FilBrit International Academy UK

High Quality Learning

8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Subject: SCIENCE 4
Topic: Major Organs of
the Body
Lesson 4
Title: The Five Senses, Bones and Muscles,
and Skin
Major Organs of the Body
Anything that is made of different parts that work together can be
referred to as a system. The human body is made of different parts that
work together to allow you to move, grow, develop and do the things that
you need and want. The parts of the human body system are also called
organs. There are organs in the body that you can easily see but there
are also organs that are inside you. There are major organs of the
human body that work with other organs so you can function properly.

Lesson 1 - The Five Senses

 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

EYES - are the sense of sight. Each person has a pair of eyes that allow
them to see the different happenings around. Light has a significant role
for the eyes to see.
Parts of the Eyes
The eyes are contained in hollow
openings in the skull called sockets.
These sockets are surrounded by
muscles and tissues that protect the
eyes and give it the flexibility to move.
Eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrows also
Parts of the eye. protect the eyes from dust and other

The outermost portion of the eye is the cornea. It is responsible for focusing
the light that enters the eye. The pupil is the black portion at the centre of the
eye which regulates the amount of light that gets into it. When there is too
much bright light, the pupil contracts to lessen the eyes’ exposure to light. If it
is dark, the pupil dilates so the eyes could see better.

The white portion of the eye is called the sclera which provides
strength for the eye. The vitreous humour is a transparent, gel-like
material that maintains the circular shape of the eyeball. The iris is the
coloured part of the eye. It has muscles that help the pupil to adjust its
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Light from an object enters the eye and the image formed in the retina is
inverted. The image formed in the retina is sent to the brain via the optic
nerve. The brain interprets the image in the right way up.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

EARS - a person usually has a pair of ears as the sense of hearing. The
ear is divided into three sections: the outer, middle, and inner ear.
Each section has different parts and functions that contribute to the
ability of a person to hear different kinds of sounds.

Middle Ear
The middle ear is the portion in between the outer and inner ear. It
includes the eardrum, eustachian tube, and three tiny auditory bones.
The sound waves collected by the pinna is transmitted to the middle
part by the ear canal. The sound waves will then hit a thin membrane
called eardrum, which will cause it to vibrate. The tube that balances
the pressure of the air inside the ear is the eustachian tube. This
function is essential to avoid damaging the eardrum. The vibrations
from the eardrum will be transmitted to the inner ear by tiny bones
How we hear:
a) sound waves enter the outer ear and
travel to the eardrum and cause it to vibrate;
b) vibration will be sent to the tiny bones in
the middle ear;
c) vibration in the middle ear will reach the
cochlea;
d) tiny hair cells in the cochlea will
transform vibrations into signals (electric
The sound waves that go to inner ear will reach the cochlea, a snail-like
structure that converts sound to electric impulse for the brain to interpret.
The auditory nerve transmits the electric impulse to the brain.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

NOSE - aside from being the passageway of air when breathing, the
nose is also the sense of smell. It allows the person to determine the
odour of a certain object or place.
Parts of the Nose
The nostrils are the opening of
the nose where air enters and
leaves the body. It has tiny hairs
inside that trap the dust, dirt, and
insects that might enter the nose.
Once the air enters the nose, it
goes to the nasal cavity which is
lined with mucous membrane.
The mucous membrane is a thin layer of tissues that warms and moistens
the air that enters the nose. Just above the nasal cavity is the olfactory
bulb, which contains receptors that are sensitive to various odours. When
the air enters the nose and reaches the olfactory bulb, it sends a signal to
the brain and interprets the kind of odour that has reached in it.

TONGUE - The tongue is a flexible

muscle inside the mouth which is known
to be the sense of taste. It allows the
person to tell the flavour of a particular
food or beverage when eating and
drinking. The tiny bumps on the surface
of the tongue are called taste buds (also
papillae). These receptors are sensitive
to different tastes and send a signal to
the brain to interpret the taste it has
encountered.
Papillae of the tongue.

