HikariCP Best Practices for Oracle Database and Spring Boot [Link]

Developers Blog

1 de 19 03/07/2025, 01:46 p.m.

HikariCP Best Practices for Oracle Database and Spring Boot [Link]

December 4, 2024 | 17 minute read

Kuassi Mensah
Director Product Management

Richard Exley
Consulting Member of Technical Sta�, Oracle Database

Irina Granat
Senior Director

 殺  
This previously published blog now covers the new release and
updates. The earlier version of the blog can be reviewed here.

HikariCP is a popular Java connection pool, commonly used with Spring Boot. This blog post furnishes
the best practices for con�guring HikariCP with Spring Boot for the Oracle Database.

You will learn how to con�gure HikariCP to leverage the Oracle Databases’ High Availability (HA)
capabilities for continuous service during planned and unplanned downtime. In this blog, we will cover
(beginRequest and endRequest
API support) that are part of the JDBC 4.3 standard. The request boundaries enable HikariCP to
transparently inject BeginRequest and EndRequest, similarly to UCP, thereby enabling the JDBC driver
to perform replay as part of Transparent Application Continuity (TAC).
All the recommendations in this blog post have been tested using the latest Long Term Support (LTS)
Oracle Database release i.e., and

Before zooming into HikariCP, a few words about the Universal Connection Pool (UCP). The Oracle
Database furnishes the Universal Connection Pool (UCP), a feature-rich Java connection pool — one of
the Spring Boot choices — that supports out-of-the-box, all Oracle database con�gurations, and
mission-critical capabilities such as Oracle Real Application Cluster (RAC), Data Guard, Oracle
Sharding, Asynchronous API, Runtime Load Balancing, XA, and front-end to Database Resident
Connection Pool (DRCP).

UCP is released quarterly and fully supported by Oracle.

See more details at: h�ps://[Link]/jdbc/

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HikariCP Best Practices for Oracle Database and Spring Boot [Link]

You may have standardized on HikariCP and do not necessarily need the advanced and mission-
critical UCP features. However, if you’d like to migrate from HikariCP to UCP, this blog post is for you.

The basic steps for using HikariCP with the Oracle Database consist of (i) con�guring the Oracle JDBC
driver, and (ii) con�guring HikariCP.

Add Oracle Driver as a dependency in Spring Initializer or manually add it to your project’s [Link].

the version of JDBC is [Link].10:

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<properties>
<[Link]>[Link].10</<[Link]>
</properties>

<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>[Link]</groupId>
<artifactId>ojdbc11</artifactId>
<version>${[Link]}</version>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>

the version of JDBC is [Link]:

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<properties>
<[Link]>[Link]</<[Link]>
</properties>

<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>[Link]</groupId>
<artifactId>ojdbc8</artifactId>
<version>${[Link]}</version>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>

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HikariCP Best Practices for Oracle Database and Spring Boot [Link]

Use this page for more information on Oracle RDBMS and JDK Version Compatibility for Oracle JDBC
Drivers.

1. Starting with version 2, Spring Boot uses HikariCP as the default connection pool and it is transitively
imported with the following Spring Boot starters: spring-boot-starter-jdbc or spring-boot-
starter-data-jpa.

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<parent>
<groupId>[Link]</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>3.0.4</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>

<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<! -- Assume Spring Data JDBC -->
<groupId>[Link]</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jdbc</artifactId>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>

2. However, in order to use the latest HikariCP release (i.e., version 6.0.0 as of this writing) which
implements request boundaries option, we also need to add the Hikari dependency in
the [Link] explicitly:

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<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>[Link]</groupId>
<artifactId>HikariCP</artifactId>
<version>6.0.0</version>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>

3. Then con�gure the application properties using one of the following methods: using
�le (Spring Boot automatically reads these �les and applies the

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HikariCP Best Practices for Oracle Database and Spring Boot [Link]

[Link] �le (Spring Boot automatically reads these �les and applies the
con�guration), creating a con�guration class annotated with @Con�guration and using @Bean to
de�ne the DataSource bean with HikariCP se�ings — we are using this method hereafter, using
[Link] �le, and using a Kubernetes secret, for a more secure method. See this UCP-
related blog post for more details about the approaches. Pick the approach that best �ts your project
and preferences. The �rst method might be simpler and is often su�cient for basic setups, while the
second method provides more �exibility and control over the con�guration in a Java class.

