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Subject: SCIENCE 4
Topic: Major Organs of
the Body
Lesson 5
Title: Stomach and Intestines, Heart and
Lungs, Kidneys and Brains, and Connection
Between Body Organs
Major Organs of the Body
Whenever you eat, you chew the food and then swallow it. You keep
doing the same thing until you feel that you are full already. You may
have imagined the different things that happens to a banana but still lack
the words for it. Banana, or any other food, travels inside the body and
undergoes processes so that body can use it for energy.

Lesson 1 - Stomach and Intestines

Digestion - is the process of breaking down food into simpler forms. It
may be categorised as mechanical or chemical digestion.
Mechanical digestion - involves chewing food to physically cut it into
smaller pieces.
Chemical digestion - involves digestive enzymes to break large food
molecules into smaller food molecules.
Mechanical digestion begins when the food is broken down into pieces
by the teeth as food is chewed. When it mixes with the saliva, chemical
digestion of some parts of the food takes place. The saliva is a watery
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fluid that is produced inside the mouth. It speeds up the breaking down
of food as food is chewed.
Once the food is mashed already, it is swallowed and it goes to your
throat. In the throat, there is a flap called epiglottis, which acts as a
switch or gateway. It keeps the food from entering the windpipe (which is
the passageway for air). When you swallow, the epiglottis blocks the
passageway of air so that the food will only go to the food tube called
esophagus. The esophagus connects the throat and the stomach. It is
lined with smooth muscles that contract to push the food towards the
stomach. This keeps the food moving only in the direction of the
stomach, even if you eat lying down or upside down.

Stomach

The stomach is a J-shaped pouch that

stores the chewed food for further
digestion. The walls of the stomach are
lined with layers of smooth and strong
muscles that enable it to contract and
relax. Similar to the digestion that

takes place in the mouth, the most parts

of the food is mechanically and
chemically digested in the stomach. Stomach, a J-shaped pouch.

Mechanical digestion in the stomach happens when partially digested

food is broken into much smaller particles by the squeezing, mixing and

churning of the stomach. Chemical digestion takes place when the

digested food is mixed with enzymes that are present in the stomach.

Enzymes are digestive juices that speed up the digestion process. The
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digested food stays for a while in the stomach and becomes a thick

liquid.

Intestines

The digested food does not stay long in the stomach. Instead, it goes to
the small intestine. It is a long tube, around 7 metres long, that is coiled
under the stomach. The stomach slowly squeezes the digested food into
the small intestine by rhythmically contracting and relaxing its muscles.
The final stage of digestion takes place in the small intestine. It has
different enzymes that help breaks down the food into nutrients. Once
the food is converted into nutrients, these substances are then absorbed
in the lining of the small intestine. The nutrients will go into the
bloodstream and will be carried by the blood to the different parts of the
body. Not all the food that you have eaten are digested. The linings of
the small intestine act as a filter. It separates the digested from
undigested food. The small intestine absorbs the nutrients from the
digested food while the undigested goes to the large intestine.

Small and
Large
intestines

The water that passes through the small intestine will be moved to the
large intestine. Most of the water in the large intestine will be absorbed
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or transferred to the bloodstream. Other nutrients that were not absorbed

in the small intestine move to the large intestine too. The body absorbs
some of those nutrients, but some go with the undigested food. The
undigested food like seeds, fruit pulp, and hardly chewed meat go to the
large intestine. It will be temporarily stored in the rectum and will be
removed from the body as feces or solid waste through the anus.

More information:
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Learning Activity 1:
Label the picture. Write your answer inside the box.
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Learning Activity 2:
Answer the questions.
1. What are the benefits of chewing food thoroughly before
swallowing?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

2. What are the possible effects on the body if the large intestine is
unable to absorb water properly?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Lesson 2 - Heart and Lungs

Heart
Heart is an organ that is made up of
cardiac muscles. The cardiac muscles
contract involuntarily resulting to the
beating of the heart. The heart is a
muscular organ. It is as big as the size of
the closed fist and is located in the middle The heart situated in
of the chest cavity. It lies between the left between the left and right
and the right lungs. lungs.
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Lungs

The lungs are air-filled organs that are located on both sides of the
chest cavity. These two organs play an important role in distributing
oxygen and nutrients to different parts of the body. The removal of waste
materials inside the body is also made possible by the heart and the
lungs.

