TABLE OF CONTENTS

MODULE: 01

Chapter 1: ALPHABET

 SESSION 1. (THEORY)
 SESSION 2. EXERCISE :- 1.1
Chapter 2: ANALOGY

 SESSION 3. (THEORY)
 SESSION 4. EXERCISE :- 2.1
Chapter 3. AVERAGE

 SESSION 5. (THEORY)
 SESSION 6. EXERCISE :- 3.1
 SESSION 7. EXERCISE :- 3.2
Chapter 4. CODING-DECODING

 SESSION 8. (THEORY)
 SESSION 9. EXERCISE: - 4.1
 SESSION 10. EXERCISE: - 4.2
Chapter 5. NUMBER SYSTEM

 SESSION 11. (THEORY)

 SESSION 12. EXERCISE: - 5.1
 SESSION 13. EXERCISE: - 5.2
 SESSION 14. EXERCISE: - 5.3
Chapter 6. LETTER SERIES

 SESSION 15. (THEORY)

 SESSION 16. EXERCISE: - 6.1
Chapter 7. DIRECTION & SENSES

 SESSION 17. (THEORY)

 SESSION 18. EXERCISE: - 7.1
Chapter 8. PERCENTAGES

 SESSION 19. (THEORY)

 SESSION 20. EXERCISE: - 8.1
 SESSION 21. EXERCISE: - 8.2
 Chapter 1: Alphabet

 SESSION 1. (Theory)
Points to Remember:
 “A” Preceded by “B” means B A
 “A” Followed by “B” means A B
 “A” Precedes “B” means A B
 “A” Follows “B” means B A
 The Vowels are A, E, I, O, U
 The Consonants are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
 A number which is divisible by any number except 1, are known as Prime Numbers.
 Examples of Prime Numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, etc.
 A number which is divisible by 2, is known as Even Numbers.
 Examples of Even Numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 ,16, 18, 20, 22, etc.
 A number which is not divisible by 2, is known as Odd Numbers.
 Examples of Odd Numbers are 1,3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, etc.

Types of Alphabet Test

As now we know what consists of an Alphabet Test reasoning section. Let us see the various types of
Alphabet Test one by one from below.

1. Number Series (Group Based)

The first type in the Number Series in which a group of numbers will be given and based on that multiple
operations need to be performed on them such as Addition, Multiplication, Interchanging of digits and so
on.

Given Series: 567 289 376 189 852

Example: If 1 is added to the 2nd digit of each number and then the position of the first and last digits are
interchanged, which of the following will be the highest number?

Solution: Given Series: 567 289 376 189 852

By adding 1 with the 2nd digit we get: 577 299 386 199 862

Now if we interchange the first and last digits then we get: 775 992 683 991 268

Therefore, 992 is the highest number which came from 289

2. Alphabet Series (Group Based)

In this type of Series a group of alphabets will be given and based on that multiple operations need to be
performed on them such as arrange in dictionary or reverse dictionary order, interchanging of alphabets
and so on.

Given Series: DEW BIG RAW FAN DOG

Example: If the position of the first and last alphabets of each word are interchanged and arranged in
dictionary order then, which word comes last?

Solution: Given words are DEW BIG RAW FAN DOG

On interchanging the first and last alphabet we get the series as

WED GIB WAR NAF GOD

Now if we arrange the series in dictionary order then we get the series like this

GIB GOD NAF WAR WED

3. Mixed Series

Mixed Series involves the arrangement of numbers, letters and symbols in a certain way. Various types of
Mixed Series are given below.

(a) Simple Series

Questions from Simple Series will involve questions based on positions only. No types of operations will
need to be performed in these types of questions.

Given Series: A B 6 P 7 2 Z @ X ? V T W # & N S L %

Example: What element in 6th to the left of the 12th element from the left end?

Solution: If we carefully observe the given series then the 12th position from the left end is T. (A B 6 P 7 2 Z
@ X ? V T W # & N S L %)

Whereas, the 6th position to the left of the 12th element is 2. (A B 6 P 7 2 Z @ X ? V T W # & N S L %)

Therefore, the answer will be 2 is the 6th to the left of the 12th element from the left end.

(b) Operation Based Series

In this type of mixed series candidates need to apply a few operations asked in the question to get the
desired result. Examples regarding this type of mixed series are given later in this article.

4. Creating New Words

In this type of Alphabet Test reasoning section candidates will be given a few letters from which they need
to find if the given letters are making a meaningful word or not. If meaningful words are present or can be
formed using the given letters then questions such as how many meaningful words can be formed at any
position can also be asked.

Example: How many meaningful English words can be formed with the help of letter T, A, E such that no
letter is missed, and no letter is repeated?
Solution: T A E, we can clearly see that various words can be formed by using these 3 letters such as TEA,
EAT and ATE. So the answer is 3 meaningful words can be formed.

5. Position of Letters and Numbers in a Word

In this type of questions, candidates need to find the pairs of letters or digits which may have as many
letters or digits between them as in words or numbers between them in the English Alphabetical Series and
Number Sequence explained above.

Example: How many such letters are there in the word “INTERNET’” after arranging the letters of the word
in alphabetical order each of which has as many letters between them in the word, as they have between
them in English Alphabetical series? (Forward direction)

Solution: The word “INTERNET” can be represented as follows.

Letters I N T E R N E T

Alphabet Position 9 14 20 5 18 14 5 20

As we can see, 2 such pairs are there such as NT and IN.

 EXERCISE: - 1.1

Alphabet Test Practice Sheet

1. Which letter will come exactly between the tenth letter from your left and the seventh letter from your
right? Without changing any order in the original from the alphabet?
A.) N B.) P C.) O D.) Q
2. If it is possible to from a word with the first, fourth, seventh and eleventh letters in the word
'SPHERVLVODS' write the second letter of that word. Otherwise, X is the answer?
A.) S B.) E C.) L D.) O
3. How many pairs of letters are there in the word 'CASTRAPHONE' which have as many letters between
them in the word as in the alphabet?
A.) One B.) Two C.) Three D.) Four
4. In the following alphabet second half is written first and then the first half is arranged in reverse order.
Then which of the following will be the 5th letter to the left of 16th letter from the right?
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU VWXYZ
A.) S B.) T C.) P D.) F
5. If the letters in the word RUTHENIUM are rearranged in the alphabatical order, which letter will be
second to the right of middle letter?
A.) I B.) T C.) N D.) R
6. How many pairs of letters in the word 'CHAIRS' have as many letters between them in the word as in
the alphabet?
A.) 3 B.) 2 C.) 1 D.) 5
7. From the word 'LAPAROSCOPY' how many independent meaningful words can be made without
changing the order of the letters and using each letter only once ?
A.) 3 B.) 4 C.) 1 D.) 2
8. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z . Which letter in this alphabet is the eighth letter to
the right of the letter and which is tenth letter to the left of the last but one letter of the alphabet?
A.) Y B.) W C.) G D.) F
9. How many pairs of letters are there in the word " CASTRAPHONE" which have as many letters between
them in the word as in the alphabet?
A.) 3 B.) 4 C.) 5 D.) 6
10. If in the word 'DISTURBANCE', the first letter is interchanged with the last letter, the second letter is
interchanged with the tenth letter and so on, which letter would come after the letter T in the newly
formed word ?
A.) T B.) S C.) R D.) C
11. If the following English alphabet, if second half of the alphabet is written in reverse order, which of the
letter is 7th right of 16th letter from the left?
A.) O B.) P C.) Q D.) R
[Link] 1st & 7th, 2nd & 8th, 3rd & 9th letters are interchanged in the word TRANSLATION. What will be the
fifth letter to the right of 9th letter from the right?
A.) T B.) L C.) R D.) S
13. From the word 'CARRIAGE', how many independent words can be made without changing the order of
the letter only once.
A.) One B.) Two C.) Three D.) Four
14. If the first and second letters in the word 'EXCELLECE' are interchanged, in the sameway third
andfourth letters, the fifth and the sixth letters and so on. Which letter would be the sixth when
countedfrom the right?
A.) C B.) D C.) E D.) L
15. From the word 'POSTSCRIPT', how many independent words can be made without changing the order
of the letters and using each letters only once?
A.) 1 B.) 2 C.) 3 D.) 4

16. What should come next in the following letter sequence?

AABABCABCDABCDEABCD
A.) A B.) E C.) B D.) C
17. S L U A Y J V E I O N Q G Z B D R H
What will come in place of question (?) mark in the following series?
LA UJ YI EG?
A.) QH B.) NR C.) ZH D.) IB
18. How many meaningful English words can be formed with the letters ESRO using each letter only once
in each word?
A.) One B.) Two C.) Three D.) Four
19. If the first and second letters in the word DEPRESSION' were interchanged, also the third and the
fourth letters, the fifth and the sixth letters and so on, which of the following would be the seventh letter
from the right ?
A.) O B.) R C.) S D.) P
20. From the word 'ASTOUNDER', how many independent words can be made with-out changing the order
of the letters and using each letter only once ?
A.) 1 B.) 2 C.) 3 D.) 4
 Chapter 2: Analogy

 SESSION 3. (Theory)

What is Analogy Reasoning?