HikariCP has default se�ings that perform well in most deployments without additional tweaking.
Spring Boot exposes Hikari-speci�c properties using the [Link] namespace.
Every property is optional except for the few essential ones that must be set. HikariCP’s o�cial GitHub
page explains various con�guration options. In addition, you can review the Common Application
Properties page listing all Spring Boot [Link] options.

Here are the examples of and

An [Link] with the minimum set of properties required for using the Oracle
Database.

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#Oracle Database - Connection Details

[Link]=${JDBC_URL}
[Link]=${DB_USER}
[Link]=${DB_PASSWORD}
[Link]-class-name=[Link]

# HikariCP settings
[Link]-pool-size=4
[Link]-idle=4
[Link]

In this example we enabled the following HikariCP properties:

→ sets the maximum number of connections that

can be held in the connection pool
→ de�nes the minimum number of idle connections that
the pool should try to maintain. An idle connection is one that is not in use but is kept ready and in
open state. Maintaining idle connections can improve the performance of the applications as it will
reduce the time taken to acquire a new connection.
→ speci�es how much e�ort to put into validating a
connection on borrow. The values range from NONE (least e�ort) to COMPLETE (most e�ort).
Default is NETWORK, which is very expensive and so it should be changed unless it is the best for
your application. Se�ing the [Link] property to
enables lightweight connection validation by the JDBC driver when you call
the isValid(timeout) method. We strongly recommend se�ing up such a property.

Validation comes at a cost, and you should decide what value works best for your application. Here is

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Validation comes at a cost, and you should decide what value works best for your application. Here is
an analysis showcasing the processing time associated with each value:

You may add other HikariCP properties based on your application requirements however, when se�ing
multiple data source properties beware of the syntax and side e�ects.

We also recommend enabling additional logging to verify that your properties where correctly
registered:

Copy code snippet

[Link]=DEBUG

Please refer to the HikariCP documentation for more details.

An example of a DataSourceCon�g de�ning the minimum set of properties that the

DataSource requires to work with the Oracle Database.

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package [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];

import [Link];
import [Link];

@Configuration
public class DataSourceConfig {

@Bean
public HikariDataSource getDataSource () {
HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

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HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

[Link]([Link]("JDBC_URL"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_USER"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_PASSWORD"));
[Link](4);
[Link](4);
[Link]("[Link]", "LOC
return new HikariDataSource(config);
}
}

At this stage, you have successfully con�gured your Spring Boot application to work with the Oracle
Database using HikariCP.

The next sections cover the steps for con�guring HikariCP to leverage Oracle Databases’ high
availability capabilities.

With the Oracle Real Application Cluster system (RAC), any Oracle database service is accessible
equally from several server nodes. If a node or a subset of the RAC cluster fails or is taken o�ine for
maintenance, the database is still accessible through the remaining active nodes.

The building blocks for implementing Application High Availability with the Oracle database are:
using a database service, con�guring a URL or a connection string for High Availability, enabling Fast
Application Noti�cation (FAN), implementing draining, and enabling continuous database availability
for Java applications.
You may choose the level of HA that suits your requirements. A detailed explanation of HA protection
levels can be found in Oracle’s “High Availability Overview and Best Practices” under the Application
High Availability Levels chapter.

The following steps allow you to con�gure the Oracle RAC system, the Oracle JDBC driver, and
HikariCP for sustaining planned and unplanned outages. The detailed steps and explanations for the
continuous availability of your applications are covered in Oracle’s “High Availability Overview and Best
Practices” documentation.

Implement a level of high availability that allows applications to immediately react to instance, node, or
database failures, and quickly establish new connections to surviving database instances.

With application HA Level 1, downtime is minimized for unplanned and planned outages.

With Oracle RAC, the Oracle database service may be deployed over several nodes in the cluster.

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With Oracle RAC, the Oracle database service may be deployed over several nodes in the cluster.
Planned outage allows performing maintenance operations on a subset of the service nodes/hosts.
The database admin issues a command that generates a planned down event. As HikariCP is not
instrumented to handle such event type, it will be handled by the Oracle JDBC. The driver will drain i.e.,
transparently and smoothly close all active connections thereby allowing the nodes scheduled for
maintenance, to be shut down without impacting the applications (the remaining active nodes will
absorb the workload).

Create a dedicated service to support HA features as follows. A detailed explanation of how to create a
dedicated service and a connect string can be found in Oracle’s “High Availability Overview and Best
Practices” under the Application High Availability Levels chapter.

