The Joule-Thomson effect describes the temperature decrease of a gas when it expands adiabatically from high to low pressure through a porous plug. Experimental results show that most gases experience a temperature drop, while gases like hydrogen and helium can increase in temperature, depending on their inversion temperature. The internal energy of the gas remains constant during this process, with variations in temperature based on the gas's behavior relative to Boyle's law.
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Porous - Plug - Experiment Notes
The Joule-Thomson effect describes the temperature decrease of a gas when it expands adiabatically from high to low pressure through a porous plug. Experimental results show that most gases experience a temperature drop, while gases like hydrogen and helium can increase in temperature, depending on their inversion temperature. The internal energy of the gas remains constant during this process, with variations in temperature based on the gas's behavior relative to Boyle's law.
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‘Thermodynamics - 11
Joule ~ Thomson Efe
It states that, “when gas under higher constant pressure is allowed to pass through a porous
plug (or throttle ) to region of low constant pressure adiabatically, its temperature is dereased.”
The simple explanation of this effeot is based on the foet that, the gas molecules are in
‘eotnuos motion and so they poses «dint amount oF kisi ney (3g), When the gas
expands, it does some work in overcoming in Vander Waal's forces of attraction exists between the
molecules, Thus part of energy of the system falls and asa result the temperature also falls.
Experimental Set Up of Joule Thomson experiment:
Experimental set up for J-T experiment is as
shown in figure. A porous plug of cotton wool or silk
fibre is kept in position between the perforated brass
plates DD. W is box wood tube surrounded by the
cotton woo! contained in vessel J. A and B are copper
tubes, end A is connected to a compression pup P~ copereecor
through a copper spiral tube immersed in a waterbath,
The initial and final temporaturcare noted by means of
platinam resistance thermometers Ts and Ts. The
pressure difference is measured by pressure guage.
Experimental Results:
Various gases were subjected to Joule Thomson (effect) experiment and following results
were observed,
1) All the gases show change in temperature on passing through the porous plug.
2) The change in temperature is found to be proportional to the difference in pressure on the
two sides of the porous plug.
3) Atordinary temperature, most gases suffer a fall in temperature while gases like hydrogen
and helium shows rise in temperature.
4) Every gas has inversion temperature at given initial pressure. Above this temperature, the
«gas shows rise in temperature, Below this temperature, the gas shows fall in temperature. ‘Theory / Explanation of Joule Thomson Effeet:
Consider one mole of the gns contained in the insulated eylinder divided into two parts by
‘means of porous plug. Before the gas passes through the porous plug, let Py is its pressure, Vis the
Volume and U; is the internal energy. After the gas has passed through porous plug, let P2 is its
pressure, V3 is the volume and (7 is the intemal energy.
‘The work done on the gas at the left piston is Pir and work done FE
by the gas atthe right piston is Pa we
we
Hence net work done by the gas is:
porous
WP: PV hg
‘Since the process was conducted adiabatically.
Aq =0
According to first law of thermodynamies, dy = 4U + W
“AU
Or Us- Up == (PVs Pi) = PAV ~ Pas
Uy+ PAV = Us Pads
Hy =H (Since, U+ PY= A)
Or dit=0
‘Thus in this process the heat content or enthalpy (U + PY’'= H) of the gas remains constant,
Ifthe gas obeys Boyle's law PV; = P)Vs, then U = U;. This means that the internal energy
of the gas is the same on both sides of the porous plug. But real gas obeys the law closely only at its
Boyle temperature. Therefore for real gases there are three possible cases.
1) At the Boyle temperature, P)¥) = P2V>, then Uy = U1.
Hence in this case temperature of the gas remains same.
2). Below the Boyle temperature, P,V; < P3V3, then U> < Uy.
Hence in this case internal energy of the gas decreases and hence there will be fall in
temperature of the gas,
3) Above the Boyle temperature, PV’) > P:¥s, then U:> Ui.
Hence in this case internal energy of the gas increases and hence there will be rise in
temperature of the gas,