SKIN - The skin is the largest external organ that protects the body by
covering its flesh. Aside from protection, it allows the person to have
different sensations as a certain object is touched. It is the reason why
skin is known to be the sense of touch. It is divided into three layers
namely epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Each layer has different
parts that enable to the skin to sense its surrounding.
REMEMBER!
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Sense organs are specialized body parts that help a person

perceive his/her surroundings.
● The five sense organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
○ The eyes are the sense of sight.
○ The ears are the sense of hearing.
○ The nose is the sense of smell.
○ The tongue is the sense of taste.
○ The skin is the sense of touch.
● Each sense organ has different parts that work together to fulfill its
function.
● All sense organs have parts that allow them to send messages to; and
receive messages from the brain.

More information:
[Link]
[Link]

Learning Activity 1:
Can you name the five senses that help us experience the world?

1. _______________________

2. _______________________

3. _______________________

4. _______________________

5. _______________________
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Learning Activity 2:
Identify the sense organ needed or used in the following situations.
Write your answer on the blanks.
1. Marjorie wants to know if a teaspoon of sugar is enough to make her

tea sweet. ___________

2. The father enjoys listening to his kid’s laugh. ___________

3. The principal noticed that the students were quiet when she came in.
___________

4. Mikayla found out that the pointed end of the needle can hurt his
finger. ___________

5. The toddler sleeps well on soft blankets. ___________

6. Kenji loves the scent of the new cologne his aunt gave him.
___________

7. Celene thinks the banana is already ripe because of its yellow colour.
___________

8. Sister walked towards the door because someone is knocking.

___________

9. Azjha reads the steps in the recipe before baking. ___________

10. When the kettle whistles, it means the water is boiling already.
___________
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Learning Activity 3:
Answer the question.
1. Imagine that one of your sense organs suddenly stopped functioning.
How do you think it would affect your daily life and interactions with
others? Use a specific sense organ to explain your thoughts.

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Lesson 2 - Bones and Muscles

Bones, joints and muscles are some of the body parts that allow the
body to move. In the race, the team that was not allowed to bend certain
body parts were in effect not allowed to use their joints.
Bones
Bones are hard organs that
comprise the body’s skeleton or
frame. There are different kinds
of bones such as skull, ribs,
backbone, pelvic bones and
bones of the limbs which provide
support for the body to stand and
protect the different internal
organs.
The skull protects the brain. It is
also known as the cranium. It
forms the shape of the face and The human skeleton.
contains the sense organs like
eyes, nose, ears, and tongue. The
ribs form a cage that protects
delicate organs like the heart and
lungs. The backbone (also known
as the vertebral column) protects the spinal
cord, which is very important in sending signals to the brain. The pelvic
bones protect the bladder and reproductive organs for females. They
are also known as the hip bones.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

There are bones in the arms, legs, hands, and feet. These bones
support the body, gives it shape, and enable movements such as
walking, lifting, grasping, clapping, and all other movements your arms
and legs can do.

Bones in the body are connected to one another by strong, elastic

tissues called ligaments. The point where bones meet and connect is
called a joint. Bones that intersect in a joint is prevented from grinding
each other by a flexible, rubbery lining called cartilage.

Some joints do not allow any movement between two connected bones.
Sutures, bones in the skull, do not allow movements. Other joints like
those found on hip bones enable limited movements like bending and
twisting, but never a full rotation. The joints located in the fingers, hands,
elbows, and shoulders can freely move.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Muscles
Even if the body has bones and joints, it will not
move unless the bones are connected to the
muscles. Muscles are the fleshy part of the body.
It is composed of bundles of fibrous tissues
which can contract and relax to cause movements.

The human muscles.

Bones are connected to muscles by a tough cord of tissue called

tendons. When muscles contract, the tendons are pulled. Then, the
tendons also pull the joints, causing movements to take place.