Copy code snippet

$ srvctl add service -db mydb -service MYSERVICE -pdb mypdb

-notification TRUE

Con�gure your Java application to use the following connect string.

Copy code snippet

jdbc:oracle:thin:@(DESCRIPTION =
(CONNECT_TIMEOUT= 3)(RETRY_COUNT=4)(RETRY_DELAY=2)
(TRANSPORT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT=3) (ADDRESS_LIST = (LOAD_BALANCE=on)
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST=clu_site_scan)(PORT=1521)))
(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME = my_service)))

As HikariCP has not been instrumented to handle FAN events, the planned maintenance will be
managed by the Oracle JDBC driver. To con�gure the driver to handle FAN events,
add simplefan and ons jar �les to your project’s [Link].

Copy code snippet

<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>[Link]</groupId>
<artifactId>ons</artifactId>
<version>${[Link]}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>[Link]</groupId>
<artifactId>simplefan</artifactId>

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HikariCP Best Practices for Oracle Database and Spring Boot [Link]

<artifactId>simplefan</artifactId>
<version>${[Link]}</version>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>

At this stage, the basic High Availability has been con�gured and furnishes the following bene�ts:

�. FAN event noti�cation of unplanned connection failures. This is especially useful when the failure
may have resulted in an application hang, such as when a database node is failing, and the TCP/IP
sockets are not cleaned up.

�. A connection string that results in connection requests being load-balanced across multiple RAC
nodes using Single Client Access Name (SCAN) with retry on failure.

If your application has been designed to handle planned and unplanned outages via retry logic, then
you don’t need anything else.

To prepare applications for planned maintenance, enable the request boundaries and add the
following connection validation se�ings to your application code.

Please note that the major change in Hikari 6.0.0 is a support for request boundaries and this feature
is disabled by default. Enabling the request boundaries will make draining more e�cient - drain can
occur at both checkout's (i.e., at connection-validation) and checkin's (i.e., at endRequest). It also
enables a complete support for both AC-manual and TAC. Request boundaries should be enabled by
se�ing the following system property:

[Link]("[Link]", "true");

Please be aware that a system property has JVM scope, so all HikariCP pools in that JVM instance will
be a�ected by such a se�ing.

By design, HikariCP validates connections that have been idle for more than 500ms (in the latest
version). If a connection is constantly being checked out and checked in it won’t be validated, and
hence won’t be drained by the Oracle JDBC driver.
Set the following system property either as a JVM system property or programmatically in your
DataSourceCon�g (as shown below) to force connection validation at checkout.

[Link]("[Link]", "-1");

A systematic connection validation on borrow may have a slight performance impact; Oracle
recommends se�ing a lightweight connection validation property

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HikariCP Best Practices for Oracle Database and Spring Boot [Link]

[Link] to " or " (SOCKET has a small

performance penalty while LOCAL might limit the driver's ability to detect the outage) to mitigate the
impact:

setProperty("[Link]", "SOCKET");

Se�ing the data source class name using the [Link] or the [Link]
�les, throws the following error message: “Caused by: [Link]: both
driverClassName and dataSourceClassName”. We need to set it programmatically using
DataSourceCon�g class as follows (at this point, we recommend to use only
�le for any additional se�ings and not to combine it with �le).

Copy code snippet

package [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];

import [Link];
import [Link];

@Configuration
public class DataSourceConfig {

@Bean
public HikariDataSource getDataSource () {

[Link]("[Link]", "-1");
[Link]("[Link]", "true");
HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
[Link]("url",[Link]("JDBC_URL"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_USER"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_PASSWORD"));
[Link]("[Link]"
[Link](4);
[Link](4);
Properties props = new Properties();
[Link]("[Link]", "SOCKET");
[Link]("connectionProperties", props);
return new HikariDataSource(config);
}
}

change the value of con�[Link] for the data source

creation to [Link]:

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HikariCP Best Practices for Oracle Database and Spring Boot [Link]

Copy code snippet

[Link]("[Link]");

The following command initiates the draining of active sessions.

The "-drain_timeout 60" parameter, allows active sessions to �nish their requests within a
prede�ned timeout (60 sec).

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srvctl stop instance -db mydb -node node1 -stopoption immediate

–drain_timeout 60 -force -failover

For the planned outage test, we will be using a two-node Oracle RAC environment. During normal
operation, both RAC nodes are up and running and serving the application. Depending on your load-
balancing strategy, the number of sessions might be di�erent or equally distributed across both nodes.
Under load (i.e., database activities), observe that the connections from that instance and
that the instance/node can be shut down.

