Chapter 19: Temperature, Thermal Expansion & Ideal Gas
From Textbook “Physics for Scientists and Engineers (with Modern Physics)”,
PHYV101 Slides by Dr. David Waswa Serway & Jewett, Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishers 1
After this section you should be able to...
a)State the Zeroth law of thermodynamics b) Define:
i. kelvin
ii. a mole
b)Convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit, and
inversely, as well as to Kelvin
c) Define or obtain linear and volume coefficients of expansion
d)State Boyle’s, Charles’ and/or Gay-Lussac’s laws and the
equation of state for ideal gases
e)Solve problems on the above
Thermodynamics
✎This involves situations in which there is a temperature change or
state (solid, liquid, gas) of a system changes due to energy transfers
✎Thermodynamics explains the bulk properties of matter and the
correlation between properties of matter and the mechanics of
atoms and molecules
✎This allows us to answer questions such as:
✓How is a refrigerator able to cool its contents?
✓What processes occur in the engine of a car?
♞Two objects at different initial temperatures eventually reach some
intermediate temperature when placed in contact with each other
♞Two objects are in thermal contact with each other if energy can be
exchanged between them due to a temperature difference
♞Thermal equilibrium is a situation in which two objects would not
exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were
placed in thermal contact
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:
If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object
C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
the pressure is zero when the temperature is -
273.15oC
It is used as the basis for the absolute
temperature scale, which sets -273.15oC as its
zero point. This temperature is often referred to as
absolute zero.
the conversion between these temperatures is
𝑇 = 𝑇𝐶 − 273.15
TC - Celsius temperature
T - absolute temperature
Kelvin scale T= 𝑇𝑐 + 273.15
9
Fahrenheit scale 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝑐 + 32
5
Celsius temperature
Kelvin temperature
Linear expansion
Average coefficient of linear expansion as Li – initial length
∆L - length changes
∆𝐿ൗ ∆T - change in temperature
𝐿𝑖
𝛼=
∆𝑇
∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑖 ∆𝑇
𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑖 = 𝛼𝐿𝑖 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖
Lf - final length,
Ti and Tf -initial and final temperatures
Thermal Stress
If you change the temperature of an object while preventing it from
expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress that is
compressive if the object would expand in the absence of constraint, and
tensile if it would contract. This stress resulting from temperature changes
is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage
Young Modulus is given as 𝐹 𝐿𝑖
𝑌 =
𝐴 ∆𝐿
The linear thermal expansion is given as ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝑖 ∆𝑇
𝐹 ∆𝐿
Thermal stress is given as =𝑌
𝐴 𝐿𝑖
𝐹 𝛼𝐿𝑖 ∆𝑇
=𝑌 = 𝑌𝛼∆𝑇
𝐴 𝐿
volume expansion
The change in volume is proportional to the initial volume Vi and to
the change in temperature according to the relationship
𝛽 - average coefficient of volume
∆𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉∆𝑇 expansion.
1. The coefficient of volumetric expansion of mercury is 1.8 x 10-4 /ºC. If the temperature
of 10 L of mercury increases by 30 ºC, what is the volume increase of the mercury?
∆𝑉 = 1.8𝑥10−4 𝑥10𝑥30 = 5.4 𝑥10−2 𝐿
2. Suppose that the gas tank in your car is completely filled when the temperature is 17ºC.
a) How many gallons will spill out of the 20 gallon steel tank when the temperature rises to
35ºC? 𝜷𝒈𝒂𝒔 = 9.5 x 10 -4 /ºC , 𝜷𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 0.36 x 10 -4 /ºC
We need to find the difference from the expansion of the gas and the expansion of the steel:
∆𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑠 = 𝛽𝑔𝑎𝑠 − 𝛽𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑉𝑖 ∆𝑇 = 9.5𝑥10−4 − 0.36𝑥10−4 𝑥20𝑥 35 − 17 = 0.33𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
b) What pressure would be created in the gasoline tank considered in question 2 above, if the
gasoline increases in temperature from 17ºC to 35ºC without being allowed to expand?
Assume that the bulk modulus 𝛽 for gasoline is 1.00 × 109 N/m2.
𝐹 𝑉𝑖
𝛽= ,
𝐴 ∆𝑉
𝐹 ∆𝑉 0.33
𝑃= =𝛽 = 1x109 𝑥 = 1.65𝑥109 Pa
𝐴 𝑉𝑖 20
◉For gases: The volume of gases depends on the size of the
container.
◉Equations involving gases contain the volume V as a variable, rather
than a change in volume from an initial value.
◉For a gas, it is important to know how the quantities volume V, pressure P,
and temperature T are related for a sample of gas of mass m
Moles (n)
Definition
One mole of any substance is that amount of the substance that
contains NA = 6.022 x1023 (Avogadro’s number ) of constituent
particles (atoms or molecules).
M - molar mass (atomic mass) of the substance
m – mass of moles
Example the molar mass (atomic mass) of helium
is 4.003
Boyle’s, Charles’s and Gay– Lussac’s laws
Boyle’s law
When the gas is kept at a constant temperature, its pressure is inversely proportional
1
to the volume. 𝑃∝ 𝑉
Charles’s law
When the pressure of the gas is kept constant, the volume is directly proportional to
the temperature. 𝑉∝𝑇
Gay– Lussac’s law
When the volume of the gas is kept constant, the pressure is directly proportional to
the temperature. P∝ 𝑇
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻 ideal gas law
n - is the number of moles of gas in the sample
R - is the universal gas constant (R =8.314 J/mol. K
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
Where,
total number of molecules(𝑵)
𝒏=
Avogadro’s number (NA)
Therefore,
𝑁
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇
NA
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇,
𝑅
𝑘𝐵 = = 1.38 𝑥 10−23 𝐽/𝐾
𝑁𝐴
The final pressure will differ by
only 0.6% (this is insignificant)