Analogy reasoning is a cognitive process where one understands or solves a problem by drawing parallels or
comparisons between the problem at hand and a similar situation or concept. It involves identifying the
underlying relationships and mapping them from one domain to another. This method of reasoning can be
used in various fields, such as problem-solving, decision-making, learning, and communication.

In essence, analogy reasoning relies on the idea that if two things share certain similarities, they may also
share other, unknown similarities. This process allows for the transfer of knowledge from one context to
another, facilitating understanding and creative thinking. For example, if you want to explain how an
electrical circuit works to someone unfamiliar with the concept, you might use the analogy of water flowing
through pipes, as it shares some similarities in terms of flow, pressure, and resistance.

Types of Analogy Reasoning

As of now, we know what consists of the questions related to the Analogy reasoning section. Let us see the
various types of questions that may come one by one below.

1. Letter/Word Based Analogy

In this type of analogy reasoning, a pair of letters or words are given in a certain similarity between them.
Another word or letter is also given with the same similarities. Candidates need to find out the similarities
between the first two words and choose the word from the given alternatives, which carries the same
similarities to the “?”, as the two first carry. Various types of letter based analogy are Addition/
Subtraction/ Multiplication with the constant numbers, Reverse letter of the constant numbers and so on.

2. Number Based/Numerical Analogy

In this type of analogy reasoning, a pair of numbers are given in a certain similarity between them. Another
number is also given with the same similarities. Candidates need to find out the similarities between the
first two numbers and choose the number from the given alternatives, which carries the same similarities
to the “?”, as the first two [Link] types of number-based analogy are Addition/ Subtraction/
Multiplication with constant numbers, Square/Cube of constant numbers, Operation of Sum of the digits,
and so on.

3. Letter and Number Based Analogy (Mixed Analogy)

In this type of analogy reasoning, a mixed pair of numbers and letters are given in a certain
similarity between them. Another mixed pair of numbers and letters are also given with the same
similarities. Candidates need to find out the similarities between the first two pairs and choose the pair
from the given alternatives, which carries the same similarities to the “?”, as the two first [Link]
types of letter and number-based analogy are Addition/Subtraction with a combination of Letters and
Numbers, Operation of Place Value, and so on.

4. Image-Based Analogy

In this type of analogy reasoning, a pair of Images are given in a certain similarity between them. Another
Image is also given with the same similarities. Candidates need to find out the similarities between the first
two Images and choose the correct image from the given alternatives, which carries the same similarities to
the “?”, as the first two.

5. General Knowledge Based Analogy

In this type of analogy reasoning, a pair of words are given in a certain similarity between them. Another
word is also given with the same similarities. Candidates need to find out the similarities between the first
two words and choose the correct word from the given alternatives, which carries the same similarities to
the “?”, as the two first carry.

Various types of general knowledge-based analogy are Country/State and Capital/Currency, Instrument and
Measurement, Individual and Group, Word and Synonym/Antonym, and so on.
 EXERCISE: - 2.1

Analogy Practice Sheet

1. CUP : LIP :: BIRD : ?

A. BUSH B. GRASS C. FOREST D. BEAK
2. Flow : River :: Stagnant : ?
A. Rain B. Stream C. Pool D. Canal
3. Paw: Cat :: Hoof : ?
A. Lamb B. Elephant C. Lion D. Horse
4. Ornithologist: Bird:: Archeologist : ?
A. Islands B. Mediators C. Archeology D. Aquatic
5. Peacock: India:: Bear : ?
A. Australia B. America C. Russia D. England
6. REASON: SFBTPO :: THINK : ?
A. SGHMJ B. UIJOL C. UHNKI D. UJKPM
7. Carbon: Diamond :: Corundum : ?
A. Garnet B. Ruby C. Pukhraj D. Pearl
8. NATION: ANTINO:: HUNGRY : ?
A. HNUGRY B. UHNGYR C. YRNGUH D. UNHGYR
9. Architect: Building:: Sculptor : ?
A. Museum B. Stone C. Chisel D. Statue
10. Eye: Myopia :: Teeth : ?
A. Pyorrhoea B. Cataract C. Trachoma D. Eczema
11. Conference: Chairman:: Newspaper : ?
A. Reporter B. Distributor C. Printer D. Editor
12. Safe : Secure :: Protect : ?
A. Lock B. Sure C. Guard D. Conserve
13. Master: OCUVGT:: LABOUR : ?
A. NCDQWT B. NDERWT C. NBERWT D. NEDRWT
14. Microphone: Loud :: Microscope : ?
A. Elongate B. Investigate C. Magnify D. Examine
15. Melt: Liquid:: Freeze : ?
A. Ice B. Condense C. Solid D. Force
16. College: Student :: Hospital : ?
A. Nurse B. Doctor C. Treatment D. Patient
17. Tree: Forest :: Grass : ?
A. Lawn B. Garden C. Park D. Field
18. South: North-West :: West : ?
A. North B. South-West C. North-East D. East
19. Cloth: Mill:: Newspaper : ?
A. Editor B. Reader C. Paper D. Press
20. Country: President :: State : ?
A. Governer B. M.P C. Legislator D. Minister
 Chapter 3. Average

 SESSION 5. (Theory)

What are Averages?

Average is the mean value which is equal to the ratio of the sum of the number of a given set of values to
the total number of values present in the set. We apply an average in various areas of real life. So, Average
is defined as the sum of the observations divided by the number of observations.

Average = Sum of observations / Number of observations

How to Calculate Average of a List?

The formula which we use to calculate the Average of a list of numbers or values is very easy to use.
Students can follow the below-mentioned steps to successfully calculate the average of a given list of
numbers of values.

Step 1: At first, add all the numbers given in the list.

Step 2: Divide the calculated sum by the number of terms given in the list.

Step 3: Calculate and conclude the result by using the Average formula. The average of number can be
expressed as:

Average = Sum of the observations / Number of observations

Averages Formula

Students can find the important average formulas to solve questions based on Averages:

 Average of first n natural numbers = (n+1) / 2

 Average of squares of first n natural numbers = (n+1) (2n+1) / 6
 Average of cubes of first n natural numbers = n (n+1)2 / 4
 Average of first n even numbers = n + 1
 Average of squares of first n even numbers = 2 (n+1) (2n+1) / 3
 Average of cube of first n even numbers = 2n (n+1)2
 Average of first n odd numbers = n
 Average of squares of first n odd numbers = (2n+1) (2n-1) / 3
 Average of cube of first n odd numbers = n(2n2 – 1)
 EXERCISE: - 3.1

Average Practice Sheet

1. The first 10 overs of a cricket game, the run rate was only 3.2. What should be the run rate in the
remaining 40 overs to reach the target of 282 runs?
A. 6.25 B. 5.5 C. 7.4 D. 5

2. A grocer has a sale of Rs. 6435, Rs. 6927, Rs. 6855, Rs. 7230 and Rs. 6562 for 5 consecutive months. How
much sale must he have in the sixth month so that he gets an average sale of Rs. 6500?
A. 4800 B. 4991 C. 5004 D. 5000

