Dynamics is the branch of science which deals with the study of behaviour of the body or

particle in the state of motion under the action of force system. It is divided into two strcatns.

(i) Kinematics and (ii) Kinetics.

(1) Kinematics: Kinematics is the branch of dynamics which deals with the mouon of
bodies without refening to the forces causing the motion of the body

(2) Kinetics: lt is the branch of dynamics which deals with the notion of bodies referring
to the torces causing the motion of the body.

64SIC TECHNICAL TERMS MODule-5- Kinematics

. Motion: A body is said to be in motion, if it is chang1ng t's posiion With respeci 1 a

pont of reference.

Example: A person on a scooter is in motion with respect to the road. bul is at rest i

Tespect to the scooter itseif.

For ali engineering problems, any fixed point on the earth is taken as reterence point

2 Distance: lt is a positive scalar quantity. which represents the total length oi the path
covered by a body/objéct/particle...
Displacement
B

TTTTTTTTITTTTITI Distance
TTTTTNT
 Let a body moving along the path shown by hatched line in the fig 13.1. Let t be the
time taken by the body to move from A to B, thien the distance moved by the body in
time t is the distance measured along the hatched line.

3. Displacement: lt is defined as the change in position, it is a vector quantity

It is defined as the linear distance between the two position of the body in the beginning
and at the end of the time interval.

lt is the linear distance 'AB' which makes an angle *0' with x-axis in time 't' as showa.

4. Speed: It is defined as the rate of change of distance with respect to time. It is a scalar
quantity
5. Velocity: It is defined as the rate of change of displacement with respect to time. lt isa
vector quantity.

6. Average velocity: If *S' is the displacement in an interval t . The average velocity is

given by

7. Instantaneous Velocity: Velocity of a particle at a given Instant is called instantaneous

S
velocity and given by the limiting value of the ratio at time t' when both S' and
are very sImall.

Let 6S and ot be the smali displacement and small interval then.

8S s
v= lim-
dt
In S.I Units, the unit of velocity is n/sec. km/h
or or kmph
Ikm/hr= 10005msec
60x 60 18
8. Acceleration: It is defined as the "Rate of change of velocity" with
respect to time.
Mathematically,
dV
a
dt
The negative acceleration is referred to as
"RETARDATION" or "DECELERATiON*
a d dS
dt dildi d's
a =

The unit of acceleration is m/sec.

d
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

A body which isfee to move entirely under the influence of the earth's gravitation, will be
subjected to an acceleration directed towards the centre of the carth of value is 9.81 m/sec2
downwards.
Equation of motion for body freely falling vertically
Under gravity
() v=u +g

(i) s = + g r
(iii)v-u =2gs
For bodies projected vertically 'g' of is negative as it is, against the gravity.

()v=l -gt
(ii) s
=ut %gt
-

(iii) - u =-2gs
Equations for bodiesjust dropped (u= 0)
(i) v= gt

(i) s =
(iii) v = 2gs
 Brejutike
h a pantide isbrojeded ubwanola at a aio
Langle but mat Vulila,[Link] i L
pavnin theain ad lallu on the e d af a t
athn thoa th paint o projeutien
e i n d that the Veloct u ith uuhih th pantite
pejutid has both horiascl utes) Ad
Vurtical(UsDA) Carrbonnt as Ahe inI
fanticle rejuttd pwads_at a Ccdaio az
OYingNdler th CambinAd cllt_ honbat amd
 Vertilal Corpeoat oveloct, is alled a
projuts

Arojesiory

rajetony
The
The path traicd by the pr jcile iothe hale is kasuo
as tojeutory t b parahei im natwne

Velociy projutioo
The
The VeloGty u_uth_uhih aprejeitil s projectd
in to he Spaie is lalled a Velocit, prajatien
hos_eth Vvrtilal aad hoi2etal loryponent
3 Angl pojubion
t i_the anGle d ulth in the h0ribztal at uhich
the prejutile s pnajecd iota the ai

tic q_4uyt (T).