How the Heart and the Lungs Work Together

The main function of the heart is to pump blood all throughout the body.
As the heart pumps blood, the blood is distributed to different parts of
the body through the blood vessels found underneath the skin.
Blood vessels are like highways where blood
passes through. Most arteries are blood vessels
that carry blood away from the heart. These blood
vessels carry oxygenated blood (blood rich in
oxygen) to the different parts of the body. As the
blood continuous flow and move around the body, it
delivers the oxygen and nutrients to the cells and
takes away their waste materials too. The exchange
of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials in the
bloodstream is made possible by the capillaries,
the smallest blood vessels. Most veins return
deoxygenated blood (blood with no oxygen) to the
heart. The role of the lungs is to filter the air that
enters the body. The air enters the nose and the
nasal cavity. Air is moistened in the nasal cavity. It
then goes to the lungs as it passes through a
narrow, muscular tube called trachea. The trachea
branches out into two called bronchi. The bronchi
hold the lungs and allow the air to enter to each The heart and blood
vessels in the body.
side.
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As the air goes to the lungs, it is filtered until the oxygen is separated
from the other parts of air. The oxygen will be absorbed by the blood
cells and be distributed by blood to the different parts of the body. As the
blood goes around, exchange of oxygen and waste materials takes

place. The blood goes back to the heart. The heart will pump blood
again. It will then give the deoxygenated blood which contains carbon
dioxide to the lungs. As you breathe out, the lungs expel the carbon
dioxide back to the air in the surrounding. The exchange of gases
continuously happens as long as the person is breathing and his heart is
beating.

The blood
distributes
oxygen filtered
by lungs to
other body
parts. Carbon
dioxide is
carried by the
blood to be
released
through the
lungs.
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REMEMBER!

Deoxygenated blood travels from

the heart to the lungs to get oxygen.
Oxygenated blood travels from the
lungs to the heart. Then the heart
pumps oxygenated blood to the rest
of the body.

The pathway of air going to the

lungs.
Let’s watch a videos:
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Learning Activity 1:
Fill in the blank to complete each statement. Choose your answer
from the following words:
filter, pumps, release, expel, distributes, breathing.

1. The blood __________ oxygen to the different parts of the body.

2. The lungs __________ oxygen from the air inhaled.

3. The heart __________ blood with oxygen away from it.

4. The cells ___________ carbon dioxide to the blood.

5. The lungs __________ carbon dioxide to the surrounding air.

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Learning Activity 2:
Answer the questions.
1. What role does the heart play in maintaining the body's functions
and overall survival?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

2. How can breathing in smoke or polluted air impact the health and
function of your lungs?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Lesson 3 - Kidneys and Brain

The blood carries water, nutrients, oxygen, and other substances for
delivery to all the different body organs. Blood also keeps other organs
clean and healthy as it collects waste products from them.
The Kidneys and the Urinary System
Filtration - is the process of separating solids from liquids by letting it
pass through a filtering material. The urinary system is responsible for
filtering blood to remove wastes and producing urine. The kidneys are
the main organs of the urinary system.
Urine is a mixture of water and salts that are released from the body as
a waste material. The amount and colour of you urine depend on how
well your kidneys work.
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The kidney is a bean-shaped organ that filters the blood. Humans

normally have a pair of kidneys located in the back of the abdomen, on
both
The sides
blood of the body.
enters The kidney
the kidney has different parts that play an
through
important role for it to perform its tasks.
the renal artery, a blood vessel. The
renal artery branches out to smaller
tubes to deliver blood to the inner
parts of the kidney. The innermost
part of the kidney is the medulla,
which is divided into smaller sections.
When blood reaches the medulla, it
will then be transported to nephrons.
Nephrons are tiny parts responsible
for the filtration of blood to remove its
waste materials.

Parts of the kidney.

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There are millions of nephrons in a

human kidney. Each nephron plays
an important role in keeping the
body healthy. When the blood
reaches the nephron, it passes
through a tiny tube called
glomerulus for filtration. The liquid
waste material will be separated
Glomerulus filters the blood
from the blood in this part of the
from the nephron.
nephron.

Urine Production

The filtered liquid that is already clean will go the tubule and back to

the bloodstream because the materials in it are still needed by the

body and are not considered as wastes. On the other hand, the liquid

waste materials mix with water and form urine in the collecting duct.

The urine is expelled from the kidney through the ureter. The ureter is

a long tube that connects the kidney to the bladder, the temporary

storage of urine. The urine is removed from the body through the

urethra.

REMEMBER
● The kidney are the main organs of the urinary system.
● Each kidney has millions of nephrons or tiny units that filters the
blood.
● Urine is formed from the waste products of the blood mixed with
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Let’s watch the videos:

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Brain
Brain a highly complex organ that controls all the processes happening
in the human body. Just like other major body organs, your brain is
made up of parts with different functions. The brain is protected by the
skull. A liquid layer cushions the brain. The brain is also covered by
three layers of protective tissues called meninges. It is als connected to
the spinal cord.

