Choose the correct answer:

1- What is the primary focus of structuralism?

A) The relationships between entities ✔
B) The objectivity of perception
C) The observation of individual entities

----------
2- According to structuralism, why is a wholly objective perception of
individual entities not possible?
A) Every perceiver has an inherent bias that affects perception ✔
B) Perceivers lack the ability to describe structures
C) Observers tend to integrate entities into structures
----------
3- In structuralism, where does the true nature of things lie?
A) In the entities themselves
B) In the biases of the observer
C) In the relationships constructed between entities ✔
----------
4- Which way of thinking can properly be called 'structuralist'?
A) The independence of entities from relationships
B) The focus on individual elements in a situation
C) The idea that the world is made up of relationships between elements
✔

5- Saussure rejected the traditional view that language is made up of

separate units with individual meanings, and instead proposed studying
language in terms of the relationship between those units and their
current adequacy. In which book did Saussure present this argument?
A) Structural Linguistics
B) Principles of Linguistics
C) Cours de Linguistique Générale ✔
----------
6- What was Saussure's revolutionary contribution to the study of
language mentioned in the passage?
A) Focusing on historical changes in language
B) Studying only individual parts of language
C) Rejecting a substantive view of language in favor of a relational one
✔
----------
7- Saussure delivered a series of lectures at which university between
1906 and 1911?
A) University of Bern
B) University of Geneva✔
C) University of Zurich
----------
8- According to Saussure's perspective, how should language be
studied?
A) Only in terms of historical changes
B) In terms of the relationship between language parts and
synchronically ✔
C) Only diachronically
----------
9- Which of the following terms is used to describe studying language in
terms of its current adequacy according to Saussure's perspective?
A) Synchronic analysis ✔
B) Diachronic analysis
C) Historical approach

10- What is the main focus of synchronic linguistics?

A) Analyzing a language at a specific point in time ✔
B) Considering the historical development of a language
C) Exploring the evolution of linguistic structures
----------
11- Which approach in linguistic analysis considers the development and
evolution of a language through history?
A) Synchronic approach
B) Morphological analysis
C) Diachronic approach ✔
----------
12- What does Saussure's concept of "langue" refer to in linguistics?
A) The synchronic system of language structure ✔
B) The historical evolution of a language
C) Specific speech acts performed by individuals
----------
13- In what way does a synchronic study of language view a language at
a specific point in time?
A) By focusing only on phonetic elements
B) By ignoring the structural properties of language
C) By describing the language as it exists at that moment ✔
----------
14- What does Saussure's concept of "parole" refer to in linguistic
analysis?
A) The individual's use of language in actual speech ✔
B) A specific language spoken by a community
C) The historical development of speech patterns
----------
15- How does Saussure describe language as a "total system" in his
linguistic analysis?
A) Language is incomplete without historical context
B) Each language exists independently of its historical development ✔
C) Language is constantly evolving

16- What does langue refer to in the analogy between language and
chess?
A) The individual utterances made by speakers
B) The abstract language-system ✔
C) The concrete games of chess played by people
----------
17- The distinction between langue and parole is analogous to what in
the world of chess?
A) The concrete games of chess
B) The rules and conventions of chess ✔
C) The abstract set of chess moves

18- According to Saussure, what kind of entities did he take 'languages'

to be?
A) Physical phenomena
B) Psychological phenomena
C) Biological phenomena ✔
----------
19- Who propounded the notion of 'social fact' in his Rules of
Sociological Method?
A) Jane Austen
B) Ferdinand de Saussure
C) Emile Durkheim ✔
----------
20- What are social facts according to Durkheim?
A) Ideas in the individual minds of society members
B) Tangible physical objects
C) Representations in the collective mind of a society ✔
----------
21- How does Durkheim describe the collective mind of a society?
A) Existent above and beyond individual members, with ideas only
indirectly and imperfectly reflected in individual minds ✔
B) The sum total of individual thoughts
C) Indirect reflection of individual minds
----------
22- In what way does Durkheim argue that social facts are 'things'?
A) By having concrete effects, independent of individuals' opinions ✔
B) By being entirely psychological in nature
C) By depending on individuals' knowledge or ignorance
----------
23- How does Saussure describe the existence of language within a
collectivity?
A) Each individual speaker possesses exhaustive knowledge of the
language system
B) No individual possesses exhaustive knowledge of the language
system; it exists independently within a collectivity ✔
C) Language is reflected perfectly in the minds of individual speakers

24- According to the text, what is "langue" in the context of language?

