(NOTES)

Political Science
*Created by*
Wasif-ur-Rehman Bhatti
Advocate High Court

Composing by:
(Mian Musharaf Aslam)
Q1:-DEFINE THE TERM OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALSO DISCUSS DIFFERENT CONCEPT OF STATES ALSO
DISCUSS HISTORICAL AND MODERN FORM OF STATE.

Classes of State
Historical Form
of State
Modern Form of State
Kingship or
Queen-ship or
Monarchism
Crown-ship Democratic
Communises State
Republic States

Islamic Khilafat Islamic Republic State Secular Form of State

Emperorism

Parliamentary Form of State Presidential Form of State

Hybrid Form of State Socialist Form of State

Technocratic Form of State Other Form of State

INTRODUCTION

Political Science is a subject which explains about the formation, evolution of a state or
kingdom, political science explains that the origin of a state is directly related to origin of a society.
When specific people or population had started to live in a specific territory and had selected their
king or Ruler or head then such form of society could be consider as a state or kingdom with the
passage of time evolution and growth had been occurred in societies and societies has selected a
specific name of their state or kingdom, societies had selected a specific constitution, a specific legal
system, specific judicial system when a society or a state had selected a sovereign Government which
had power to make decision independently in the favour of interest of its people and which must had
competency to protect its boundaries and peoples then such evolution in the societies had establish
a independent state. Political thinkers had classified state into two main classes such as historical
form of state and modern form of state, political thinkers had explained different types of historical
or ancient forms of state such as Monarchism, Crown ship, kingship or Queen ship, Emperorism,
Islamic Khilafat or kingdom ship. Similarly, political thinkers have also explained different forms of
Modern state such as federation, confederation, parliamentary state, Democratic State, Social welfare
State, communist state, secular state, hybrid sate, capitalist form of state etc. political thinkers have
explained that every state must has specific constitution, specific sovereign Government, specific legal
system and specific political ideology. Political thinker has explained that the knowledge about the
state is called political science.

DEFINITION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

According to George Washington Political Science is a theory which explains about the nature,
political ideology, foundations, formation, composition of a sate, working of different organs of a
state, relation of parliament, executive, judiciary with each other and with the people of such sate,
fundamental rights and liberties of the people of such state.

MEANING OF STATE:

According to Aristotle a state is a specific legal entity which has specific identification in the
world which has specific name, specific king, specific legal system, specific rights liberties and duties
of the people.

DEFINITION OF STATE:

According to the Article 1 of U.N Charter ‘A state is an independent Sovereign legal entity
which is acknowledge by other states and entities, which has specific territory or boundaries, specific
permanent population, specific name, specific constitution, specific political ideology, specific types
of legal system’.
 Classes of State:

According to Professor Starke ‘’States can be classified into 2 classes’’.

1. Historical Form of State.

2. Modern Form of State.

1. HISTORICAL FORM OF STATE:

According to Professor Starke the origin of a state is directly related with origin and evolution
of human civilization and societies such civilization or formation of state can be track from 5000 years
before when the kingdoms of Hammurabi (Greek Kingdoms), Roman Empire, Chines Empire, Hindu
Empires, British Empire etc has been established in different eras or human civilization, such historical
or intent concept of state or kingdom has been extended up to the 1945 when UNO has been
established and a new and modern concept of state has been evolved.

Kinds of Historical Form of State:

Following of the different types of historical form of state.

i. Monarchism.
ii. Kingship or Queen-ship or Crown-ship.
iii. Islamic Khilafat.
iv. Emperorism.

i. Monarchism:
According to Aristotle, ‘’Monarchism is such form of a state where a specific person or ruler
has been given all the powers to make laws rules, regulations, policies for the state and such ruler has
authority to make decision by himself and the people of such state shall be loyal, faithful and obedient
to their ruler or monarch such ruler or monarch can be selected by the people of the state or special
council of prominent people can select the monarch, such system of the state has present in Greek
Empire, Roman empire, Islamic Khilafat presently such system of Governess is present in UAE, present
in KSA, Indonesia etc.

ii. Kingship or Queenship:

It is hereditary form of Governance in which all the powers in an authority of ruler-ship shall
be in the control of a king or queen and after the death of such king or queen his or her son or daughter
would be appointed as new king or queen.

iii. Islamic Khilafat:

It is such type of state which was originated before 1400 years of the origin of Islamic in which
all the power of Governess and ruler ship shall be controlled by Caliph and such caliph shall be elected
by the counsel of prominent person (Shura-e-Khas) such caliph shall Govern the Islamic state till his
death.

iv. Emperorism:

It is also historical form of state in which all the powers of ruler ship would be controlled by a
specific person who would be selected by the counsel of representative of the people or who may be
nominated by the previous emperor it is not necessary that new emperor shall be the son and
daughter of previous emperor.

2. MODERN FORM OF THE STATE:

George Washington has explained that the origin of modern form of the state has been
establish after the formation of UNO in (1945) when all the states of the world have agreed to sign a
contract for respect, acknowledgement of the boundaries and Sovereignty of other states. George
Washington has explained different kinds of Modern State.
 i. Democratic Republic States:

It is such kind of state in which majority people of such state would decide about their
members of the Government or the rulers by way of vote in elections or by way of referendum, when
the Government would be consisting of those persons who have trust and confidence of the majority
people of such state, such Government would be establish for a specific period of time e.g sate of
Pakistan, India, USA, Bangladesh etc.

ii. Communist State.

