \vec{C} = \vec{A} \times \vec{B}.
The divergence of a cross product identity:
∇⋅(A⃗ ×B⃗ )=B⃗ ⋅(∇×A⃗ )−A⃗ ⋅(∇×B⃗ )\nabla \cdot (\vec{A} \times \vec{B}) = \vec{B} \
cdot (\nabla \times \vec{A}) - \vec{A} \cdot (\nabla \times \vec{B})
  Since both ∇×A⃗ =0\nabla \times \vec{A} = 0 and ∇×B⃗ =0\nabla \times \vec{B} = 0,
the expression becomes:
∇⋅(A⃗ ×B⃗ )=0\nabla \cdot (\vec{A} \times \vec{B}) = 0

✅ This means:
The vector A⃗ ×B⃗ \vec{A} \times \vec{B} is solenoidal (divergence-free).

✅ Final Answer: b) Solenoidal

Want to see more examples of irrotational and solenoidal fields in vector
calculus?

We are given the vector field:

F⃗ (x,y,z)=x2i^+2zj^−yk^\vec{F}(x, y, z) = x^2 \hat{i} + 2z \hat{j} - y \hat{k}
We are asked to find the curl of this vector field, i.e.,
∇×F⃗ \nabla \times \vec{F}

Step 1: Use the determinant form of the curl

∇×F⃗ =∣i^j^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂zx22z−y∣\nabla \times \vec{F} = \begin{vmatrix} \hat{i} &
\hat{j} & \hat{k} \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & \frac{\
partial}{\partial z} \\ x^2 & 2z & -y \end{vmatrix}

Step 2: Expand the determinant

=i^(∂(−y)∂y−∂(2z)∂z)−j^(∂(−y)∂x−∂(x2)∂z)+k^(∂(2z)∂x−∂(x2)∂y)= \hat{i} \
left( \frac{\partial(-y)}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial(2z)}{\partial z} \right) - \hat{j} \left( \
frac{\partial(-y)}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial(x^2)}{\partial z} \right) + \hat{k} \left( \
frac{\partial(2z)}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial(x^2)}{\partial y} \right)
Now compute each:
 ∂(−y)∂y=−1\frac{\partial(-y)}{\partial y} = -1
 ∂(2z)∂z=2\frac{\partial(2z)}{\partial z} = 2
 ∂(−y)∂x=0\frac{\partial(-y)}{\partial x} = 0
 ∂(x2)∂z=0\frac{\partial(x^2)}{\partial z} = 0
 ∂(2z)∂x=0\frac{\partial(2z)}{\partial x} = 0
 ∂(x2)∂y=0\frac{\partial(x^2)}{\partial y} = 0

Step 3: Plug in values

∇×F⃗ =i^(−1−2)−j^(0−0)+k^(0−0)=−3i^\nabla \times \vec{F} = \hat{i}(-1 - 2) - \
hat{j}(0 - 0) + \hat{k}(0 - 0) = -3 \hat{i}

✅ Final Answer: a) –3 î
Would you like a shortcut trick for computing curls quickly in 3D vector fields?
 We are asked:
In what direction from the point (2, 1, –1) is the directional derivative of
ϕ=x2yz3\phi = x^2 y z^3 maximum?

✅ Key Concept:
 The directional derivative of a scalar field ϕ\phi is maximum in the direction of
its gradient vector ∇ϕ\nabla \phi.
 Therefore, the correct answer is:
✅ D) ∇ϕ\nabla \phi

Optional: Compute ∇ϕ\nabla \phi at point (2, 1, –1)

Given ϕ=x2yz3\phi = x^2 y z^3, we compute the gradient:
∇ϕ=(∂ϕ∂x,∂ϕ∂y,∂ϕ∂z)=(2xyz3,x2z3,3x2yz2)\nabla \phi = \left( \frac{\partial \
phi}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial y}, \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial z} \right) = \
left( 2x y z^3, x^2 z^3, 3x^2 y z^2 \right)
At (2,1,−1)(2, 1, -1):
 ∂ϕ∂x=2(2)(1)(−1)3=−4\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x} = 2(2)(1)(-1)^3 = -4
 ∂ϕ∂y=(2)2(−1)3=−4\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial y} = (2)^2 (-1)^3 = -4
 ∂ϕ∂z=3(4)(1)(1)=12\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial z} = 3(4)(1)(1) = 12
So maximum directional derivative is in the direction of:
∇ϕ=⟨−4,−4,12⟩\nabla \phi = \langle -4, -4, 12 \rangle
Let me know if you want to visualize gradients and directional derivatives too!