A) The concrete actualization of language in social intercourse
B) The system of inter-dependent terms in language ✔
C) The individual utterances of speakers
----------
25- Who described language as "a system of inter-dependent terms in
which the value of each term results solely from the simultaneous
presence of the others"?
A) Noam Chomsky
B) Ferdinand de Saussure ✔
C) Charles Darwin
----------
26- What term is used in the text to describe the larger structure of
language that is implied by individual human utterances but never
physically appears?
A) Parole
B) Langue ✔
C) Oral speech
----------
27- What is considered natural to mankind in terms of language?
A) Oral speech
B) The functioning of various organs
C) The faculty of constructing a language ✔
----------
28- Who is mentioned as proposing the idea of the linguistic faculty
proper that governs signs?
A) Noam Chomsky
B) Ferdinand de Saussure ✔
C) Charles Darwin
----------
29- What does the linguistic faculty proper generate in respect of
language, according to the text?
A) Competence
B) A system of distinct signs corresponding to distinct ideas ✔
C) Performance
----------
30- What is the relationship between parole and langue in the context of
language?
A) Langue is the incomplete performance of part of the repertoire
B) Parole is the larger mass that supports langue
C) Langue is the system of necessary conventions that permit
individuals to exercise the faculty of speech ✔
----------
31- What faculty lies beyond the functioning of various organs and
governs signs in language?
A) Linguistic faculty proper ✔
B) Faculty of speech
C) Vocal apparatus
----------
32- Who among the following linguists proposed a description of the
system of "competence" that precedes individual "performance" in
language?
A) Noam Chomsky ✔
B) Charles Darwin
C) Ferdinand de Saussure

33- According to Saussure's theory of signs, language primarily resides

in:
A) The system of signs ✔
B) The emotional connotations of words
C) The physical appearance of words
----------
34- Which term does Saussure use to refer to the mental concept
associated with a word or sign?
A) Significant
B) Signifier
C) Signified ✔
----------
35- In Saussure's theory, what does the term "arbitrary" refer to?
A) The emotional impact of words on individuals
B) The lack of inherent connection between signifier and signified ✔
C) The fixed relationship between signifier and signified
----------
36- The relationship between the concept of a tree and the sound-image
of the word "tree" is an example of a:
A) Symbolic connection
B) Structural relationship ✔
C) Logical equivalence
----------
37- Saussure's theory suggests that the linguistic sign is protected from
change due to its:
A) Arbitrary nature ✔
B) Emotional resonance
C) Historical significance
----------
38- Which statement best reflects Saussure's view on the arbitrariness of
words?
A) The emotional connotations of words determine their meaning.
B) The structure of language dictates the meaning of words. ✔
C) Words have inherent meanings that cannot be changed.
----------
39- In Saussure's theory, why is there no reason to prefer one word over
another for the same concept?
A) The structure of language arbitrarily assigns meanings to words. ✔
B) Words have inherent properties that align with their concepts.
C) The emotional impact of words is more important than their
meanings.

40- What was the main thrust of the study of language in North
America?
A) Analyzing European languages for linguistic theories
B) Diachronic accounts of native Indian languages
C) Synchronic accounts of native Indian languages ✔
----------
41- Who was one of the early practitioners of descriptive linguistics?
A) Noam Chomsky
B) Ferdinand de Saussure
C) Franz Boas ✔
----------
42- What was the additional impetus for studying native Indian
languages in North America, apart from missionary work?
A) Promotion of linguistic debates
B) Intellectual curiosity
C) Urgency due to languages disappearing ✔
----------
43- Which event widened the rift between European linguists and those
in North America as stated in the passage?
A) The translation of Indian languages
B) The Second World War ✔
C) The publication of Cours de Linguistique Générale
----------
44- What term was deemed appropriate for the early practitioners of
language studies in North America?
A) Comparative linguistics
B) Descriptive linguistics ✔
C) Evolutionary linguistics
----------
45- What prompted the urgency to record and analyze native Indian
languages in North America?
A) Universal language acceptance
B) Fast disappearance of these languages ✔
C) Decline of European languages
----------
46- Which factor contributed to the language studies in North America
becoming a separate and independent field?
A) Saussure's influence
B) Existence of Indian languages unknown to European linguists ✔
C) Increase in global migration

47- What was the term used to describe the school founded by Franz
Boas in linguistics?
A) Generative linguistics
B) Structuralist linguistics
C) Descriptivist linguistics ✔
----------
48- For the Descriptivist Linguistics School, what was the primary focus
when studying the structure of alien languages?
A) Description of the current structure of languages ✔
B) Phonetic transcription
C) Historical development
----------
49- Why did language become especially important to Franz Boas?
A) As a tool for understanding culture ✔
B) To analyze phonological patterns
C) To study the history of word origins
----------
50- What was a practical challenge faced by Boas and his colleagues in
analyzing foreign languages?
A) Finding evidence of language evolution
B) Grappling with the brute facts of exotic languages ✔
C) Distinguishing between langue and parole
----------
51- In the Descriptivist approach, what hindered the anthropologists
seeking to understand the system of culture in a community?
A) Erroneous rationalizations hindering comprehension ✔
B) Native speakers' conscious awareness of language principles
C) Lack of linguistic diversity
----------
52- Descriptivist linguistics focused on the description of individual
languages primarily because _____.
A) It provided insights into the history of languages
B) It helped in distinguishing between spoken and written language
C) It was a necessary step in understanding the wider culture of a
community ✔
----------
53- What was true of the Descriptivist approach to linguistics, according
to the passage?
A) It emphasized theory over language description
B) It viewed the description of an individual language as an end in itself
✔
C) It prioritized historical linguistic analysis