Communist form of state is such kind of state in which restriction for unlimited ownerships of
properties by the private person, restrictions on unlimited investment and business, a principle of
public private partnership is present in a communist state all the laws and policies of the state shall
be make under the communist ideology and only such political party can take part in election which
has a specific communist ideology is such type of state the principle of communist shall be preferred
on the will of the people, on the religion of the people etc presently such form of Governance is
present in China, Russia Cuba etc.

iii. Islamic Republic Sate.

It is such form of state in which Government of the state shall be elected by the people of that
state but the government shall make laws rules and regulations strictly in accordance with principles
of Islam in such type of state principle of religion Islam shall be preferred on the moral, ethical, social,
customary values of the people presently this form of Governess is present in Pakistan, Iran, KSA,
Malaysia, Indonesia etc.

iv. Secular Form of State.

It is such form of state in which no specific religion shall be given any preference in such
secular state all the citizens have liberties to exercise or practice any religion of their choice and the
element of religion shall be considering in selection of members of parliament, selection of members
of Government, head of the state, in process of law making and in the policy making of such state
presently this system of Governance is present in USA and Western countries.

v. Parliamentary Form of State.

It is such form of state in which the people of such state shall elect members of the parliament
by way of voting in general elections and such elected parliament shall make laws for such state such
elected parliament would also control the Government of such state if means any member of the
parliament would become head of the Government as a Prime Minister or Premier presently this
system of Governess is existed in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh UK etc.

vi. Presidential Form of State.

It is such form of state form in which the people of the state shall elect or select the president
of the state by way of voting in General elections and such elected present shall act as head of the
state and head of the Government all the polices of such state shall be make with the consent of
president this form of governess is presently existed in USA, Russia, France Turkey and China Etc.

vii. Hybrid Form of State.

It is such form of the state which consist of a mixture of different ideologies or the rules of
governess i.e religion customs political ideologies moral values etc. in hybrids type of state the system
of governors shall be the based upon the mixture principle of religion, principle of customs, principle
of social norms, principles of moralities and principle of different type of political ideologies there form
of the state has also be termed as Modern form of state presently this hybrid system of the governess
is present in many states of the world such as UK, India, Pakistan, UAE etc.
 viii. Socialist Form of State.

It is such form of the state which is based on the principles of social welfare of the people, it
means it is such type of state in which the prime object of the Government of the state is to
improve the social condition of the people of such state by way of providing free education
health transport accommodation employment justice etc. such state make its laws and
policies to improve the social and economical condition of the people of such state presently
this form of governess is existed in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany etc.

ix. Technocratic Form of State.

It is a special form of state where all the system of Governess shall be in the control of group
of counsel of technical experts who have expertise in finance human resource defence religion justice
law and order education health etc. such technical experts or members of the council shall be elected
by the people of such state directly or indirectly such council of technical experts may be headed by
any one of the member of the counsel presently Switzerland, Morocco etc.

x. Other Form of State.

Political jurist / thinkers has also explain may other kinds or forms of state which as follows.

1. Aristocratic Form of State.

It is such kind of state in which rich and wealthy person of a sate taken the control on
the Government of the state such rich persons become the members of parliament, members
of Government by using their money and wealth.

2. Oligarchy Form of State.

It is such form of state in which the Government of the state shall be controlled by
the few families or people only the member of such family or such special people becomes
the members of the Government.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that Political Science is a subject which explains about the formation,
evolution of a state or kingdom, political science explains that the origin of a state is directly related
to origin of a society. When specific people or population had started to live in a specific territory and
had selected their king or Ruler or Head then such form of society could be consider as a state or
kingdom with the passage of time evolution and growth had been occurred in societies and societies
has selected a specific name of their state or kingdom, societies had selected a specific constitution, a
specific legal system, specific judicial system when a society or a state had selected a sovereign
Government which had power to make decision independently in the favour of interest of its people
and which must had competency to protect its boundaries and peoples then such evolution in the
societies had establish a independent state. Political thinkers had classified state into two main classes
such as historical form of state and modern form of state, political thinkers had explained different
types of historical or ancient forms of state such as Monarchism, Crown ship, kingship or Queen ship,
Emperorism, Islamic Khilafat or kingdom ship. Similarly, political thinkers have also explained different
forms of Modern state such as federation, confederation, parliamentary state, Democratic State,
Social welfare State, communist state, secular state, hybrid sate, capitalist form of state etc. political
thinkers have explained that every state must has specific constitution, specific sovereign
Government, specific legal system and specific political ideology.
Q2:-DISCUSS THE PLATO THEORY OF REPUBLIC STATE ALSO DISCUSS THE FEATURE OF IDEAL STATE
BY THE PLOTO.