3. The average of 20 numbers is zero. Of them, How many of them may be greater than zero, at the
most?
A. 1 B. 20 C. 0 D. 19

4. The captain of a cricket team of 11 members is 26 years old and the wicket keeper is 3 years older. If the
ages of these two are excluded, the average age of the remaining players is one year less than the average
age of the whole team. Find out the average age of the team.
A. 23 years B. 20 years C. 24 years D. 21 years

5. The average monthly income of A and B is Rs. 5050. The average monthly income of B and C is Rs. 6250
and the average monthly income of A and C is Rs. 5200. What is the monthly income of A?
A. 2000 B. 3000 C. 4000 D. 5000

6. A car owner buys diesel at Rs.7.50, Rs. 8 and Rs. 8.50 per litre for three successive years. What
approximately is the average cost per litre of diesel if he spends Rs. 4000 each year?
A. Rs. 8 B. Rs. 7.98 C. Rs. 6.2 D. Rs. 8.1

7. In Kiran's opinion, his weight is greater than 65 kg but less than 72 kg. His brother does not agree with
Kiran and he thinks that Kiran's weight is greater than 60 kg but less than 70
kg. His mother's view is that his weight cannot be greater than 68 kg. If all are them are correct in their
estimation, what is the average of different probable weights of Kiran?
A. 70 kg B. 69 kg C. 61 kg D. 67 kg

8. The average weight of 16 boys in a class is 50.25 kg and that of the remaining 8 boys is 45.15 kg. Find
the average weights of all the boys in the class.
A. 48.55 B. 42.25 C. 50 D. 51.25

9. A library has an average of 510 visitors on Sundays and 240 on other days. What is the average number
of visitors per day in a month of 30 days beginning with a Sunday?
A. 290 B. 304 C. 285 D. 270

10. A student's mark was wrongly entered as 83 instead of 63. Due to that the average marks for the class
got increased by 1212. What is the number of students in the class?
A. 45 B. 40 C. 35 D. 30
 EXERCISE: - 3.2

Average Practice Sheet

1. If the average marks of three batches of 55, 60 and 45 students respectively is 50, 55, 60, what is the
average marks of all the students?
A. 53.23 B. 54.68 C. 51.33 D. 50

2. The average age of husband, wife and their child 3 years ago was 27 years and that of wife and the child
5 years ago was 20 years. What is the present age of the husband?
A. 40 B. 32 C. 28 D. 30

3. The average weight of 8 person's increases by 2.5 kg when a new person comes in place of one of them
weighing 65 kg. What is the weight of the new person?
A. 75 Kg B. 50 Kg C. 85 Kg D. 80 Kg

3. There are two divisions A and B of a class, consisting of 36 and 44 students respectively. If the average
weight of divisions A is 40 kg and that of division b is 35 kg. What is the average weight of the whole
class?
A. 38.25 B. 37.25 C. 38.5 D. 37

4. A batsman makes a score of 87 runs in the 17th inning and thus increases his averages by 3. What is his
average after 17th inning?
A. 39 B. 35 C. 42 D. 40.5

5. A student needed to find the arithmetic mean of the numbers 3, 11, 7, 9, 15, 13, 8, 19, 17, 21, 14 and x.
He found the mean to be 12. What is the value of x?
A. 12 B. 5 C. 7 D. 9

6. Arun obtained 76, 65, 82, 67 and 85 marks (out in 100) in English, Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology and
Physics. What is his average mark?
A. 53 B. 54 C. 72 D. 75

7. Distance between two stations A and B is 778 km. A train covers the journey from A to B at 84 km per
hour and returns back to A with a uniform speed of 56km per hour. Find the average speed of the train
during the whole journey?
A. 69.0 km /hr B. 69.2 km /hr C. 67.2 km /hr D. 67.0 km /hr

8. The average age of boys in a class is 16 years and that of the girls is 15 years. What is the average age
for the whole class?
A. 15 B. 16 C. 15.5 D. Insufficient Data

9. The average age of 36 students in a group is 14 years. When teacher's age is included to it, the average
increases by one. Find out the teacher's age in years?
A. 51 years B. 49 years C. 53 years D. 50 years

10. The average of five numbers id 27. If one number is excluded, the average becomes 25. What is the
excluded number? A. 30 B. 40 C. 32.5 D. 35
 Chapter 4. Coding-Decoding

 SESSION 8. (Theory)
Coding & Decoding: - Coding-Decoding is a process of encrypt or decrypt any word, letter or sentence in a set
pattern or code based on some set of rules. Coding and Decoding of information is done with various rules or
patterns, so that only the right person can decipher it. Coding Decoding helps candidates to improve their logical
reasoning skill and ability to focus.

Types of Coding Decoding:-As now we know what consists of the questions related to the Coding-Decoding
reasoning section. Let us see the various types of coding decoding one by one from below.

1. Letter to Letter Coding:-In this type of coding and decoding, the alphabets of a word are coded with the help
of different operations such as addition, subtraction, interchanging, and so on. Candidates need to find the code
of another word using the same operations.

2. Letter to Number Coding:-In this type of coding decoding, either numerical code values are assigned to a
word or alphabetical code letters are assigned to the number.

3. Substitution Coding: - In this type of coding decoding, words are encrypted or coded with the suitable word.

4. Chinese Coding:-In this type of coding and decoding, a few statements consisting of the same words but in
different order will be coded as words or symbols or letters. Candidates need to find the codes of words by
finding the common words in different statements as the code of a word in both the statements will be the
same.

5. LSN Coding

In this type of coding and decoding, words of different statements are coded with letters, symbols and numbers
by using different operations. Candidates need to find the logic used for letter, symbol, and number.

6. Conditional Coding

In this type of coding decoding, a few operations will be given and candidates need to apply all the given
conditions to find the code of a given word.

7. Clock Coding

In this type of coding decoding, numbers between 1 to 12 are coded and the questions will be asked on the basis
of clock time.
 EXERCISE: - 4.1

Coding-Decoding Sheet

1. In a certain code IMTITJU is written as TMIIUJT. How is TEMREMP written in that code?
A.) METERPM B.) METRPME C.) ETRMMEP D.) MTERPME
2. In a certain code 'INACTIVE' is written as VITCANIE. How is 'COMPUTER' written in that code?
A.) UTEPMOCR B.) MOCPETUR C.) ETUPMOCR D.) PMOCRETU
3. In a certain code STUDENT is written as TUTDNES. How will SOURCES be written in that code?
A.) SOURCES B.) SUORECS C.) SRUOCES D.) SOURSEC
4. In a certain code LEARNING is written as LGNINRAE. How will SURPRISE be written in that code?
A.) ESRIPRUS B.) RUSEPSIR C.) SESIRPRU D.) ESIRPRSU
5. If PRIVATE is coded as 1234567 and RISK is coded as 2398, how is RIVETS coded?
A.) 232679 B.) 243769 C.) 234769 D.) 234976
6. In a certain code MTUXTRVN is written as NUVXTQUM. How will ASUMNJKL be written in that code?
A.) BTVMNIJK B.) BTVMNKLM C.) BTVNMIJK D.) ZRTMNIJK
7. In a certain code SENSITIVE is written as QHLVGWGYC. How will MICROSOFT be written in that code?
A.) KGAPMQMDT B.) OKETQUQHV C.) KLAUMVMIR D.) LKBTNUNHS
8 In a certain code ABHIJIT is written as CEJLLLV. How will BROTHER be written in that code?
A.) ETRVKGU B.) DUQWJHT C.) DURWJIT D.) EUQWKHT
9. In a certain code COMPUTER is written as RFUVQNPC. How will MEDICINE be written in that code?
A.) ETRVKGU B.) DUQWJHT C.) DURWJIT D.) EUQWKHT
10. In a certain code HANGER is written as TDIMCG. How KURESH is be written in that code?
A.) JRGQWJ B.) LVSFTI C.) MSTGUJ D.) MVTFUI
11. In a code language 'Sh Me Ya' means 'Rock Then Young' and 'Me Yo Na Ya' means 'Wise Young Sharp
Rock'. Which code represents 'Then' in the given code language?
A.) Ya B.) Me C.) Sh D.) Cannot be determined
Directions (12 - 14):In a certain code language (a) "imjee loo" means 'you did it',
(b) "jooip am" means 'how are things',
(c) "loo sam" means 'you sing' and and
(d) "am pee joo" means 'things are sweet'.
12. Which of the following is the code for 'how'?
A.) joo B.) ip C.) am D.) Cannot be determined
13. What is the code for 'you sing sweet'?
A.) loo sam am B.) loo pee joo C.) pee sam loo D.) Cannot be determined
14. Which of the following is the code for 'it'?
A.) im B.) jee C.) loo D.) Cannot be determined
15. If AT=20, BAT=40, then CAT will be equal to
A.) 30 B.) 50 C.) 60 D.) 70
 Coding-Decoding Sheet
EXERCISE: - 4.2

