Chapter -1
MOTION
Origin: Describe the position of an object to specify a reference point called the origin.
Rest: An object is said to be in rest when its position does not change with time.
Motion: An object is said to be in motion when its position change with time.
Types of Motion: Motion can be of different types depending upon the type of path by which the object is going
through
➢ Rectilinear motion
➢ Oscillatory motion
➢ Circular motion
Distance:
• The total path length covered by the object is called distance (or) The actual path or length travelled by an
object during its journey from its initial position to its final position is called the distance.
• Distance is a scalar quantity which requires only magnitude but no direction to explain it.
Displacement:
• The shortest distance measured from the initial to the final position of an object is known as the displacement.
• Displacement is a vector quantity requiring both magnitude and direction for its explanation
• Displacement can be zero
Difference between Distance and Displacement:
Distance Displacement
The total path length covered by the object is called The shortest distance measured from the initial to the
distance final position of an object is known as the displacement.
Distance is a scalar quantity Displacement is a vector quantity
Distance is always positive or zero Displacement may be positive, negative or zeo
S.I. Unit of distance is meter S.I. Unit of displacement is meter
Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion:
• The object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in uniform motion.
• The object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in non-uniform motion.
Speed:
• The distance travelled by the object in unit time is called as speed.
• The SI unit of speed is m/s or ms-1
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
• Speed =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Average Speed:
• The average speed of an object is obtained by dividing the total distance travelled by the total time taken.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
• Average speed = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Velocity:
• The displacement travelled by the object in unit time is called as velocity.
• The SI unit of velocity is m/s or ms-1
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
• Velocity =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Average Velocity:
• The average velocity of an object is obtained by dividing the total displacement travelled by the total time
taken
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
• Average velocity = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦+𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑢+𝑣
• Average velocity = =
2 2
Difference between Speed and Velocity:
Speed Velocity
1. Speed is the distance travelled by an object in a 1. Velocity is the displacement of an object in a given
given interval of time. interval of time.
2. Speed = distance / time 2. Velocity = displacement / time
3. SI unit is m/s 3. SI unit is m/s
4. Speed is scalar quantity 4. Velocity is vector quantity
Acceleration:
• The change in the velocity of an object per unit time is called as acceleration.
• Acceleration is a vector quantity.
• The SI unit is m/s2 or ms-2.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣−𝑢
• Acceleration (a) = =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡
• During uniform motion of an object along a straight line, the velocity remains constant with time (the change
in velocity of the object for any time interval is zero).
• During non-uniform motion of an object along a straight line, the velocity varies with time (the change in
velocity of the object for any time interval is not zero).
• The acceleration is taken to be positive if it is in the direction of velocity and negative when it is opposite to
the direction of velocity.
Uniform acceleration:
• If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals
of time, then the acceleration of the object is said to be uniform acceleration.
• Example: The motion of a freely falling body
Non-uniform acceleration:
• If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity increases or decreases by unequal amounts in equal
intervals of time, then the acceleration of the object is said to be Non-uniform acceleration.
• Example: If a car travelling along a straight road increases its speed by unequal amounts in equal intervals of
time, then the car is said to be moving with non-uniform acceleration.
Distance-Time graph:
• It is the graph between the time “t” and distance “s” of a particle relative to a fixed origin.
• Its slope at any point gives the instantaneous velocity at that point.
• It represents a change in position of the object with respect to time.
Figure: Distance -time graph of an object moving with uniform speed
Figure: Distance -time graph of an object moving with non-uniform speed
Velocity-Time graph:
• Velocity-time graphs shows the change in velocity with respect to time.
• Its slope at any point gives the acceleration at the corresponding instant.
• Distance covered in time “t” equals area under the velocity-time graph.
• Line parallel to x-axis implies constant velocity.
The distance s moved by the car in time (t2 – t1)
can be expressed as
s = AC × CD
= [(40 km h–1) × (t2 – t1) h]
= 40 (t2– t1) km
= area of the rectangle ABDC (shaded in figure)
Distance travelled by the car
s = area ABCDE
= area of the rectangle
ABCD + area of the
triangle ADE
= AB × BC + ½ (AD ×DE)
Figure: Velocity-time graph for a car moving with uniform accelerations
Equations of motion:
• v = u + ut
• s = ut + ½ at2
• v2 – u2 = 2as
Uniform Circular Motion:
• If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular motion.
• The object is accelerating due to continuous change in direction, even if speed is constant.
• On being released the stone moves along a straight line tangential to the circular path.
2𝜋𝑟
• If the athlete takes t seconds to go once around the circular path of radius r, the speed v is given by v = 𝑡
• Example: 1. The motion of the moon and the earth, a satellite in a circular orbit around the earth.
2. A cyclist on a circular track at constant speed.
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