Philosopher Classes of Principle of

King Society Rule of Law
Privilege Source of
Class of the Revenue or
People Tax

Artesian Judicial
Class of Auxiliary system and
People Equality of Punishment
(Armed
Citizen
Class) Protection
Workers
and
Class of the
security of
People
the people

INTRODUCTION

Plato was a Greek Philosopher was born in Athens and who belongs from the royal family
Plato had presented the concept of republic state firstly Plato had explain that a republica shall consist
of a specific territory or boundary a state must be Governed by a philosopher king, a state must has a
population of at least 5040 people who shall reside permanently in the territory of the state plot had
explain that the population or society of a state may be classified into 4 main classes such as privilege
class of the people, auxiliary (Armed Class), Artisian class of the people and labour class of the people
Plato had explain that the philosopher king shall belong from the privilege class or auxiliary class or
Artisian class however philosopher king shall not be taken from the worker class Plato explain that
ideal state must has a specific boundary which shall be protected by the auxiliary class of the people
Plato had explain that all the classes of the people shall make interactions which each other and shall
not perform any action which is against the dignity and identification of such class, Plato had explain
that the Philosopher king must make the laws rules regulations for his people in the form of legal code,
Plato had explain that Philosopher king has authority to include divine laws, Moral Laws in his legal
code Plato had further explain that in ideal state people shall be given equal justice food, shelter and
opportunities to make social contracts which each other Plato had explain that in ideal state ‘’a
principle of rule of law’’ shall prevail and courts shall decide their case on the basis of evidences.

HISTORICAL PROSCET OF PLATO’S THEORY:

Plato was born in 427 BC and died in 348 BC Plato has presented his theory of Ideal state in
399 BC in which Plato had explain the concept of Republica or state.

FEATURES OF PLATO’S THEORY:

Following are the features of essential of Plato’s theory of ideal state.

1. Establishment of Republican:

Plato has propose the concept of Republica first of all such concept of republica means such
type of state which shall be Governed on the will and desires of the peoples of such state literally
meaning of republica is the association of the people under some specific political ideology or legal
system and when people must be ownered by the courts and by the legislators Plato has explain that
the association of people under some specific political ideology may be termed as nation and all such
people living in a specific area may be termed as ‘’natives’’.

2. Population of the People:

Plato has explained that to establish a state it is necessary that at least 5040 persons shall
reside permanently within the boundary of their state with their free will and consent such population
does not include minor child and women Plato has explained that such population shall select their
king for a period of time by way of plebiscite Plato has further explain that the population has a liberty
to adopt any profession or to learn any skill or to make any type of social contract.

3. Classes of the Society:

Plato has classified all the population or people or society of a state into following classes.

i. Philosopher King:

Plato has explain that are knowledgeable person can be selected by the people as their king
by way of plebiscite such philosopher king must be native of such state such philosopher king must
has conclusive knowledge of divine laws economics art of war, customs, social norms of the people
historical values of the people such philosopher king must has authority to set / make his legal code
of law such philosopher king has authority to command all the people of such state and such
philosopher king must be loyal faith full with his people.

ii. Privilege Class of the People:

Plato has explained that such people who have properties, animals money ownership and
possessions of on the wealth, fields, mines etc. and all such people who are involve in business trade
by using their finance or money would be consider as privilege class of the people such class of the
people shall be given higher social status and respect by the other classes for the society such class of
people has authority to purchase and sale to higher artisian for their needs. Plato has explained that
philosopher king made be taken from the privilege class of the people.

iii. Artisian Class of People:

Plato has explain that artisian class of the people means such people who have some art or
expertise or skill such as gold smith, black smith, carpenter, mason, doctor etc. such class of the people
must be acknowledge by the society such class of the people would earn money by using their skills
come expertise and art Plato had explain that such class of the people is must impact and beneficial
class of the society Plato has explain that a Philosopher king may be taken from artisian class of the
people.

iv. Auxiliary (Armed Class)

Plato had explain that auxiliary class of people means such people who have appointed by the
king to protect the boundaries of the state and to maintain the law and order in the society such class
of the people must be expert in the using of weapons any male member of the society who acquires
the skill of using of weapons may be included in the auxiliary class such class are also responsible to
protect the people of the state from the criminals such class is also responsible to provide security to
the king.

v. Workers Class of the People:

Plato had explained that worker class means such type of people who have not any kind of
skill and expertise and who have not the ownership and possession of properties such class of the
people shall live outside the boundary wall of the city or kingdom but such class can enter into city or
kingdom when the gates of the city would open in morning such class of the people shall make the
labour and would recined a which for their work.

vi. Principle of Rule of Law:

Plato had explained that in an ideal state a principle of rule of law shall prevail which means
that every member of each class shall be given equal right on to the status of such class and all the
people of state including the king shall be under law and under the principle of accountability no
person can claim hi above the law.
 vii. Source of Revenue or Tax:

In ideal state all the buying forests fields shall be under the control of king and all the income
shall be collected by the king similarly king can impose tax on the privilege class artisian class and
worker class and king shall spend money on the armed class for improving the defence of state.

viii. Judicial system and Punishment.

In ideal state courts shall reward the punishment to the criminals after making the ‘Trail’ of
the basis of evidences such punishment shall be awarded by court in the accordance with legal court
enforce by the king.

ix. Equality of Citizen.

Plato had explained that the principle of equality shall prevail among the members of each
class it means every members of a class shall be equal in their rights.

x. Protection and security of the people.