Types of Muscles

Muscles may be categorized as

voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary
muscles are those attached to the
bones to hold them together and give
shape to the body. These muscles
allow body movements that may be
consciously controlled as these are
directly connected to the bones.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Voluntary Muscles

Voluntary muscles are also known as skeletal muscles because they

are attached to the bones. The muscles found in legs, hands, face, and
abdomen are examples of voluntary muscles. You can control and limit
the movements of these body parts because of their muscles. If you
want to raise your arms, look up, or stand, you can command the
voluntary muscles in your arms, neck, and legs to contract or relax to lift
your skeletal muscles attached to them.

Involuntary Muscles
Involuntary muscles are muscles that move automatically and are
controlled by the brain. Involuntary muscles are also known as the
smooth muscles. They are found on the walls of the internal organs.
These muscles are called smooth because they do not have patterns on
its surface similar to skeletal muscles. Some examples of smooth
muscles are found on the walls of intestines, stomach, and bladder. The
movement of these muscles are automatic and cannot be controlled.
Even if the person is sleeping, these organs are still moving.

Muscles on the
walls of the
stomach and the
intestine are
examples of
involuntary
muscles.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

REMEMBER!

Bones are hard organs that comprise the body’s skeleton or

frame.

● Bones provide support for the body to stand and protect the different
internal organs.

● Bones in the body are connected to one another by strong, elastic

tissues called ligaments.

● The point where bones meet and connect is called a joint.

● Bones that intersect in a joint is prevented from grinding each other by

a flexible, rubbery lining called cartilage.

● Bones are connected to muscles by a tough cord of tissue called

tendons.

● Muscles are the fleshy part of the body. It is composed of a bundle of

fibrous tissues which can contract and relax to cause movements.

● Muscles may be categorized as voluntary (skeletal) or involuntary

(smooth).

Let’s watch a video:

[Link]
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Learning Activity 1:
Write C is the statement is correct, and N if it is not.
_______ 1. The movement of stomach muscles stops when you’re
not hungry.
_______ 2. Bones in your arms moved the muscles to create
movement.
_______ 3. Bones play a role in supporting the body and protecting
vital organs.
_______ 4. A joint is the area where muscles connect and meet.
_______ 5. Bones are the hard, solid structures that make up the
body’s skeleton.

Learning Activity 2:
Complete the crossword puzzle by identifying what is being
described in each number.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Across
1. It is composed of a bundle of fibrous tissues which can contract and
cause movements.
5. It is a flexible, rubbery lining that prevents the bones from grinding
each other.
7. These are immovable joints found in the skull.
9. These are also known as voluntary muscles.
10. These are tough cords of tissues that connect the bones to muscles.
Down
2. These are strong, elastic tissues that connect bones together.
3. This bone protects the brain.
4. It is a hard organ that forms the skeleton of the body.
6. This set of bones protects the heart and the lungs.
8. These muscles are also known as involuntary muscles.

Learning Activity 2:
Answer the following questions.
1. If there were no cartilage between two bones that are connected, what
would happen to the movement and health of those bones?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

2. Describe how the interaction between muscles and bones allows

movement, such as when you walk.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

._________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Lesson 3 - Skin
Skin is the largest external organ that covers the flesh of the body to
protect it from dirt and other harmful things. The skin also helps regulate
the body temperature. Just like other coverings or wrappers, the skin
protects the body from the environment. Different layers of the skin
contribute to protect the body from the elements in the surroundings
such as changes in temperature, wind, water, dirt, and germs. The three
layers of the skin are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
Epidermis
The outermost layer of the skin
is known as the
[Link] epidermis
layer has keratinocytes or cells
that produce keratin. It
protects the skin from being
damaged by being a
waterproof barrier that
prevents the entire body from
Layers of the skin. being soaked up.
A thin layer of melanocytes or cells that produce melanin is found in
epidermis too. Melanin serves as the barrier that protects the skin from
the sun’s harmful rays. The amount of melanin produced in one’s skin
determines the skin tone of the person. A darker skin tone means that
the person has a skin that produces more melanin while a person with
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

less melanin has a fair to white skin. People living in areas that have
hotter climate need more protection from the sun’s rays, thus their skin
colour is darker, due to higher production of melanin. In the same way,
people less exposed to sun’s rays produce less melanin, hence their
lighter skin colour.