The totas tme T taken r e prejcutieo to rauh it

7he
i u n haigt o d ntun bak to the GheLdis bhe
 liet

Range (R)
distcate btutsio the þaiat Þro/'tioa ad
The he
ulhee thprojuile
eAUkes grandi
Lhe o i t

Efpath the pejutele

1taqd -9z2

Haniartas nange -

u2
Tim ipt
T UAh 2

T t o t a l tim taten by prer projetien ta point ubene

i t Jtueksth frend

Maar huight hprejut n a hoi 20ctal placnt

J t h b e the moinua hiight meohed by the paniide
whunthe pantide nuahes it ncaimun hulghtYa).
- u?s2

tmt_neguined to hnoh raimun hizot is givea ba _ea)

V U- gt
O UA g t
u
 DALEMBERT'SPeINCIplti
le Ronod d'lembe)t
French MatheMaticion Tean
in 1743 that the Neuton'8 8econd law o
proved
not Only to the MO tio
Motin opplicasle
a panticle but auso to the MothionOj a body
O
LOOKed t h e e Quation R Ma Mom

diehent angie.
R= ma May be wnitten as
The ation
The
R-Ma= O.

svh e tom May be lDOIda8 a horce

Ma
in the OppDAite
O MagnitudeMxa, aPplied,
direction O mption and i8 tenned it
as
"
force
thatne tia force ) e vehse elpecti ve

D'Alembat LoDKS at euation [Rr ma =0aSan

euati'on o eduitibrium and 8 tate8 th o t
on a Moving body is
The SyBtem o korces acting
the ineatia torce
in oy namic eQuitibium i t h
t h e bodu Thi8 iS noun as DAlembtrt'2 principl

Dynamic 2gulibrium- Whena body 'i8 instote

o unijorm Moton and the tsUItant el au
ordes actina upon t i zuo thenit
NSHIN
a d to be in dynamt EQulibmum.
Static ulibnun 7 the Combined e t o1a
the jorre8 acting On a bbdy is 3en0 th bod
in he ktate tol sekt then t's eOuilibnum i
tenmed as tatie eQulibnum.

t teeodhoda

F2

a
F

let the body 8hbun in ia

be 8 usTec ted toa

uuth
Bystm O torce3 causing the body to move
an accelenation "a" in ¥he olrection Oh the
YeBUItant
Then apply a korce edual to "ma" in the revaM
divectilo D aceterati on as shouun m ia).
s o fhe & y3ttm is in c ulibrnum

Noul DAlembht's principle, the edu

accoroling to
deOuilibium EFx= 0 Fy=D may be Used
P4or the
8ytem ) forces £houun in Ka)
 e

The inentra torce "Ma "

has a phyical
Meaning - ccoroing to Newton'Btirkt law Ob
moton, a body cbntíovee to be in theBtate
Oh re8t ounijon Mbtion in a8traight tine
unleg act coX by an Xtnnal horre.
Th at M booy
ans e v y a t y has a tendency
nC to
ContinUe in t s State o r s t 6 unikom MOTOm
This tundenty Called
Hen ce
Tnetiá
Tnetia orce 12 the re213 tanceh eo
Okhe
b body to the Change fn it s State oi Yest
uniom Mbhon

Howe ve), Many engineene preu toUBe DAlem

-bet' phincipl mce Ju8t by apply ing
Yevenge ekecttve force the movng bo y Can
betreateo a8 a bod neuitibmun and can
b anayged using eduatio ng C Static. eQuti
bn'um
 Applicadiong in plane mofani

The principe helps in

anay3ing the
forceB thot
act on a unk Mechanikm hen it i in Mot

principle pehmitA he
The Yedue tion o a proben
aprbk
dunamicg to One in 8tatice.

3 The principles hows that Wewton'& T Law o

moton applied to bdlie kiee to moVe as
well a to Btotíonasy booliea.

The
The princes i3 tspecialy e u t in problems
in volving con straintf. i

s a Uncnoun forces e More eakiy de tenmined

On boolieg in e0uiibriuvm than on movingbodies,
the forceb treA analusi O MaChiXe
Componentj Can ws ually be Simpliged byusin
In t i a l . orce
 DERIVATION OF EQUATION 0F MOTION

EGuations of Motion with uniform acceleration

Let. 1= Initial velocity of body

= Final velocity of body
tme elapsed
motion with unitorm acceleration is given by,

d
=

di

d=a d
Integrating both sides.

Jdv=Ja.d 0

=a.{f
V- u= a. t

(or) V=u +at

Equations for distance traveled

We know that velocity

dx
dt

dr= v. di
from Eqn. (1),

V ut at

Eqn. (2) becomes

dx = (u + at). di

Integrating both sides

dr (+atdt
Assuming that at, 1 = 0, x =0

at
xlo=+2
= ut + a

e know that acceleration

aV.
dx
a. dx = v. dv

Integrating both sides

[Link]= v.

alxh=T
a.s-0-(-*')

as (-")
2

Zas

(or) -u:2as