According to Plato that the auxiliary class is responsible to make a protection and security of
the people of this state from the army of any other state such class is also responsible for providing
the security to the king and the people of such state.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that Plato presented the concept of republic state, it shall consist of a
specific territory or boundary of a state must be Governed by Philosopher king. A state must be a
population of at least 5040 people. The population of society of a state may be classified into main 4
classes such as privilege class of the people, Auxiliary Class of the people, Artisian class of the people,
and labour class of the people. The ideal state must has a specific boundary which shall be protected
by the Auxiliary class of the people. The classes of the people shall make interactions which each other
and shall not perform any action which is against the dignity for such class. The Philosopher king must
make the laws rules regulations for the people in the form of legal code. The philosopher king has
authority to include divine laws, moral laws in his legal code, ideal sate of people shall be given equal
justice, food, shelter and opportunities for the citizens of such state.
Q3:-DISCUSS THE ORGAN OF THE STATE ALSO DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS OF
THE STATE ALSO DISCUSS THE PRINCIPLE OF STATE OF LEGISLATORS.

Laws must be Legislation must

codifying
Legislators be religious

Legislation must
be Legislation must
be political
nature

Legislation must Authority of

be Legislation must Legislation must delegated
understandable be Moral and be Economical Legislation
Ethical

INTRODUCTION

A state is a legal entity which has a specific name identification due to its political ideology
presently about 195 state have been recognized by UNO such state has political ideologies some state
on based on the monarchism, some state is democratic, some states are social welfare state, establish
of the world has adopted specific type of Governess some states has unity form of government only
one person control the system when the group of people runs the system of government. When such
type of system politics form of the governess. Every state of the world shall be consist of three basic
organs parliament, legislation, executive and judicial of a state perform specific function which is
specifically mentioned in constitution of the state, parliament to make all the types of law for the
people of such state why the executive organ shall consist of different types of organization such
executive organ are responsible to apply or enforce all he law of parliament by making of parliament
by judiciary organ of the sate different type of court relief, justice to the people by the punishment.

MEANING OF STATE:

According to Black’s law dictionary that the state which has specific district identity political
identity and sovereign.

DEFINITION OF A STATE:

According to Professor Hobbs a state is the collection or assembly of different languages in a

specific territory.

Origins or Elements of State.

According to George Washington three basic organs which are as follows.

1. Legislators.
2. Executive Authority.
3. Judiciary or Court.
1. Legislators.

George Washington explain that the legislator means such organ of the state for making law
for the people such state. In a modern state concept of a state in parliament law making by way of
collective under the majority members of parliament is law making by the parliament shall be termed
as legislation following are some features of legal legislation.

Laws must be codifying.

The basic principle legislation all the laws made by the parliament shall be codify form this
codification of law by the parliament of law in codification parliament makes laws as specific language
format with a specific name object this process codify law would be termed as statutes.
 Legislation must be Equitable.

Another principle of legislation that parliament shall be make the law in uniform and equitable
manner for all the citizen of such state without making for any specific class of people.

Legislation must be understandable

Another principle legislation that the laws made by the parliament simple and
understandable.

Legislation must be Moral and Ethical

Another rule of law making made by the parliament shall be in accordance with the moral and
ethical value of such state.

Legislation must be Economical

Another rule of legislation that the law made by the parliament shall be economical nature
law make by the according to financial position of the people.

Legislation must be religious

Another rule of making of law by parliament shall consider the religious value of the people
making of laws.

Legislation must be political nature

Another rule of legislation shall be made in accordance with the political ideology of such
state.

Authority of delegated Legislation:

Authority of delegated legislation is that the parliament or state legislator shall be consider as
supreme legislation or parliament can delegate some authority power making of some laws to the
other subordinate origin of the parliament such process of law making would be termed as delegated
legislator.

2. Executive Authority

Executive Authority are such institution department of a state for making of executive action
rules regulation plans procedure for the enforcement of intimation law made by parliament may be
of different types of law enforcement types transport, business authority and department makes rules
regulation policy for better administration then such function of the executive authority of civil
administration or governess such governess shall be made under some rule which are as follows.

i. Executive Authority shall not make any executive action or executive policy or
discrimination among the people.
ii. Executive authority flexible easy policy for the people so that can also easily understand
such policy of the government.
iii. Executive authority for benefit of the people shall make the laws and policies.
iv. Executive authority shall make policy and law in accordance with political system of such
state or area.

Judiciary.

Such organ of the state providing a justice to the people of such state shall consist of different
classes of the notes for interpretation of law of the parliament into provide to relief to the people
different types of court such as higher court business court, family court and different types of relief
of court to adopted different procedure.
 i. Court shall decide the case after hearing the both parties (no one shall be noncontact on
heart) (and altrum partum).
ii. Court must decide the case on the basis of evidence presented by the parties.
iii. Court shall be decided the case in reasonable time. (Justice delay is justice denied)
iv. Court must decide the case after adopting a procedure.
v. Court must decide the case in accordance with the principle of equity there is a legal right.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that a state is a legal entity which has a specific name identification due
to its political ideology presently about 195 state have been recognize by UNO such state has political
ideologies some state on based on the monarchism, some state is democratise, some states are social
welfare state, establish of the world has adopted specific type of Governess some states has unity
form of government only one person control the system when the group of people runs the system of
government. When such type of system politic form of the governess. Every state of the world shall
be consist of three basic organs parliament, legislation, executive and judicial of a state perform
specific function which is specifically mentioned in constitution of the state, parliament to make all
the types of law for the people of such state why the executive organ shall consist of different types
of organization such executive organ are responsible to apply or enforce all he law of parliament by
making of parliament by judiciary organ of the sate different type of court relief, justice to the people
by the punishment.
Q4:-DISCUSS THE TERM LEGISLATORS DISCUSS VARIOUS KIND OF LEGISLATION ALSO DISCUSS THE
PROCEDURE OF LEGISLATION ADOPTED BY THE PARLIAMENT.