54- How did Boas view the evolution of culture within societies?
A) Culture is a historical development, not an evolutionary one ✔
B) Culture is solely determined by environmental factors
C) Culture evolved in stages from lower forms to higher forms
----------
55- What did Boas argue about cultural developments?
A) Cultural developments were accidents of history ✔
B) Cultural ideas and practices were predetermined by genetic factors
C) Cultures were predetermined by a society's geographical location
----------
56- How did Boas transform the concept of culture?
A) Culture became a concept that progressed from lower to higher forms
B) Culture could only be understood through scientific principles
C) Culture was no longer seen as an abstract idea, but as a count noun ✔
----------
57- What was a key aspect of Boas' theory of cultural relativism?
A) Some cultures are inherently superior to others
B) Comparing different cultures is like comparing apples and oranges ✔
C) All cultures should strive to become more similar to each other
----------
58- What did Boas believe about the development of different cultures?
A) Different cultures should strive to imitate Western societies
B) All cultures were on a linear path to becoming more advanced
C) No culture was more or less developed or advanced than any other ✔
----------
59- Why did Boas reject the idea of cultural evolution?
A) He viewed culture as a historical development, not an evolutionary
one ✔
B) He argued that cultural change was solely driven by technological
advancements
C) He believed that cultural evolution was a natural law
----------
60- How did Boas' views differ from the dominant beliefs of his time?
A) He disputed the claim that fundamental differences existed between
civilized and primitive societies ✔
B) He thought that cultural differences were solely based on genetic
factors
C) He believed that some cultures were inherently primitive and
backward

61- According to behaviorism, language learning is viewed as the

formation of:
A. mental processes
B. habit through imitation and repetition ✔
C. innate language abilities
--------------
62- Which psychologists are mentioned as supporters of behaviorism?
A. Watson, Skinner, and Pavlov ✔
B. Brown and Ellis
C. Thorndike and Hadley
--------------
63- What is the main focus of the behavioristic approach to language
learning?
A. Understanding the underlying meaning of language
B. Developing grammatical structures
C. Observing changes in behavior as evidence of learning ✔
-------------
64- According to behaviorism, how do humans learn a language?
A. Through understanding grammar rules
B. By memorizing vocabulary lists
C. By imitating and repeating linguistic forms ✔
-----------
65- Behaviorists believe that learning a language should primarily
involve:
A. Reading and listening to authentic materials
B. Observing and analyzing linguistic structures
C. Conducting research on language acquisition
D. Extensive drill and practice exercises ✔
-----------
66- What does positive reinforcement involve in the context of
behaviorism?
A. Strengthening behavior through praise or reward ✔
B. Punishing incorrect responses
C. Ignoring incorrect responses to promote learning
D. Shaping behavior through gradual steps
------------
67- Which type of reinforcement discourages learning in behaviorism?
A. Positive reinforcement
B. Negative reinforcement ✔
C. Punishment
D. Reward
-----------
68- According to Edward Sapir, differences between languages are
primarily:
a) Differences in the way experiences are expressed ✔
b) Differences in the actual experiences themselves
c) Differences in the structure of language
d) Differences in social reality
-------------
69- Whorf believed that certain grammatical categories in any language:
a) Are always overtly marked
b) Are always covertly marked
c) Can be either overtly or covertly marked ✔
d) Are not significant in language construction
--------------
70- In Hopi rain-prayers, the way clouds are spoken of suggests that:
a) It is a metaphor or special figure of speech
b) Hopi people consider clouds to be alive✔
c) Hopi people do not believe in living beings
d) The usage of clouds in prayers is unclear
-------------
71- Hopi can be described as a timeless language because it:
a) Recognizes time as a linear dimension
b) Borrows spatial terms to refer to temporal phenomena
c) Divides time into measurable units
d) Does not have tenses comparable to European languages ✔
-------------
72- Whorf suggests that if the Hopi had developed sophisticated
scientific theories, modern physics would have been:
a) The same as it is now
b) Completely different from what it is now ✔
c) Equally self-consistent and satisfactory
d) No different from European physics
---------------
73- Who was the Czech Anglicist associated with the development of
the Prague School?
A) Vilem Mathesius ✔
B) Ferdinand de Saussure
C) Edward Sapir
D) Noam Chomsky
---------------
74- What is a key characteristic that differentiated the Prague School
from American Descriptivists and the Chomskyan School?
A) Focus on language aesthetics
B) Analysis of language functions ✔
C) Emphasis on historical linguistics
D) Deep grammar complexity
-------------------
75- Which concept in Prague School linguistics relates to dividing
sentences into 'theme' and 'rheme'?
A) Stress and intonation analysis
B) Functional Sentence Perspective ✔
C) Semantic anomaly detection
D) Syntax parsing