We will monitor the draining process using the following SQL statement:

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select systimestamp time, machine, inst_id, count(*) from gv$session where username=

During normal operation, both RAC nodes db1 and db2 (inst_id 1 and inst_id2) are up and running. The
following SQL output demonstrates how sessions for app1 and app2 are being distributed (count *
column). Each application is using a connection pool that is con�gured to hold 4 sessions.

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SQL>
TIME MACHINE INST_ID COUNT(*)
----------------------------------- --------- ---------- ----------
04-NOV-24 12.33.23.964298 AM +00:00 app1 2 3
04-NOV-24 12.33.23.964298 AM +00:00 app2 1 4
04-NOV-24 12.33.23.964298 AM +00:00 app2 1 1

To begin the planned maintenance test, we �rst stop the database services on node 1 using the
following command:

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following command:

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srvctl stop instance -db $(srvctl config database) -node db1 -stopoption immediate -

Fast Application Noti�cation (FAN) sends a stop event. The connection pool reacts to FAN and starts
closing connections on node 1. At the same time, new connections are being opened on node 2. The
active session on node 1 is still executing its work. If it �nishes within the drain timeout (10 sec) and
returns the connection to the pool, then the session is closed, and a new one is established on node 2
when requested.

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SQL>
TIME MACHINE INST_ID COUNT(*)
----------------------------------- --------- ---------- ----------
04-NOV-24 12.33.29.945024 AM +00:00 app1 2 3
04-NOV-24 12.33.29.945024 AM +00:00 app2 2 4
04-NOV-24 12.33.29.945024 AM +00:00 app2 1 1

If the drain timeout completes but the remaining session is still connected to node 1, it will be
disconnected. With Application Continuity in place, the session reconnects to node 2, and the
interrupted work will be replayed transparently to the end user. See the next section for replay
con�guration details.

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SQL>
TIME MACHINE INST_ID COUNT(*)
----------------------------------- --------- ---------- ----------
04-NOV-24 12.33.31.964371 AM +00:00 app1 2 4
04-NOV-24 12.33.31.964371 AM +00:00 app2 2 4

For planned maintenance, draining is used to allow active sessions to �nish their work (drain) before
the database instance is shut down. However, in unplanned events such as an instance, node, or
database service failures, all sessions connected to the faulty node/instance will be terminated
immediately — there is no time for draining. The Fast Application Noti�cation (FAN) mechanism will
detect those unplanned events and notify the JDBC driver or any connection pool such as UCP that
has been instrumented to receive and process the FAN messages.

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As HikarCPi is not capable of handling FAN events, the Oracle JDBC driver transparently cleans up the
orphan connections and replays in-�ight requests on a surviving database instance (using new
connections); the failures will therefore be transparent to the applications that were using those
connections.

1. Add the following parameters to the database service de�nition:

-failovertype AUTO → enables Transparent Application Continuity (TAC).

-failover_restore AUTO → restores client states automatically

-replay_init_time 600 → speci�es the time in seconds upon which the replay will not be
performed.

Copy code snippet

$ srvctl add service -db mydb -service MYSERVICE -pdb mypdb

-notification TRUE -failover_restore AUTO -failovertype AUTO -replay_init_time 600

2. We recommend se�ing " to " to have a be�er

coverage for unplanned outages.

Copy code snippet

package [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];

import [Link];
import [Link];

@Configuration
public class DataSourceConfig {

@Bean
public HikariDataSource getDataSource () {

[Link]("[Link]", "-1");
[Link]("[Link]", "true");
HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
[Link]("url",[Link]("JDBC_URL"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_USER"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_PASSWORD"));
[Link]("[Link]"
[Link](4);
[Link](4);

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[Link](4);
Properties props = new Properties();
[Link]("[Link]", "SOCKET");
[Link]("connectionProperties", props);
return new HikariDataSource(config);
}
}

change the value of con�[Link] for the data source

creation to [Link]:

Copy code snippet

[Link]("[Link]");

Depending on your application functionality and performance needs, you might also consider adding
the following properties to the HikariCP con�guration and/or enable Oracle's Database Resident
Connection Pooling (DRCP):

1. The property → controls the maximum number of

milliseconds an application is willing to wait for a connection from the pool. If pool is exhausted and
this time is reached, then an exception is thrown with a message “connection acquisition timed
out”. Lowest acceptable connection timeout is 250 ms (Oracle's UCP supports much lower
minimum). Default: 30000 (30 seconds).