The main cells in

the epidermis are
keratinocytes which
produce keratin.
Melanocytes
produce melanin
that are distributed
throughout the
epidermis.

There are other kinds of skin cells that are in the epidermis, which helps

that skin protect the body from infection and allows the skin to sense.

Aside from the skin cells that make up the epidermis, skin pores are

also visible on the epidermis.

Dermis
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Next to epidermis and the thickest layer of the skin is the dermis. The
blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands are found in this layer.
Glands are tiny organs that release substances important for the body to
function. The skin has two glands, the sebaceous glands, and sweat
glands.

Sebaceous Glands

Sebaceous glands (or oil gland) produce sebum or oil that makes the
skin soft and waterproof. When oil glands produce too much oil, this can
collect debris and bacteria that blocks the follicles. This plug that forms
from the sticky oil and dirt are commonly called pimples. Thus it is
important to regularly wash your face to keep it free from excess oil, dirt,
and bacteria.

Sweat Glands

Sweat glands produce sweat or perspiration that allows the body to cool
down. Sweat is a naturally odourless substance. Bacteria that can live
harmlessly on our skin, and likes warm, moist areas like the armpits,
eats the sweat and produce unpleasant smelling odour afterwards. This
process is what causes body odour. Maintaining a good hygiene like
taking a bath regularly, changing from sweat-drenched clothes, can help
reduce probability of body odour.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Hair Follicles
Almost all parts of the body are covered with hair. Hair follicles are tiny
bulbs in the dermis where hair grows. Tiny muscles attached at the base
of the hair follicles contract when the skin senses cold, as an attempt to
help trap heat. The contraction of these tiny muscles make the hair in the
skin stand on one end, and it is commonly what you can see as
goosebumps.

When muscles at
the base of hair
follicles contract,
hair stands
on its end and the
skin is said to have
goosebumps.

Nerves

The dermis also have tiny sensors called nerves. The nerves allow the
person to feel different sensations when the epidermis touched.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Blood Vessels

Blood vessels in the allow oxygen and food carried by the blood, to
reach the skin.

Hypodermis

The last layer is a layer of fatty tissues known as hypodermis. It is also

known as the subcutaneous layer which means beneath the skin. It is a
layer of fats which helps regulate the temperature of the body. Since this
layer is the innermost layer, it connects the skin to the muscles.

Let’s watch the videos:

[Link]
[Link]

Learning Activity 1:
Write if the statement is true and if it is false. Write
your answers on the blank.
_________ 1. The skin is the body’s largest external organ.
_________ 2. The skin has four distinct layers. _______
_________ 3. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin.
_________ 4. Melanin, which gives skin its color, is produced in the
epidermis.
_________ 5. The more melanin in the skin, the lighter the skin
tone.
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Learning Activity 2:
Match the column A with column B.
1. It is the thickest layer of the skin. A. Sweat gland

B. Oil gland
2. This is a layer of fatty tissues
that connect the skin to the
muscles. C. Keratin

3. It produces oil that keeps the D. Hypodermis

skin soft.

E. Follicle
4 This is where hair grows.

F. Epidermis
5. This produces perspiration to
keep the body cool.
G. Dermis
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Learning Activity 3:
Answer the questions.
1. What causes people to have different skin tones?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

2. What are some other important functions of the skin, aside from
protection?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

3. If the skin were damaged, how could it affect the rest of the body?
Explain your answer.

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
 FilBrit International Academy UK
High Quality Learning
8 Thorpe Road, Norwich, NR1 1RY, United Kingdom
[Link]

Links/References to help your students:

● LMS
● Google Drive
References:
● Google