The brain is located inside the skull.

Main Function of the Brain
The main function of the brain is to act as the control centre of the
body. It controls all the voluntary and involuntary activities performed
by the body such as breathing, walking, thinking, speaking and most
especially decision - making. The brain interprets all the information it
receives and sends instructions on what to do to the different parts of the
body. It also coordinates the different actions done by the body. For
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example, you can write your notes while listening to your teacher without
being confused.
Major Parts of the Brain
Like any other organ, the brain has different parts that work together for
it to perform its tasks. The brain is divided into three major parts. These
are cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem.

The three main parts of the brain.

Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the largest part of

the brain. It is divided into two sides,
the left and the right hemispheres.
The left hemisphere controls the
right side of the body while the right Cerebral
Hemispheres
hemisphere controls the left side.

Aside from being divided into two sides, the cerebrum is separated into
four lobes. The four lobes are the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the
occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe. Each lobe has a specific function
that has something to do with thinking, feeling, or moving.
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The Four Lobes of the Cerebrum.

The frontal lobe is the front part of the brain. It is responsible for
speaking, thinking, decision-making, and doing movements.

The parietal lobe is in the middle section of the brain. It helps interpret
the sensations related to touch such as pain and pressure.

The temporal lobe is the bottom part of the brain. It is responsible for
learning, memorizing details, hearing, and storing memories.

The occipital lobe is the back part of the brain. It is associated with the
sense of sight like identifying colours, light, and movements.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum is located beneath the cerebrum. It coordinates muscle

movements and keeps a sense of balance whether a person is moving
or not. It is also responsible for maintaining a proper posture.

Brainstem
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The brain stem controls all the automatic activities of the body like
breathing, heartbeat, digestion, sneezing, walking, and sleeping are
controlled in this part of the brain. The brainstem connects the rest of the
brain to the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that is
connected to all the nerves that are in the different body organs. Nerves
are made of special cells makes relaying of messages to and from the
brain possible.

REMEMBER
● The main function of the brain is to act as the control centre of the
body.

○ It controls all the voluntary and involuntary activities performed by the

body.

○ It also coordinates the different actions done by the body.

● The brain is divided into three major parts. These are the

cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.

○ The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.

○ The cerebellum is located beneath the cerebrum. It coordinates

muscle movements and keeps a sense of balance.

○ The brain stem controls all the automatic activities of the body. It also
connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord.

More information
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Learning Activity 1:
Identify the part of the brain that is responsible for each activity.
Choose the answer from the box.
cerebellum brain stem frontal lobe
occipital lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe

1. breathing

2. seeing

3. speaking

4. coordinate movements

5. memorizing details

6. heartbeat

7. feeling pain and pressure

8. keeps a sense of balance

9. identifying colours

10. sneezing

11. sleeping

12. remembering names

Learning Activity 2:
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Label the parts of the brain. Write your answer in the box.

Learning Activity 3:
Answer the question.
1. How does the brain control the body’s functions, and why is it called
the control center?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Lesson 4 - Connection between Body Organs

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Your body is a very complex structure. It is properly planned to make

sure that each part has its own function and everything will work together
to allow you to do all your works. Our body is made up of groups of
organs that we call the organ systems. These systems can be further
divided into individual organs that work together to keep a very

specific function and maintain the body in balance. The figure above
shows three major organs, namely: the brain, lungs, and the bones.
These organs belong to different systems but remain connected with one
another to allow continuous breathing of an individual. The bone protects
the lungs and the brain, while the brain controls the lungs to move that
allows movement of air inside and outside our body. Proper coordination
between organ systems is essential for all of the functions of our body to
work properly. Just like any other mechanical machines, our body could
also fail to do its function if not given the proper care it needs. Humans
are prone to acquire different diseases that affect the different organs
and inhibit it to perform its function. These diseases can be caused by
microorganisms like bacteria and viruses or can be due to degeneration
of our body due to aging.

Brain as the Control Centre

As discussed from the previous unit, the brain serves as the control
centre of the body. This is the one responsible for controlling some of the
major processes that happen in our body like breathing and heartbeat. It
is responsible for helping you remember things that happened in your
past. Together with your spinal cord, these two organs are responsible
for making the command centre of the body that controls the necessary
processes of our body like breathing, digestion, and movement.

The spinal cord is like tightly

woven ponytail attached at the
back of the brain. This
structure is made up of a
bundle of thread-like nerves.
The spinal cord has many
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The brain, spinal

cord, and nerves
that serve as the
command centre of
the human body.

Whenever the brain communicates with a body part, the message gets
there through these nerve branches. Aside from voluntary movements,
the spinal cord is also responsible for the reflexes or the involuntary
responses resulting from stimuli involving the brain, spinal cord, and
nerves of the peripheral nervous system.