Establishment
of the
Procedure of Presidential
parliamentary Legislation
committee of approval of the
law making Bill
Drafting of Bill

Remittance of
the Bill to the
Rectification / Detail other House
Listing of the
Bill before Modification discussion and
House and Ready on the
Amendment in Bill
Bill

INTRODUCTION

Legislation is the basic duty of parliament of each state when parliament makes the law for
the people then parliament follows a specific procedure, parliament may consist of 1 or 2 houses of
the public representatives who would give their approval in formation of any new law of the state
when parliament makes a new law then the parliamentary committee of the members of parliament
shall draft the format and text of new proposal law in the form of a document or bill such proposed
bill shall explain the name of proposed law, subject of proposed law, object of prosed law, scope,
application and limitation of such proposed law parliamentary committee shall draft the bill in a
specific legal formal technical language in which specific legal termed shall be included by the
parliamentary committee in the proposed law or bill if the parliament of any state consist of 2 houses
then parliamentary committee may consist of members of both houses or parliamentary committee
of 1 house shall be authorized to present or initiate of bill of proposed law and then other house shall
also approved such bill after the drafting of the bill by the parliamentary committee members of the
house shall discuss merits and demerits of such proposed law if majority members of the parliament
have been agree with the merits of the bill then such members shall approve the bill by way of voting
approved of both house the proposed bill shall be remitted to the office of president for approval
when the present approves the bill then such bill shall become a law for such state.

MEANING OF LEGISLATION:

Legislation is a formal process of law making by the parliament of the state by adopting a
specific procedure.

AUTHORITY OF LEGISLATION:

Constitution of a state explains about the authority of law making in such state in the modern
state, parliament of the state would have an authority to make any type of law for the people such
state for their reason parliament of a state would be termed as supreme legislation.

Procedure of Legislation.

When parliament of a state mix the legislation then the parliament shall adopt a specific
procedure which is as follows.

1. Establishment of the parliamentary committee of law making.

Parliament of the state shall consist of 100’s of members so it is impossible that every member
of parliament shall participate in the drafting of the new law so speaker of the house shall establish a
parliamentary committee for drafting of newly proposed law such committee shall be consist of senior
members of the parliament.
 2. Drafting of Bill.

The 1st step of making of new law is the drafting of text and document of new proposed law
such document may be termed as bill of proposed law such bill shall be drafted in a specific legal,
official, formal language which shall include specific legal terms such draft of bill shall also explain the
name, subject, object, scope application of limitation of such propose law, such stage of law making
can be termed as ‘’Committee Stage’’.

3. Listing of the Bill before House

Speaker of the house shall list the proposed bill before the house when house is in session in
this session speaker would direct the law minister to present the bill before the house by explaining
the aim and object of such law before the house shortly if after the presentation of a bill majority
members of the house have rejected the legal status of the bill then such bill shall be die or ceased at
initial stage if the majority members have made objection on some parts of the bill then such bill shall
be revisited back to the parliamentary committee of law making.

4. Rectification / Modification and Amendment in Bill.

When the house has remitted back the propose bill to the parliamentary committee for
modification then committee shall amend the bill as per will of the members of parliament after
modification committee shall again send back the bill to the house.

5. Detail discussion and Ready on the Bill.

After the modification and amendment speaker shall hold a detail discussion of the members
of the house on the merits and demerits of such proposed law or bill if majority members of the
parliament have given their consent fever of such bill then speaker shall hold a voting of the members
on such bill if majority members have voted in favour of bill then such bill shall be considering as
approve bill from such house.

6. Remittance of the Bill to the other House.

After the approval from the 1 house such approved bill would be fixed to other house for
discussion of the members of the other house if other the discussion and debate majority members
of the other house have approved the bill by way of voting then such bill would be considering as
‘’approved bill’’ of the parliament.

7. Presidential approval of the Bill.

After the approval from 2nd house the presiding officer of 2nd house shall remitted the bill to
the office of president and if president is satisfy with all the essentials of such bill then president would
approved such bill by passing a specific order of approval after the approval from president office such
bill become law and such new law shall be published in the official gazette of the state if president is
not satisfy with bill parliament may dis agreed the bill in such case president make either amend the
bill as per bill of president or resend such bill again to the president in such case presidential approval
is obligator and president shall approved such bill.

Kinds of Legislation.

There are 2 kinds of legislation.