Note: If the maximum number of connections exhausted from the pool and a new request comes in, it
will behave depending on the connection-timeout. The new request will wait until the connection is
available or it is timed out.

2. The property→ by design HikariCP doesn’t implement a

statement cache as explained by the author. Oracle JDBC thin driver provides an implicit statement
cache that will take care of optimizing how statements and cursors are allocated and freed. To enable it
just set the property " " to a value for example " " which is
usually a good size for the statement cache.

Here are the examples of and including these

properties.

Copy code snippet

# Oracle Database DataSource Configuration

[Link]=${HATEST_JDBC_URL}
[Link]=${HATEST_DB_MAIN_USER}

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[Link]=${HATEST_DB_MAIN_USER}
[Link]=${HATEST_DB_MAIN_PASSWORD}

# HikariCP settings
[Link]-pool-size=4
[Link]-idle=4
[Link]-timeout=250
[Link]
[Link]

Copy code snippet

package [Link];

import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];

import [Link];

@Configuration
public class DataSourceConfig {

@Bean
public HikariDataSource getDataSource () {

[Link]("[Link]", "-1");
[Link]("[Link]", "true");
HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
[Link]("url",[Link]("JDBC_URL"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_USER"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_PASSWORD"));
[Link]("[Link]"
[Link](4);
[Link](4);
[Link](250);
Properties props = new Properties();
[Link]("[Link]", "SOCKET");
[Link]("[Link]", "10");
[Link]("connectionProperties", props);
return new HikariDataSource(config);
}
}

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3. To enable , you can refer to Oracle’s “Database

Resident Connection Pooling” documentation for detailed con�guration steps. DRCP is a feature of
Oracle Database that allows applications and mid-tier services to e�ciently manage multiple data
requests while optimizing database resource utilization.

Along with enabling DRCP on the server side, you also need to con�gure it on the client side. This
involves se�ing a new connection string and enabling the required properties in the
class.

enable DRCP with SERVER=POOLED in a Network Connect Descriptor string to pass

to JDBC_POOLED_URL

ensure that request boundaries property is enabled:

[Link]("[Link]", "true");

→ this property is used in Spring Boot applications with

HikariCP connection pool to con�gure Oracle Database Resource Pool (DRCP)
→ this property is used to enable or disable DRCP
multiplexing in request APIs when using HikariCP with an Oracle database in a Spring Boot
application

Here are the examples of including these properties:

Copy code snippet

package [Link];

import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];

import [Link];

@Configuration
public class DataSourceConfig {

@Bean
public HikariDataSource getDataSource () {

[Link]("[Link]", "-1");
[Link]("[Link]", "true");
HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
[Link]("url",[Link]("JDBC_POOLED_URL"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_USER"));
[Link]([Link]("DB_PASSWORD"));

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[Link]([Link]("DB_PASSWORD"));
[Link]("[Link]"
[Link](4);
[Link](4);
[Link](250);
Properties props = new Properties();
[Link]("[Link]", "SOCKET");
[Link]("[Link]", "10");
[Link]("[Link]", "true");
[Link]("[Link]", "DRCP_POOL_NAME");
[Link]("connectionProperties", props);
return new HikariDataSource(config);
}
}

A single ojdbc jar (e.g., [Link], [Link]) for all use cases
(production, debug, metrics). In other words, no more ojdbc8_g.jar or ojdbc11_g.jar for debugging.

Check this blog post — What’s in ‘Oracle DB 23c Free Developer Release’ for Java Developers — to get
more information about the new JDBC Self-Driven Diagnosability in Oracle databse 23ai.

The steps described in this blog post are based on an Oracle RAC system and Oracle JDBC Drivers
v19.21.0.0 and [Link].10. We hope you found this blog post helpful. Thanks for reading!

The Oracle JDBC Developer Guide v19c

High Availability Overview and Best Practices

A Guide to Migrating from HikariCP to Oracle UCP (Universal Connection Pool)

Application Checklist for Continuous Service for Maximum Availability Architecture solutions

Oracle JDBC Driver

Develop Java applications with Oracle Database

Oracle Database 23c Free — Developer Release

Kuassi is Director of Product Management at Oracle, in charge of

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HikariCP Best Practices for Oracle Database and Spring Boot [Link]

•Java database access, performance , scalability, availability and frameworks

Show more

Irina Granat is a member of MAA group in Oracle Database Development

organization focusing on Microservices and SaaS applications.
Show more

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