1. If white is called blue, blue is called red, red is called yellow, yellow is called green, green is called black,
black is called violet and violet is called orange, what would be the colour of human blood?
A.) Red B.) Green C.) Yellow D.) Violet
2. If red is called butter, butter is called soap, soap is called ink, ink is called honey and honey is called red,
which of the following is used for washing clothes?
A.) Honey B.) Butter C.) Red D.) Ink
3. If green is called red, red is called yellow, yellow is called blue, blue is called orange and orange is
calledgreen, then what is the colour of clear sky?
A.) Blue B.) Yellow C.) Orange D.) Red
4. If cloud is called white, white is called rain, rain is called green, green is called air, air is called blue, and
blue is called water, where will the birds fly?
A.) Air B.) White C.) Cloud D.) Blue
5. If water is called gray, gray is called red, red is called white, white is called moon, moon is called
rain,rain is called green and green is called air, which is the following is the colour of milk?
A.) Air B.) Green C.) White D.) Moon
6. In a certain code, '37' means 'which class' and '583' means 'caste and class'. What is the code
for'caste'?
A.) 3 B.) 7 C.) 8 D.) Either 5 or 8
7. In a certain code, '743' means 'mangoes are good' and '657' means 'eat good food', and '934'
means'mangoes are ripe'. Which digit means 'ripe' in that language?
A.) 9 B.) 4 C.) 5 D.) 7
8. If PRIVATE is coded as 1234567 and RISK is coded as 2398, how is RIVETS coded?
A.) 234679 B.) 243769 C.) 234769 D.) 234976
Directions (9- 11): The number in each question below is to be codified in the following code:
Digit 7 2 1 5 3 9 8 6 4
Letter W L M S I N D J B
9. 184632
A.) MDJBSI B.) MDJBIL C.) MDJBWL D.) MDBJIL
10. 879341
A.) DWNIBS B.) DWNBIM C.)DWNIBM D.) NDWBIM
11. 64928
A.) JBNLD B.) JBLND C.) BJNLD D.) DBNLS
12. If SPTFA 'stands' for BLADE, how will you code 'BALL'?
A.) SPTA B.) STPA C.) SAPT D.) STAP
13. In a certain code 'INFORM' is written as JMGNSL. How is 'PLAYER' written in that code?
A.) QKBXFQ B.) QKBYED C.) QKBXED D.) QKCXFQ
14. In a certain code PARADISE is written as ARAPESID. How is DROWNING written in that code?
A.) WRODGNIN B.) DROWGNIN C.) WORDGNIN D.) WRODNGIN
 Chapter 5. Number System

 SESSION 11. (Theory)

INTRODUCTION
 The chapter of number system is amongst the most important chapters in the whole of
mathematics syllabus for virtually all the entrance exams inspite of the fact that is the most
elementary concept in mathematics. The fundamentals of numbers would be applied
across arithmetic in different forms in algebra and also as an extended feature in
fundamental principal of counting.

NUMBER SYSTEM:
 Number System presents the simplest mathematical structure. This system includes the real
numbers, complex numbers, rational number, irrational numbers, fractions, integers, whole
number and natural numbers.

Decimal Number System

 The system of number we use in general is Decimal System. There are ten digits in this
system 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. These are also the face value of the digits. The place value
of a digit will change according to its position in unit’s place, ten’s place, hundred’s place
and so on.
 e.g.: In 2010, Face value of “2” is 2 and Place value of “2” is thousand.

Real Number
 Set of all number that can be represented on the number line are called real numbers.
 For example 6, -7, 0, 6.3777, 7, 7+, 3, 311, etc
 A Number Line is a straight line with an arbitrary point called origin. To the right of this
point are positive numbers and to the left are negative numbers.

Imaginary Numbers
 In real number system square root of negative numbers does not exist. Solution of certain
equations like x2 + 3 = 0 leads to the concepts of imaginary number. Numbers which are not
equal. i is the imaginary unit whose value is √(-1) and it is written as i and known as iota.

Natural Numbers
 N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ………….. } is the set of all natural numbers. These are counting numbers.
 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + _____________ + n = n (n+1)2
 Can also have sum of first “n” odd and “n” even numbers together. One tends to remember
all sum related formula together.

 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ____________ + n2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)6

 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 + ____________ + n3 = nn +122
 Sum of first “n” odd numbers = n2, Sum of first “n” even numbers = n x (n+1)
 Whole Numbers
 W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ………….} is the set of all whole numbers.
 Whole numbers are natural numbers together with zero.
 It is denoted as W = N + {0}

 Integers
 1 = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ....} is the set of all integers. It is a set of all numbers, 0 and negative
of natural numbers.
 Positive Integers
 These are all natural numbers, I + =- {1, 2, 3, 4, …………….}
 Negative Integers
 I = {-1, -2, -3, ---},
 0 is neither positive nor negative.

Rational Numbers
 The numbers of the form p/q where p & q are integers and q ≠ 0 are rational numbers,
Every integer is a rational number.

Irrational Numbers
 The numbers which when expressed in decimal form are in non-terminating and non
repeating forms are called irrational number.
 e.g. √3, √11, π, π is not 22/7. It is the approximate value of π

Even Numbers
 These are denoted by the expression 2I where I is an integer.
 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + …………………. + 2n terms = n(n + 1) [Sum of even numbers = n(n + 1)]

Odd Numbers
 These are denoted by the expression 2 I + 1 where I is an integer.
 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + …………………. + n terms = n2 [Sum of odd numbers = n2]

Prime Numbers
 A number which has exactly two factors, 1 and the number itself, is called prime number.
 e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,.....
 The Pratham Edge: A Prime Number ≥ 3 is always expressed in the form 6k ± 1. However it
is not a test to check whether its prime or not.

 Composite Numbers
 A number which has more than 2 factors is called a composite number.
 e.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, …………