1. Supreme Legislation:

Supreme legislation is such type of legislation which is conducted by the members of

parliament for the people of such state.
 2. Delegated Legislation

It is such type of legislation which is made by subordinate authorities of a state under the
permission of parliament to make laws for their own working such legislation can be further classified
into 5 classes.

i. Executive Legislation.
ii. Judicial Legislation.
iii. Municipal Legislation.
iv. Autonomous Legislation.
v. Departmental Legislation.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that Legislation is the basic duty of parliament of each state when
parliament makes the law for the people then parliament follows a specific procedure, parliament
may consist of 1 or 2 houses of the public representatives who would give their approval in formation
of any new law of the state when parliament makes a new law then the parliamentary committee of
the members of parliament shall draft the format and text of new proposal law in the form of a
document or bill such proposed bill shall explain the name of proposed law, subject of proposed law,
object of prosed law, scope, application and limitation of such proposed law parliamentary committee
shall draft the bill in a specific legal formal technical language in which specific legal termed shall be
included by the parliamentary committee in the proposed law or bill if the parliament of any state
consist of 2 houses then parliamentary committee may consist of members of both houses or
parliamentary committee of 1 house shall be authorized to present or initiate of bill of proposed law
and then other house shall also approved such bill after the drafting of the bill by the parliamentary
committee members of the house shall discuss merits and demerits of such proposed law if majority
members of the parliament have been agree with the merits of the bill then such members shall
approve the bill by way of voting approved of both house the proposed bill shall be remitted to the
office of president for approval when the present approves the bill then such bill shall become a law
for such state.
Q5:-DEFINE THE TERM PUBLIC OPINION DISCUSS THE LEVELS OF PUBLIC OPINIONS ALSO DISCUSS
DIFFERENT MOODS OF TAKING PUBLIC OPINION.

By way of Moods of
voting in Public
Level of Public
Election Opinion
Opinion

By way of Banners,
voting in Flexes, Sign
Referendum Boards etc

By way of
Survey By way Public Rallies
By way of Public
Print Media Processions
By way of
Electronic By way of
Media Social Media

INTRODUCTION

Public opinion means the collective will or consent of the people living in a state about the
laws of such state, about the executive policies of such state, about administrative action of the
Government of such state, about the penal laws of such state, about the financial system, social
system of such state, usually in modern state public opinion shall be taken in selection of members of
parliament and members of the Government people gives their opinion by way of vote similarly public
opinion can be taken by the Government in making of any important national or international policy
or plan or an action public can give their opinion or will by way of referendum, by way of print media,
by way of election and social media, by way of public processions and rallies public opinion can also
be find out by making surveys at micro level or macro level of the people public opinion shall be taken
by the Government to make a public support in any policy or action of the Government in the modern
countries public opinion is consider as essential factor for the effective governess of the state.

MEANING OF PUBLIC OPINION:

According to Black’s law Dictionary public opinion means to find out or to take the will or
consent of the people of the state about laws, policies, actions of the Government.

DEFINITION OF PUBLIC OPINION:

According to George Washington public opinion is a factor without which effective system of
Governess of a state cannot be run and public opinion government find out will and consent of people
about such laws policies and actions.

Principle of Public Opinion.

In a modern concept of Governess, the principle of public opinion would be strictly followed
by the Government to run the system of the Government effectively.

Moods of Public Opinion.

Public opinion can be taken or given by the following moods.

1. By way of voting in Election.

In the modern states members of the parliament or members of the Government shall be
elected or selected by the will of the people and such will of the people can be taken by way of voting
gin the elections of parliament of majority people have given their vote in favour of any person of any
candidate then such candidate shall become or member of parliament or member of Government in
different state election of member of parliament would be conducted after a specific period of time
in which people of such state would cast their vote in favour or against any candidate, this process of
voting can be conducted by the following two moods.
 [Link] way of Balloting and manual cast of such ballot.
[Link] way of Electronic voting.

2. By way of voting in Referendum.

Referendum is also a mood of taking of public opinion by the Government on different type
of executive policies plans actions etc. if Government to make any important public policy which has
a national and international impact the Government can take public opinion about such policy such
public opinion can be taken by way of voting of General Public Government shall make the policy
according to the will and wishes of majority public.

3. By way of Survey.

In another mood of taking of public opinion is to conduct of public survey by the Government
about any public policy or plan such survey can be made get micro level or individual level in which
the opinion of every person would be taken by way of survey such public survey can also be conducted
at macro level in which the opinion of majority people from an area can be consider as public opinion
of such area Government would make survey before making of any important public action or public
policy and shall make such policy on the basis of opinion of majority people.

4. By way of Print Media.

Public can give their opinion by way of print media i.e. newspapers, magazines, pamphlets,
circulars, handouts etc. such manner of giving public opinion is an important mood of giving or taking
of public opinion.

5. By way of Electronic Media.

Electronics Media means Radio and Television channels which reflects or broadcast the
opinion of the public about different issues or policies of the Government such media or Radio Channel
which reflect or broadcast actual will or opinion of majority people would be more popular among the
public and more subscription and more rating by the people.

6. By way of Social Media.

Social media means a channel or medium of giving of a public opinion by using internet and
computer applications social media is the most effective and recognized media of finding the public
opinion in social media every person can give his public opinions in the majority people have similar
opinion then such opinion would become public trend on the media and by this public trend.