The question is:

The theorem that can be obtained as a special case of Stokes’ theorem is:

✅ Correct Answer: A) Green’s theorem

Explanation:
 Stokes’ Theorem (in 3D):
∬S(∇×F⃗ )⋅n^ dS=∮CF⃗ ⋅dr⃗\iint_S (\nabla \times \vec{F}) \cdot \hat{n} \, dS = \
oint_C \vec{F} \cdot d\vec{r}
 Green’s Theorem (in 2D):
 ∮C(P dx+Q dy)=∬R(∂Q∂x−∂P∂y) dxdy\oint_C (P\,dx + Q\,dy) = \iint_R \left( \
frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \right) \, dxdy
Green's theorem is essentially Stokes' theorem applied to the xy-plane — a 2D
surface in 3D space — so it's a special case of Stokes' theorem.

❌ Why not the others?

 B) is the same as the main theorem.
 C) Gauss divergence theorem is a different theorem altogether (relates flux to
divergence).
 D) None is incorrect.
Would you like a chart comparing Stokes, Green, and Gauss theorems with
applications?

The question is:

A vector field which has a vanishing divergence is called:

✅ Correct Answer: A) Solenoidal field

Explanation:
 A vector field F⃗ \vec{F} is called solenoidal if:
∇⋅F⃗ =0\nabla \cdot \vec{F} = 0
 That means zero divergence, i.e., no net outflow or inflow from any point (e.g.,
magnetic fields are solenoidal).

Incorrect Options:
 B) Irrotational field → means ∇×F⃗ =0\nabla \times \vec{F} = 0
 C) Rotational field → means ∇×F⃗ ≠0\nabla \times \vec{F} \neq 0
 D) Hemispheroidal field → is not a standard term in vector calculus
Would you like a visual comparison of solenoidal vs irrotational fields?
 The question is:
The total work done by a force F⃗ \vec{F} from point A to B along a curve C is:

✅ Correct Answer: B) ∫ABF⃗⋅dr⃗\int_A^B \vec{F} \cdot d\vec{r}

Explanation:
 The work done by a vector force field F⃗ \vec{F} along a path from point A to B is
given by the line integral:
W=∫CF⃗ ⋅dr⃗W = \int_C \vec{F} \cdot d\vec{r}
When limits are clearly from A to B, this becomes:
∫ABF⃗ ⋅dr⃗\int_A^B \vec{F} \cdot d\vec{r}
 Option A (a closed line integral ∮F⃗ F⃗⋅r⃗
dr⃗=0\oint \vec{F} \cdot d\vec{r} = 0) applies
only if F⃗ \vec{F} is a conservative field and the path is closed.
 Option D (0) is not true in general unless the net displacement or force is zero.

Let me know if you'd like a quick summary of when the line integral becomes zero
(i.e., conservative fields)!

The path traversal in calculating Green’s Theorem is:

✅ Counterclockwise (positive orientation) around a closed curve.

🔁 Green's Theorem Statement:

For a continuously differentiable vector field F⃗ =P(x,y)i^+Q(x,y)j^\vec{F} = P(x,
y)\hat{i} + Q(x, y)\hat{j}, Green's Theorem states:
 ∮C(P dx+Q dy)=∬R(∂Q∂x−∂P∂y)dx dy\oint_C (P\,dx + Q\,dy) = \iint_R \left( \
frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \right) dx\,dy
Where:
 CC is the positively oriented (counterclockwise) simple closed curve.
 RR is the region enclosed by CC.

So the answer is:

The path must be counterclockwise around a closed curve.
Let me know if you’d like a visual diagram of Green’s theorem with orientation!