 Co-Primes
 Two natural numbers a and b are said to be co-prime if their HCF is I.
 Ex. (2, 3), (4, 5), (7, 9), (8, 11) etc. are pairs of co-primes.
 TEST OF DIVISIBILITY
 1. Divisibility By 2: A number is divisible by 2, if its unit’s digit is either 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
 Ex. 84932 is divisible by 2, while 65935 is not.
 2. Divisibility By 3: A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
 Ex. 592482 is divisible by 3, since sum of its digits = (5 + 9 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 2) = 30, which is
divisible by 3.
 But, 864329 is not divisible by 3, since sum of its digits (8+6+4+3+2+9) = 32, which is not
divisible by 3.
 3. Divisibility By 4 : A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by the last two digits
of the number is divisible by 4.
 Ex. 982648 is divisible by 4, since the number formed by the last two digits is 48, which is
divisible by 4.
 But, 749282 is not divisible by 4, since the number formed by the last two digits is 82, which
is not divisible by 4.
 4. Divisibility By 5 : A number is divisible by 5, if its unit’s digit is either 0 or 5. Thus, 20820
and 50345 are divisible by 5, while 30934 and 40946 are not.
 5. Divisibility By 6 : A number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
 Ex. The number 35356 is clearly divisible by 2.
 Sum of its digits = (3 + 5 + 2 + 5 + 6) = 21, which is divisible by 3.
 Thus, 35256 is divisible by 2 as well as 3. Hence, 35256 is divisible by 6.
 6. Divisibility By 7: Subtract 2 times the last digit from the rest.
 Ex: 483 is divisible by 7.
 48-(3x2) = 42, which is divisible by 7.
 7. Divisibility by 8 : A number is divisible by 8, if the number formed by the last three digits
of the given number is divisible by 8.
 Ex. 953360 is divisible by 8, since the number formed by last three digits is 360, which is
divisible by 8.
 But, 529418 is not divisible by 8, since the number formed by last three digits is 418, which
is not divisible by 8.
 8. Divisibility By 9 : A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
 Ex. 60732 is divisible by 9, since sum of digits = (6 + 0 + 7 + 3 + 2) = 18, which is divisible by
9.
 But 68956 is not divisible by 9, since sum of digits (6 + 8 + 9 + 5 + 6) = 34, which is not
divisible by 9.
 9. Divisibility By 10 : A number is divisible by 10, if it ends with 0.
 Ex. 96410. 10480 are divisible by 10, while 96375 is not.
 10. Divisibility By 11 : A number is divisible by 11, if the difference of the sum of its digits at
odd places and the sum of its digits at even places, is either 0 or a number divisible by 11.
 Ex. The number 3832718 is divisible by 11, since :
 (sum of digits at odd places) - (sum of digits at even places)
 = (8 + 7 + 3 + 3) - (1 + 2 + 8) = 11, which is divisible by 11.
 11. Divisibility By 12 : A number is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by both 3 and 4.
 12. Divisibility by 14 : Add the last two digits to twice the rest. The answer muss be divisible
by 14
 Ex : 364 = (3 x 2) + 64 = 70 is divisible by 7
 13. Divisibility By 15: A number is divisible by 15 if it is divisible by both 3 and 5.
 14. Divisibility By 16: A number is divisible by 16 if the number formed by its last four digits
is divisible by 16.
 15. Divisibility By 17: Subtract 5-times the last digit from the rest.
 Ex: 221 = 22- (1 x 5) = 17 is divisible by 17
 16. Divisibility By 19: Add twice the last digit to the rest.
 Ex: 437 = 43 + (7 x 2) = 57 is divisible by 19
 17. Divisibility By 20: If the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 20.
 Ex: 480 = (80 is divisible by 20). So, the number is divisible by 20.
 18. Divisibility By 25 : A number is divisible by 25 if the number formed by its last two
digits are either 25, 50, 75 or 00. and so on...
 Note : If a number is divisible by p as well as q, where p and q are co-primes, then the given
number is divisible by pq. If p and q are not co-primes, then the given number need not be
divisible by pq, even when it is divisible by both p and q.
 Example. 36 is divisible by both 4 and 6, but it is not divisible by (4 x 6) = 24, since they are
not co-prime.
 DIVISION ALGLORITHM
 If we divide a given number by another number, then:
 Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder
 (i) (xn – an) is divisible by (x - a) for all values of n.
 (ii) (xn – an) is divisible by (x + a) for all even values of n.

 SIMPLIFICATIONS
 1. ‘BODMAS’ Rule: This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be
executed, so as to find out the value of a given expression.
 Here, ‘B’ stands for ‘Bracket sequencially (), {}, [], ‘O’ for ‘of’, ‘D’ for ‘Division’, ‘M’ for
‘Multiplication’, ‘A’ for ‘Addition’ and ‘S’ for ‘Subtraction’.
 Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the
order ( ), { } and [ ]. After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations
strictly in the order:
 (i) of (ii) Division (iii) Multiplication (iv) Addition (v) Subtraction.
 2. Simplification : When an expression contains Virnaculum, before applying the ‘BODMAS’
rule, we simplify the expression under the Virnaculum.

 BASIC FORMULAE
 1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
 2. (a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
 3. (a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab (Avoid in basic formula...It can be-easily derived & one doesn’t need to
remember it)
 4. (a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2)
 5. (a2 - b2) = (a + b) (a - b)
 6. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 +c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
 7. (a3 + b3) = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
 8. (a3 - b3) = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)
 9. (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
 10. If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3.
 11. (a4 - b4) = (a + b) (a – b)(a2 + b2)
 12. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
 13. (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab (a - b)
 EXERCISE: - 5.1
Number System Practice Sheet
1. 935421×625=?
A. 542622125 B. 584632125 C. 544638125 D. 584638125
2. Which of the following is a prime number?
A. 9 B. 8 C. 4 D. 2
3. What is the largest 4 digit number exactly divisible by 88?
A. 9944 B. 9999 C. 9988 D. 9900
4. {(481 + 426)2 - 4 × 481 × 426} = ?
A. 3025 B. 4200 C. 3060 D. 3210
5. (64 - 12)2 + 4 × 64 × 12 = ?
A. 5246 B.4406 C. 5126 D. 5776
6. 121 × 54 =?
A. 68225 B. 75625 C. 72325 D. 71225
7. If (232 + 1) is completely divisible by a whole number, which of the following numbers is completely
divisible by this number?
A. (296 + 1) B. (7 × 223 ) C. (216 - 1) D. (216 + 1)
8. How many of the following numbers are divisible by 132?
264, 396, 462, 792, 968, 2178, 5184, 6336
A. 4 B. 3 C. 6 D. 8
9. All prime numbers are odd numbers
A. True B. False
10. What is the unit digit in (6324)1797 × (615)316 × (341)476 × (6324)1797× (615)316× (341)476 ?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 0
11. 5216 × 51 = ?
A. 266016 B. 212016 C. 266436 D. 216314
12. Which of the following number is divisible by 24?
A. 31214 B. 61212 C. 512216 D. 3125832
13. If the number 481*673 is completely divisible by 9, what is the smallest whole number in place of*?
A. 3 B. 7 C. 5 D. 9
14. If n is a natural number, then (6n2 + 6n) is always divisible by:
A. Both 6 and 12 B. 6 only C. 12 only D. None of these
15. 109 × 109 + 91 × 91 = ?
A. 20162 B. 18322 C. 13032 D. 18662
16. When (6767 +67) is divided by 68, the remainder is
A. 0 B. 22 C. 33 D. 66
17. What is the smallest prime number?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
18. (23341379 × 72) = ?
A. 1680579288 B. 1223441288 C. 2142579288 D. 2142339288
19. If the number 5*2 is divisible by 6, then * = ?
A. 2 B. 7 C. 3 D. 6
20. ? + 3699 + 1985 - 2047 = 31111
A. 21274 B. 27474 C. 21224 D. 27224
 EXERCISE: - 5.2

Number System Practice Sheet

1. From the choices given below mark the co-prime numbers
(a) 2, 3 (b) 2, 4 (c) 2, 6 (d) 2, 110
2. A rational number equivalent to is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3. An example of a whole number is
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) –7
4. Given a rational number This rational number can also be known as
(a) a natural number (b) a whole number (c) a fraction (d) a real number
5. The rational number can also be written as
(a) 0.3 (b) (c) 0.33 (d)
6. If the decimal representation of a number is non-terminating, non-repeating then the number is
(a) a natural number (b) a rational number (c) a whole number (d) an irrational
number
7. The square root of which number is rational
(a) 7 (b) 1.96 (c) 0.04 (d) 13
8. A rational number between is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9. The number 1.101001000100001... is
(a) a natural number (b) a whole number (c) a rational number (d) an irrational number
10. On adding we get
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
11. On dividing we get
(a) (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) none of these
12. is
(a) irrational number (b)a positive rational number (c) a negative rational number (d)an integer
13. is
(a)a positive rational number (b) equal to zero (c) an irrational number (d) a negative integer
14. is
(a) positive rational number (b) an irrational number (c)a negative rational numb (d)equal to
zero
15. The number is
(a) an irrational number (b) a rational number (c) not a natural number (d) none of these
16. On simplifying we get
(a) 12 (b) (c) (d)
3 4
17. On simplifying 8 × 2 , we get
(a) 16 7 (b) 2 13 (c) 2 10 (d) 8 4
18. For rationalising the denominator of the expression we multiply and divide by

(a) (b) 12 (c) (d)