7. By way Public Processions.

Another mood of giving of public opinion is conducting of public procession in which the
people collectively presents their opinion to the Government about any law or policy of the
Government such public procession may be of a political nature, religious nature, financial nature etc.

8. Public Rallies:

Public Rallies is also a mood of giving of public opinion in which the people collectively mix-up
walk from one place to another place to present their opinion.

9. Banners, Flexes, Sign Boards etc.

Another mood of giving of public opinion is the display of banners flexes sign boards, play
cards etc by the public and the public places in which public opinion about any law or about any policy
of the Government has been published / displayed.

10. Level of Public Opinion.

Public opinion can be of two kinds:

 i. Public opinion of a specific area of locality.
ii. Public opinion of the people of different states.
(International Public Opinion)
11. Legal Effect of Public Opinion.

Public opinion of the majority people shall be taken by the Government and parliament in
making of laws, public policies, public actions of the Government.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that the public opinion means the collective will or consent of the people
living in the state about the laws of such state, about the executive polices and administrative action
of such state, about the penal laws of such state, about the financial system of social system of such
state. The modern state public opinion shall be taken in selection of members of parliament and
members of Government people give their opinion by way of voting, public can give their opinion or
will by way of referendum, by way of print media, by way of electronic and social media, by way of
public processions and Rallies public opinion can also be find out by making survey at micro level or
macro level of the people.
Q6:-DEFINE THE CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY IN THE ISLAMIC LEGAL SYSTEM OR ISLAMIC STATE
ALSO DISCUSS THE FEATURES OF ISLAMIC DEMOCRATIC STATE.

Islamic Islamic Head of

Democratic
State System Islamic State

Decision of
Selection of Shura
Members of
Shura

Binding effect Qualification

Authority and of Members
of Decision of Jurisdiction of
Shura of Shura
Shura

INTRODUCTION

Islam is a complete code of life Islam has given a complete philosophy of Governance of a
state, Islam has explained that Islamic state shall be governed under such principles which are set by
the Holy Quran and Sunnah one of the basic feature of Governance of Islamic state is that the head of
the state shall be the Caliph who runs the affairs and system of administration of the state in
consultation with members of Shura such Sura is elected body of wise and credible Muslim persons
who have been selected by people of different areas of Islamic state such collective body of the people
would be termed as members of Shura such members of shura assist the Caliph in making of policies
laws and administration of the Islamic State the decision of Shura shall be binding on the Caliph
members of shuras shall make their decision of the principle of majority or democracy it means if
majority members of shura have some opinion then such opinion shall also be binding on the other
shura and Caliph, all types of policies laws administrative action of the Islamic state shall be made by
the process of Shura in accordance with the principle of sharia so shura system of as Islamic state is
based on the pure democratic principles and working of shura shall be made on the principle of
opinion of majority members.

MEANING OF DEMOCRACY:

According to Black’s law, literal meaning of democracy is ‘’to follow the will or consent of
majority people while making any legal decision’’.

DEFINITION OF DEMOCRACY:

According to George Washington ‘’Democracy is the collective will of majority members of

any organization to make and desire about such organization a will of majority people of the state to
elect the member of parliament, members of Government and President’’.

Concept of Democracy in Islamic Political System.

According to Imam Mawardi and school of Hikmat, democracy is the basic essential of a state
and in the Islamic State Democracy is present in the form of Shura System.

Meaning of Shura.

Shura is a body of elected people who must be Muslim wise credible and who shall be elected
by the majority people of different areas of an Islamic State such collective body of the people shall
assist the Caliph or head at the State in making of laws, policies and administrative action for such
Islamic State.

Essential or Feature of Islamic Democratic System or Shura System.

Following are the main features of Islamic Democratic System or Shura System.
 1. Islamic State.

Shura System or Islamic democratic system shall be adopted or applied in such type of state
where majority people or Muslims and the head of the Government shall also be the Muslim in Islamic
Philosophy such type of state which is general by Muslim rulers would be termed as Darul – Islam.

2. Head of Islamic State.

In a Islamic Democratic system it is necessary that a head of the state or Government shall be
the Caliph who has been appointed by previous Caliph or the council of prominent Muslim scholars in
different Islamic kingdoms members of shura had authority to select the Caliph however in some
Islamic kingdoms principle of inheritance and kingship had been followed to appoint new Caliph.

3. Selection of Members of Shura.

In a Islamic democratic system members of shura shall be elected by the Muslim people of a
Islamic State from different areas on the principle of democracy or majority it means such person shall
be elected as members of shura who has trust and confidence of majority peoples of such area from
where such person has been elected.

4. Decision of Shura.

In Islamic democratic system members of shura have authority to make the decision about
making of any new law, policy, administrative action for the people of such Islamic state such decision
of shura shall be made on the principle of majority which means the opinion of majority members of
shura shall be considered as decision of shura.

5. Binding effect of Decision of Shura.

In Islamic democratic system decision of shura shall be followed by the Caliph and such
decision of shura shall be enforced by the Caliph of the Islamic state on its people.

