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Key Genetics Terminologies Explained

The document provides a comprehensive overview of key genetics terminologies, including definitions of genes, alleles, and chromosomes, as well as concepts related to genetic inheritance and molecular genetics. It also covers applied genetics techniques like genetic engineering and CRISPR, alongside population genetics concepts such as gene flow and natural selection. Additionally, modern tools and technologies used in genetics research, such as PCR and DNA sequencing, are highlighted.

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10 views2 pages

Key Genetics Terminologies Explained

The document provides a comprehensive overview of key genetics terminologies, including definitions of genes, alleles, and chromosomes, as well as concepts related to genetic inheritance and molecular genetics. It also covers applied genetics techniques like genetic engineering and CRISPR, alongside population genetics concepts such as gene flow and natural selection. Additionally, modern tools and technologies used in genetics research, such as PCR and DNA sequencing, are highlighted.

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Genetics Terminologies with Descriptions

Basic Concepts

Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Allele: A version or variant of a gene (e.g., dominant or recessive).

Genome: The complete set of genes or genetic material in an organism.

Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., TT, Tt, tt).

Phenotype: Observable traits or characteristics resulting from the genotype.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
TheAcid):
molecule that carries genetic instructions.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):


Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

Chromosome: A thread-like structure of DNA and protein found in the nucleus.

Histone: Protein that helps in DNA packaging into chromosomes.

Genetic Inheritance

Dominant Trait: Expressed even with one allele (e.g., Aa).

Recessive Trait: Only expressed when both alleles are recessive (e.g., aa).

Homozygous: Having two identical alleles (e.g., AA or aa).

Heterozygous: Having two different alleles (e.g., Aa).

Punnett Square: A tool to predict genetic crosses and offspring genotypes.

Monohybrid Cross: Cross involving one trait.

Dihybrid Cross: Cross involving two traits.

Law of Segregation: Mendels principle: alleles separate during gamete formation.

Law of Independent Assortment:


Genes for different traits are inherited independently.

Molecular Genetics

Replication: Copying of DNA before cell division.

Transcription: Process of making RNA from DNA.

Translation: Process of assembling proteins using mRNA.

Codon: A triplet of RNA bases coding for an amino acid.

Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence.

Point Mutation: Mutation affecting a single nucleotide.

Frameshift Mutation: Insertion/deletion that shifts the reading frame.

Applied Genetics
Genetics Terminologies with Descriptions

Genetic Engineering: Altering an organisms DNA using biotechnology.

Gene Therapy: Treating disease by inserting correct genes into cells.

CRISPR: A gene-editing tool to cut and modify DNA.

GMO: Organism with altered genetic material.

Population & Evolutionary Genetics

Gene Pool: All the alleles in a population.

Genetic Drift: Random change in allele frequency over time.

Gene Flow: Movement of alleles between populations.

Natural Selection: Process where better-adapted organisms survive and reproduce.

Mutation Rate: Frequency at which mutations occur in a gene or organism.

Modern Tools and Technologies

PCR: Technique to amplify DNA.

Gel Electrophoresis: Technique to separate DNA fragments by size.

DNA Sequencing: Determining the exact order of nucleotides in DNA.

Microarray: Tool to detect gene expression or mutations.

Bioinformatics: Application of computer tools to analyze genetic data.

Other Key Terms

Karyotype: Picture of an organism's chromosomes.

Pedigree Chart: Diagram showing family history and inheritance of traits.

Autosome: Non-sex chromosome. Humans have 22 pairs.

Sex Chromosome: Determines sex (XX for females, XY for males).

X-linked Trait: Trait linked to the X chromosome.

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