19. The value of when is
(a) .3162 (b) 31.62 (c) .03162 (d) 316.2
20. (16)3/4 is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
 EXERCISE: - 5.3

Number System Practice Sheet

1. Can we write 0 in the form of p/q?

a. Yes b. No c. Cannot be explained d. None of the above

2.) The three rational numbers between 3 and 4 are:

a. 5/2,6/2,7/2 b. 13/4,14/4,15/4 c. 12/7,13/7,14/7 d.11/4,12/4,13/4

3.) In between any two numbers there are:

a. Only one rational number b. Many rational numbers
c. Infinite rational numbers d. No rational number

4.) Every rational number is:

a. Whole number b. Natural number c. Integer d. Real number

5.) √9 is a __________ number.

a. Rational b. Irrational c. Neither rational or irrational d. None of the above

6.) Which of the following is an irrational number?

a. √16 b. √(12/3) c. √12 d. √100

7.) 3√6 + 4√6 is equal to:

a. 6√6 b. 7√6 c. 4√12 d. 7√12

8.) √6 x √27 is equal to:

a. 9√2 b. 3√3 c. 2√2 d. 9√3

9.) Which of the following is equal to x3?

a. x6-x3 b. x6.x3 c. x6/x3 d. (x6)3

10.) Which of the following are irrational numbers?

a. √23 b. √225 c. 0.3796 d. 7.478478

11. 4√5 + 5√5 is equal to:

a. 9√10 c. 7√5
b. 9√5 d. 5√10
12. The product of a rational and an irrational number is:

a. Sometimes rational and sometimes c. Always a rational number

irrational d. Always an irrational number
b. Always an integer
 Chapter 6. LETTER SERIES

 SESSION 15. (THEORY)

 There are different types of questions that can be asked from the letter & symbol
series. Below are a few of the types along with the questions.

The Alphabet:-

 There are 26 letters in the English language and in that, the letters from A to M, that
is 13 letters are considered as the 1st half. While the letters from n to Z forms the
second half of the alphabets. Thus, you have to remember this concept of first half
and second half in the alphabets.

 A to M (First half) = 1 to 13

 N to Z (Second half) = 14 to 26

EJOTY Concept

While solving the questions in letters & symbol it is important to remember the position of the alphabets. And
it is not easy to remember the positions of every alphabet precisely. But using this EJOTY concept, one can
remember the positions of the alphabet. Also, you can easily find out the position of the alphabet without
much effort. The concept is:

For example, we are asked to find the 23rd letter from the left-hand side of the alphabet. As per the table has
given above, we already know that 25th letter from left-hand side is Y. So, now we need to find the second
letter from Y which is W. Thus, memorizing the sequences and positions of letters is a basic way to solve any
problem.

CFILORUX CONCEPT

C F I L O R U X
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
 EXERCISE: - 6.1
Letter Series Practice Sheet

In these series, you will be looking at both the letter pattern and the number pattern. Fill the blank in the
middle of the series or end of the series
1. SCD, TEF, UGH, ____, WKL
A. CMN B. UJI C. VIJ D. IJT
2. B2CD, _____, BCD4, B5CD, BC6D
A. B2C2D B. BC3D C. B2C3D D. BCD7
3. FAG, GAF, HAI, IAH, ____
A. JAK B. HAL C. HAK D. JAI
4. ELFA, GLHA, ILJA, _____, MLNA
A. OLPA B. KLMA C. LLMA D. KLLA
5. CMM, EOO, GQQ, _____, KUU
A. GRR B. GSS C. ISS D. ITT
6. ZA5, Y4B, XC6, W3D, _____
A. E7V B. V2E C. VE5 D. VE7
7. QPO, NML, KJI, _____, EDC
A. HGF B. CAB C. JKL D. GHI
8. JAK, KBL, LCM, MDN, _____
A. OEP B. NEO C. MEN D. PFQ
9. BCB, DED, FGF, HIH, ___
A. JKJ B. HJH C. IJI D. JHJ
10. P5QR, P4QS, P3QT, _____, P1QV
A. PQW B. PQV2 C. P2QU D. PQ3U
11. QAR, RAS, SAT, TAU, _____
A. UAV B. UAT C. TAS D. TAT
12. DEF, DEF2, DE2F2, _____, D2E2F3
A. DEF3 B. D3EF3 C. D2E3F D. D2E2F2

13. _ aa _ ba _ bb _ ab _ aab
A) aaabb B) babab C) bbaab D) bbbaa

14. Complete the series ab_dda__cda__cda:

A) dcdcc B) ccddc C) cbcbb D) cccbb

15. _bca_cs_c_b_
A) aabbc B) abbbc C) aabcc D) abbac
 Chapter 7 Direction & Senses

 SESSION 17. (Theory)

 Distance and direction is the measurement of position of an object or thing with

respected to another one.

 In the exams, a successive series of directions is formulated and the candidates is

required to ascertain the final direction and the distance between two points.

 At a glance
 Direction is a measurement of position of one thing with respected to another thing.

 Displacement is the measurement of distance between initial and the final point.

 Here the candidate's ability to trace and follow the logical path correctly and sense of
direction correctly as well. Direction and distance test mainly deals with two types of
direction i.e.. main direction and cardinal direction

 Main Direction
 There are four type of directions, viz. East West North and South. Sun rises in the East.
Just opposite of East is West and South is in the opposite to North.

Abbreviations for these directions are E (East), W (West), N (North) and S (South).

Cardinal Directions
A direction between two main directions is called cardinal direction. Clearly, there are four cardinal
directions.
They are
N-E (North-East)
N-W (North-West)
S-E (South-East) and
S-W (South-West)
 We should use the diagram as given in question for the purpose of sensing directions.

Rotation of Angles
To solve angle movement questions. It is necessary to know about the rotations of angles which are given
below
i) For right direction movement (Clockwise)

ii) For left direction movement (Anti-clockwise)

Left turn Anti-clockwise direction

Right turn Clockwise direction
 EXERCISE: - 7.1
Direction And Senses Sheet

1. One morning Udai and Vishal were talking to each other face to face at a crossing. If Vishal's shadow
was exactly to the left of Udai, which direction was Udai facing?
A. East B. West C. North D. South
2. Y is in the East of X which is in the North of Z. If P is in the South of Z, then in which direction of Y, is P?
A. North B. South C. South-East D. None of these
3. If South-East becomes North, North-East becomes West and so on. What will West become?
A. North-East B. North-West C. South-East D. South-West
4. A man walks 5 km toward south and then turns to the right. After walking 3 km he turns to the left and
walks 5 km. Now in which direction is he from the starting place?
A. West B. South C. North-East D. South-West
5. Rahul put his timepiece on the table in such a way that at 6 P.M. hour hand points to North. In which
direction the minute hand will point at 9.15 P.M.?
A. South-East B. South C. North D. West
6. Rasik walked 20 m towards north. Then he turned right and walks 30 m. Then he turns right and walks
35 m. Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Finally he turns left and walks 15 m. In which direction and how
many metres is he from the starting position?
A. 15 m West B. 30 m East C. 30 m West D. 45 m East
7. Two cars start from the opposite places of a main road, 150 km apart. First car runs for 25 km and takes
a right turn and then runs 15 km. It then turns left and then runs for another 25 km and then takes the
direction back to reach the main road. In the mean time, due to minor break down the other car has
run only 35 km along the main road. What would be the distance between two cars at this point?
A. 65 km B. 75 km C. 80 km D. 85 km
8. Starting from the point X, Jayant walked 15 m towards west. He turned left and walked 20 m. He then
turned left and walked 15 m. After this he turned to his right and walked 12 m. How far and in which
directions is now Jayant from X?
A. 32 m, South B. 47 m, East C. 42 m, North D. 27 m, South
9. One evening before sunset Rekha and Hema were talking to each other face to face. If Hema's shadow
was exactly to the right of Hema, which direction was Rekha facing?
A. North B. South C. East [Link] is inadequate
10. A boy rode his bicycle Northward, then turned left and rode 1 km and again turned left and rode 2 km.
He found himself 1 km west of his starting point. How far did he ride northward initially?
A. 1 km B. 2 km C. 3 km D. 5 km
11. K is 40 m South-West of L. If M is 40 m South-East of L, then M is in which direction of K?
A. East B. West C. North-East D. South
12. A man walks 2 km towards North. Then he turns to East and walks 10 km. After this he turns to North
and walks 3 km. Again he turns towards East and walks 2 km. How far is he from the starting point?
A. 10 km B. 13 km C. 15 km D. None of these
13. The length and breadth of a room are 8 m and 6 m respectively. A cat runs along all the four walls and
finally along a diagonal order to catch a rat. How much total distance is covered by the cat?
A. 10 B. 14 C. 38 D. 48