How the Nose and the Tongue Work Together?

The nose is responsible for determining the smell of the food that you
are eating but the tongue tells its taste. If one is not performing well, you
will not be able to enjoy the food. It is because the combination of smell
and taste of food is known as flavour. When food is chewed in the
mouth, some of this softened bits dissolved in the saliva. The taste will
softened bits will be determined by the papillae on the surface of the
tongue. Papillae will send a message to the brain about the taste of the
food through the nerve connections.
Lingual papillae
At the same time, the chewed food releases in the tongue.
chemicals that rise to the nasal cavity.
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When the chemicals reached the olfactory bulb,

it will send a signal to the brain about the food.
Through the olfactory bulb, the part of the brain
that controls the sense of smell, the brain interprets
the information it received from the tongue and the
nose and tells the flavour of the food. When you
have a stuffy nose, its mucous membrane is
inflamed or swelling. This prevents the olfactory bulb
from receiving the chemicals from the chewed food.
This is the reason why you cannot taste the food
well when you have colds.
Smell and taste centre of the brain that coordinate the functions of the
tongue and nose.

How the Heart and the Lungs Work

Together?

The heart and lungs are physically

close to each other because their
functions are very much related. The

heart is responsible for pumping and

distributing the blood to the different
parts of the body. The blood carries
Blood flow in the heart and
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When the air reaches the lungs, the oxygen is filtered from it and stays in
the tiny sacs called alveoli. Most of the exchange of air happens in the
alveoli. The blood from the right side of the heart is pumped to the lungs
to get fresh oxygen supply from the alveoli. The vein from the lungs
supplies oxygen-rich blood to the left side of the heart. This oxygen-rich
blood will now be distributed to the different parts of the body.

How the Brain and the Heart Work Together?

The brain controls all the voluntary and involuntary activities of the
human body. An example of involuntary activity that is controlled by the
brain is heartbeat. It is the regular pulse that the heart does as it pumps
blood. The part of the brain that controls the heartbeat is found in the
brainstem.

The medulla oblongata (medulla)

is the part of the brainstem that is

responsible for the beating of the

heart. If this part stops from working,

Parts of the brain showing the

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the heart will also stop

beating. When this happens,

the heart will stop supplying

blood all over the body.

This will result to lack of oxygen to

different parts of the body, including the brain, which may cause them to
stop functioning.

How the Heart and Kidneys Work Together?

If the heart is responsible for supplying blood to the different parts of the
body, the kidneys are in charge of filtering the waste materials from

the blood. This is made possible due to the blood vessels that connect

the heart and the kidney. The blood vessels serve as the passageway

that allows the blood to travel from the heart to the kidney and vice

versa. When the heart pumps the blood, it is filtered and cleansed by

the kidneys. The waste materials will be removed and expelled out of

the body as urine. The filtered blood which is clean and free from waste

will be pumped again by the heart to the different parts of the body.
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The heart and the kidney connected by
blood vessels for filtering blood for the
removal of wastes.
Did You Know
The human nervous system is divided into two
parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and
the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which
can be distinguished based on their location
in the body. The CNS is located in the skull
and the spine. It includes the nerves in the
brain and spinal cord that is responsible for
coordinating all organs in the body.

REMEMBER
● Brain serves as the control centre of the body. This is the one

responsible for controlling some of the major processes that

happen in our body like breathing and heartbeat.

● The nose and the tongue are connected to the brain by a series of
nerves that allow sending and interpretation of signals.

● The heart and lungs coordinate with one another to allow proper
oxygenation of the blood.

● The brain is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like the

heartbeat.

● The heart and the kidney are connected by blood vessels that

serve as the passageway of the blood. This allows transport of the blood
from the heart to the kidney for filtration of the wastes in the blood.

Let’s see this:

[Link]
[Link]
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Learning Activity 1:
Write a check (/) if the statement is true or false.

TRUE FALSE

1. The brain is the control center of the

body.

2. It is not important for the body’s

organs to work together.

3. The heart and lungs are linked by

nerves to allow blood to move
between two organs.

4. The kidneys do not have a role in

removing waste from the blood.

5. The nose and tongue are the primary

sense organs for tasting food.

Learning Activity 2:
Complete the table below by providing function of each pair.
Organ pair Function
Heart-kidney
Heart-lungs
Brain-heart
Brain-lungs
Nose-tongue

Learning Activity 3:
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Answer the questions.

1. If the spinal cord were damaged, what problems might your body
experience?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

2. How does brain damage impact the coordination of body parts and
overall movement?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

3. What are the reasons why taking care of our body is important?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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References:
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