14. One morning sujata started to walk towards the Sun. After covering some distance she turned to right
then again to the right and after covering some distance she again turns to the right. Now in which
direction is she facing?
A. North B. South C. North-East D. South-West
15. Some boys are sitting in three rows all facing North such that A is in the middle row. P is just to the
right of A but in the same row. Q is just behind of P while R is in the North of A. In which direction of R is
Q?
A. South B. South-West C. North-East D. South-East
16. One morning after sunrise, Vimal started to walk. During this walking he met Stephen who was coming
from opposite direction. Vimal watch that the shadow of Stephen to the right of him (Vimal). To Which
direction Vimal was facing?
A. East B. West C. South D. Data inadequate
17. Golu started from his house towards North. After covering a distance of 8 km. he turned towards left
and covered a distance of 6 km. What is the shortest distance now from his house?
A. 10 km. B. 16 km. C. 14 km D. 2 km.
18. P started from his house towards west. After walking a distance of 25 m. He turned to the right and
walked 10 m. He then again turned to the right and walked 15 m. After this he is to turn right at 135o and
to cover 30 m. In which direction should he go?
A. West B. South C. South-West D. South-East
19. X started to walk straight towards south. After walking 5 m he turned to the left and walked 3 m. After
this he turned to the right and walked 5 m Now to which direction X is facing?
A. North-East B. South C. North D. South-West
20. Hemant in order to go to university started from his house in the east and came to a crossing. The road
to the left ends in a theatre, straight ahead is the hospital. In which direction is the university?
A. North B. South C. East D. West
21. After walking 6 km, I turned to the right and then walked 2 km. After then I turned to the left and
walked 10 km. In the end, I was moving towards the North. From which direction did I start my journey?
A. North B. South C. East D. West
22. Ravi left home and cycled 10 km towards South, then turned right and cycled 5 km and then again
turned right and cycled 10 km. After this he turned left and cycled 10 km. How many kilometers will he
have to cycle to reach his home straight?
A. 10 km B.15 km C. 20 km D. 25 km
23. Reena walked from A to B in the East 10 feet. Then she turned to the right and walked 3 feet. Again
she turned to the right and walked 14 feet. How far is she from A?
A. 4 feet B. 5 feet C. 24 feet D. 27 feet
24. One morning after sunrise Nivedita and Niharika were talking to each other face to face at Dalphin
crossing. If Niharika's shadow was exactly to the right of Nivedita, Which direction Niharika was facing?
A. North B. South C. East [Link] is inadequate
25. If A x B means A is to the south of B; A + B means A is to the north of B; A % B means A is to the east of
B; A - B means A is to the west of B; then in P % Q + R - S, S is in which direction with respect to Q?
A. South-West B. South-East C. North-East D. North-West

26. One morning after sunrise, Suresh was standing facing a pole. The shadow of the pole fell exactly to his
right. To which direction was he facing?
A. East B. South C. West [Link] is inadequate

27. A child went 90 m in the East to look for his father, then he turned right and went 20 m. After this he
turned right and after going 30 m he reached to his uncle's house. His father was not there. From there he
went 100 m to his north and met his father. How far did he meet his father from the starting point?
A. 80 m B. 100 m C. 140 m D. 260 m

28. Four friends A, B, C and D live in a same locality. The house of B is in the east of A's house but in the
north of C's house. The house of C is in the west of D's house. D's house is in which direction of A's
house?
A. South-East B. North-East C. East D. Data is inadequate

29. Umesh directly went from P, to Q which is 9 feet distant. Then he turns to the right and walked 4 feet.
After this he turned to the right and walked a distance which is equal from P to Q. Finally he turned to the
right and walked 3 feet. How far is he now from P?
A. 6 feet B. 5 feet C. 1 feet D. 0 feet

30. Shyam walks 5 km towards East and then turns left and walks 6 km. Again he turns right and walks 9
km. Finally he turns to his right and walks 6 km. How far is he from the starting point?
A. 26 km B. 21 km C. 14 km D. 9 km
 Chapter 8. Percentages

 SESSION 19. (Theory)

Overview of the basic concept of percentage

Percentage in general terms is considered as a part, portion or share in a whole proportion. The use of
percentage first occurred in the mid-1600s, where it was developed by the ancient Roman and Italian
mathematicians. In Italy, various abbreviations are used for percentage such as ‘per 100’, ‘p 100’, ‘p cento’
and so on. Additionally, the Latin phrase word ‘per centum’ means ‘for each hundred’ where it was used as
‘o o’ and later on, in modern days it evolved into a ‘%’ symbol. This can be simplified as 1 per cent tells that
1 per 100 or cent. This can be written as 1%, where the concept of numerator and denominator comes first.
The percentage is considered an important part of arithmetic as well as statistics.

Definition of percentage

The percentage is defined as a portion or number which is mentioned as a quantity out of a hundred. For
Instance, it can be said that 1% means, 1 out of 100 or 1/100, but in this regard, 1% per cent of something,
for say 1000; means 1/100 of 1000. This turned out as (1/100*1000) =10 per cent. Similarly, 15% of 200, is
considered as the (15/100*200) = 30, therefore 15% out of 200 is 30. The percentage also can be written as
in terms of decimal, fraction and ratio.

Function and application of percentages

Percentage helps to measure a difference from one component to another or to state a fact of a portion by
benchmarking an initial value, which is used as 100. For instance, stating a fact that the price of petrol
increased 2%, where the benchmark value is the country’s initial price, e.g 100, this means the price
increased up to 102.

A simple formula of percentage

In general, for computing a value (x) as a percentage of another value (y), it can be used as

[x/y*100%]

In this regard, it can say that 2 (x) as a percentage of 6 (y) can be stated as (2/6*100%) =33.33%

Percentage as fraction

Fractions can convert into percentages and vice versa by multiplying the fraction by 100 and dividing a
percentage into fractions. For instance, 3/4 can be written as 3/4 *100= 75%, or 75% means 75/100= 3/4
Percentage as ratio A simple percentage can be turned into a ratio for instance 75% means = 75/100 or
75:100, where the simplified value will be 3:4.

Percentage as decimal

50% can be written as 0.50 and vice versa for example 2.50= 250%.

Percentage mostly used in all types of financial areas and departments as a purpose of everyday usage. For
instance, bank interest rates, discounts in various shops, inflation rates and other statistical media as well.

Increases and decrease of percentages

One of the most useful applications of percentage is using its increasing and decreasing rate, as it is used in
almost every percentage action area. This application is used to measure the increasing and decreasing rate
of any elements regarding a base value such as to measure the increasing rate in salary, decreasing rate in
petrol price, increasing rate in stock market etc.

Increased value

The increased value defines as if a certain value for example x, increased up to y%, then the increased value
will be [(100+y) % of x]

For example, A person’s salary was 100, which increased up to 5%, then his salary will be {(100+5) % of100}
=105

Vice versa, the person’s salary increased from 100(x) to 105(y), then the percentage of increase in his salary
will be (y-x/ x) *100

Or, (increased value/original value) *100

therefore, (5/100) *100= 5%

Decreased value

The decrease concept is the same and the opposite formula of increased value, for example, the salary
decreased by 5%. Therefore, {(100-5) % of100} =95

Compound percentage

Compound percentages are consequences of increased and decreased percentages, for example, a
population increase or to examine the result of depreciation. The present value is x, and some years it
increased or decreased up to q%, therefore the value after ‘s’ years, will be-

x of (1+q/100) s
 EXERCISE: - 8.1
Percentage Sheet

1. Two students appeared at an examination. One of them secured 9 marks more than the other and his
marks was 56% of the sum of their marks. What are the marks obtained by them?
A. 42, 33 B. 42, 36 C. 44, 33 D. 44, 36
2. If A =x% of y and B = y% of x , then which of the following is true?
A. None of these B. A is smaller than B. C. Relationship between A and B cannot be determined.
D. If x is smaller than y, then A is greater than B.
E. A is greater than B.
3. If 20% of a = b, then b% of 20 is the same as:
A. None of these B. 10% of a C. 4% of a D. 20% of a
4. Two numbers A and B are such that the sum of 5% of A and 4% of B is two-third of the sum of 6% of A
and 8% of B. Find the ratio of A : B.
A. 2 : 1 B. 1 : 2 C. 1 : 1 D. 4 : 3
5. Two employees X and Y are paid a total of Rs. 550 per week by their employer. If X is paid 120 percent
of the sum paid to Y, how much is Y paid per week?
A. Rs. 150 B. Rs. 300 C. Rs. 250 D. Rs. 200
6. Rahul went to a shop and bought things worth Rs. 25, out of which 30 paise went on sales tax on
taxable purchases. If the tax rate was 6%, then what was the cost of the tax free items?
A. Rs. 15 B. Rs. 12.10 C. Rs. 19.70 D. Rs. 16.80
7. The population of a town increased from 1,75,000 to 2,62,500 in a decade. What is the average percent
increase of population per year?
A. 4% B. 6% C. 5% D. 50%
8. Three candidates contested an election and received 1136, 7636 and 11628 votes respectively. What
percentage of the total votes did the winning candidate get?
A. 57% B. 50% C. 52% D. 60%
9. A fruit seller had some oranges. He sells 40% oranges and still has 420 oranges. How many oranges he
had originally?
A. 420 B. 700 C. 220 D. 400
10. In an election between two candidates, one got 55% of the total valid votes. 20% of the votes were
invalid. If the total number of votes was 7500, what was the number of valid votes that the other
candidate got?
A. 2800 B. 2700 C. 2100 D. 2500
11. In a competitive examination in state A, 6% candidates got selected from the total appeared
candidates. State B had an equal number of candidates appeared and 7% candidates got selected with 80
more candidates got selected than A. What was the number of candidates appeared from each state?
A. 8200 B. 7500 C. 7000 D. 8000
12. What percent of a day is 6 hours?
A. 6.25% B. 20% C. 25% D. 12.5%
13. A student has to obtain 33% of the total marks to pass. He got 125 marks and failed by 40 marks. The
maximum mark is
A. 600 B. 500 C. 400 D. 300
14. In a certain school, 20% of students are below 8 years of age. The number of students above 8 years of
age is 2/3 of the number of students of 8 years of age which is 48. What is the total number of students in
the school?
A. 100 B. 102 C. 110 D. 90
15. In an examination, 5% of the applicants were found ineligible and 85% of the eligible candidates
belonged to the general category. If 4275 eligible candidates belonged to other categories, then how
many candidates applied for the examination?
A. 28000 B. 30000 C. 32000 D. 33000
16. A student multiplied a number by 3/5 instead of 5/3. What is the percentage error in the calculation?
A. 64% B. 32% C. 34% D. 42%
17. John's salary was decreased by 50% and subsequently increased by 50%. How much percent does he
loss?
A. 35% B. 25% C. 32% D. 28%
18. How many litres of pure acid are there in 8 litres of a 20% solution?
A. 2 litres B. 1.4 litres C. 1 litres D. 1.6 litres
19. The price of a car is Rs. 3,25,000. It was insured to 85% of its price. The car was damaged completely in
an accident and the insurance company paid 90% of the insurance. What was the difference between the
price of the car and the amount received?
A. Rs. 76,375 B. Rs. 34,000 C. Rs. 82,150 D. Rs. 70,000
20. A housewife saved Rs. 2.50 in buying an item on sale. If she spent Rs. 25 for the item, approximately
how much percent she saved in the transaction?
A. 9% B. 10% C. 7% D. 6%
 EXERCISE: - 8.2
Percentage Sheet

1. What percent is 2 minutes 24 seconds of an hour?

a. 6% b. 2% c. 4% d. 8%

2 . Adding 20% of x to x is equivalent to multiplying x by which of the following?

a. 12.5 b. 1.05 c. 1.15 d. 1.20

3 . What is the value of 81/3% of 600+ 37 ½ of 400

a. 100 b. 300 c. 150 d. 200

4. Two third of three fifth of five sixth of a number is what percentage of that number?
a. 66 2/3 % b. 33 1/3 % c. 60% d. 40%

5. Due to fall in manpower , the production in a factory decreases by 40%, By what percentage
should the working hours be increased to restore the original level of production?
a. 66 2/3 % b. 46 1/3 % c. 25% d. 40%

6. The salary of all officers is increased twice successively by 20%. What is the net percentage
increase in their salaries?
a. 20% b. 40% c. 21% d. 44%

7. In an examination it is necessary for a candidate to get 45 % of the maximum marks to pass. A

candidate who gets 180 marks, fails by 45 marks. Find the maximum marks.
a. 450 b. 600 c. 500 d. 550

8. 10 litres of water is added to 50 litres of a solution containing 20% of alcohol in water . What is
the strength of alcohol in the solution now ?
a. 20% b. 16 2/3 % c. 12 1/2 % d. 33 1/3 %

9. The population of a town increase annually by 20% . If the present population is 2,00,000, then
what is the difference in population after two years and three years
a. 63,250 b. 48,800 c. 60,800 d. 57,600

10. Population of a city decreases by 10% at the end of first year and increases by 10% at the
end of second year and again decreases by 10% at the end of third year. If the population of the
city at the end of third year is 4455, then what was the population of the city at the beginning
of the first year?
a. 5,000 b. 4,500 c. 4,950 d. 1,000

11. If the price of an article decreases by 111/9 % and the sale of the article increases by 12 ½ %,
what is the net effect on revenue?
a. 1% loss b. 1% gain c. No loss or no gain d. Cannot be determined
12. In an exam 80% of the boys and 40% of the girls passed. The number of girls who passed is
120, which is 2/3rd of the number of boys who failed. What is the total number of students who
appeared for the exam?
a. 1200 b. 380 c. 3800 d. 2180

13. The population of cities A and B is equal. The population of city A increases in two successive
years by 20% and 15% respectively and that of city B increases successively by 20% and 10%
respectively. If the difference in the population of two cities after 2 years is 768, then what was
the total population of the two cities initially?
a. 12,800 b. 26,500 c. 24,600 d. 25,600

14. What quantity of water should be added to reduce 5 litres of 45% acidic liquid to 25% acidic
liquid?
a. 3litres b. 2litres c. 4litres d. 4.5litres

15. A, B, and C contest an election from a particular constituency. A and B together got 50% more
votes than C. The vote share of A and C together is 30 percentage points more than the vote
share of B. Who won the election?
a. A b. B c. C d. Cannot be determined

16. In an examination amar got 8% less than the pass mark and mohan got 20% more than the
pass mark. If the difference between the percentage of their mark is 14, then what is the pass
percentage
a. 40% b. 50% c. 60% d. cannot be determined.

17. The salaries of A and B together is Rs. 14,000. A spend 80% of his salary and B spends 85% of
his salary. What is the salary of B if their savings are equal?
a. Rs. 6,000 b. Rs. 8,000 c. Rs. 7,500 d. Rs. 6,500

18. A sum of Rs. 395 was divided among A, B, and C in such a way that B gets 25% more than A
and 20% more than C. What is the share of A?
a. Rs.195 b. Rs.180 c. Rs. 98 d. Rs. 120

19. There are three positive integers such that 70% of the first number , 58 1/3% of second number
and 38 8/9% of the third number are all equal. Which of the following can those three numbers
be?
a. 5,6,9 b.10,12,18 c.15,18,27 d. All the three

20. Three times a number is 20% more than twice another number when increased by 105. If twice
the first number increased by 36 is 20% less than three times of the second number, then what is
the first number?
a. 150 b.162 c. 180 [Link] of these