6. Qualification of Members of Shura.

Islamic Sharia has laydown his specific qualification for the members of shura which is as
under.

i. Member of shura must be Muslim sound mind person.

ii. Member of shura shall be wise credible persons.
iii. Member of shura have complete trust and confidence of the majority people of their
area or locality from when such under of shura must be select.
iv. Member of shura must have complete knowledge of principle of Hukam-e-Asal (Qran
and Sunnah) all the principle of FRO (Extended Legislation by way of Qiyas, Ijma,
Ijtihad).
v. Member of shura must has complete knowledge of political economics social and
customary system of the people of such Islamic State.
vi. Member of shura shall ever be astain from major sins.
7. Authority and Jurisdiction of Shura:

In Islamic democratic system shura act as parliament as well as cabnit for the Caliph or head
of the state following is the authority or jurisdictions of shura.

i. Shura of Islamic state is responsible to make polices, rules for the enforcement of
Islamic Sharia from the people of Islamic State.
ii. Shura has authority to suggest the Caliph in appointment of judges or Qazi for
different types of Islamic courts.
iii. Shura has authority to make rules and regulations for the distribution of Income of
Islamic State on different things.
 iv. Shura has authority to make Revenue Laws for collection of Revenue from the people
of Islamic state.
v. Shura has authority to suggest the Caliph in appointment of head of arm forces units
of Islamic State.
vi. Shura has authority to make all types of administrative polices, public utility polices
etc.
Comparison of Islamic Democratic System (Shura System) with Western Democratic System.

Islamic Democratic System of the Governance of the State shall be run by the members of
Shura along with the Caliph on the principle of opinion majority, such shura system may be termed as
parliament of a Islamic State while Western Democratic State elected members of the parliament
would run the system of state and such collective body of elected people would be consider as public
representative of the people of such state.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that the Islam is a complete code of life Islam has given a complete
philosophy of Governance of a state, Islam has explained that Islamic state shall be governed under
such principles which are set by the Holy Quran and Sunnah one of the basic feature of Governance
of Islamic state is that the head of the state shall be the Caliph who runs the affairs and system of
administration of the state in consultation with members of Shura such Sura is elected body of wise
and credible Muslim persons who have been selected by people of different areas of Islamic state such
collective body of the people would be termed as members of Shura such members of shura assist the
Caliph in making of policies laws and administration of the Islamic State the decision of Shura shall be
binding on the Caliph members of shuras shall make their decision of the principle of majority or
democracy it means if majority members of shura have some opinion then such opinion shall also be
binding on the other shura and Caliph, all types of policies laws administrative action of the Islamic
state shall be made by the process of Shura in accordance with the principle of sharia so shura system
of as Islamic state is based on the pure democratic principles and working of shura shall be made on
the principle of opinion of majority members.
Q7:-DEFINE THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF A STATE DISCUSS THE FEATURES OF A PERFECT JUDICIAL
SYSTEM DISCUSS THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF ISLAMIC STATE AND WESTERN STATE.

Explanation in Features of Judicial Legislation under by the

Constitution system Parliament

Enforcement or Providing of Justice

Application of by the Courts
Laws by Executive

Judicial System of Western Judicial

Islamic State System

INTRODUCTION

Each state is consist of 3 basic organs such as parliament, executive and judiciary such 3 organs
collectively performs their functions to maintain the ‘’Administration of Justice in a state’’ all 3 organs
of the state performs their independent specific functions as explain in the constitution of a state
‘’system of administration of justice of a state shall be perfect if parliament (Legislators) shall make
exclusive, effective laws for the people, executive authorities or law enforcement authorities shall
make such type of rules and regulations procedure due to which application and enforcement of laws
of the parliament shall be made effectively similarly courts of a sate shall decide the cases in legal
equitable manner courts of a state shall maintain the administration of Justice in accordance with the
laws made by the parliament and in accordance with the rules and regulation, policies made by law
and enforcement authorities their system of providing of justice and relief by the Courts would be
termed of system of administrative of justice of judicial system of State.

MEANING OF SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE:

According to Black’s law Dictionary ‘’Administration of Justice means such type of Judicial
system or court system which provides the Justice and relief to agreed people in accordance with the
laws and statutes made by parliament rules and regulations of the law enforcement authorities and
where courts shall make the interpretation of different statutes of the parliament and different rules
regulations, polices of the executive authorities in providing fair legal and equitable justice.

DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE:

According to George Washington ‘’Administration of Justice’’ is the basic essential of a modern

civilized state without which a system of administration of such state cannot be sustain and where
courts of the sate shall be free and independent to provide justice and relief to the agreed people of
such state.

Essentials or Features of system of Administrative of Justice or Judicial system.

Following of the essentials or features of a perfect system of administration of Justice.

1. Explanation in Constitution.

To establish perfect Administration of justice in a state it is necessary that the constitutions of

that state has clearly explain duties and powers of parliament (Law members), executive authorities
(Law enforcement authorities) and Judiciary.

2. Legislation under by the Parliament.

To establish of perfect judicial system or administration of justice it is necessary that the

parliament of a state shall make all type of laws, all type of subjects or issues of the people of such
state such legislation must has to following features.
 1. Laws must be General and universal in its nature.
2. Laws shall be simple and easy to understand.
3. Laws shall have object purpose and utility.
4. Laws must be equitable uniform for all the classes of the people.
5. Law must be in accordance with the financial social, political, religious and moral values
of the people.
6. Laws must be codified enacted and must be published for the knowledge of public.
7. Law must be executive in its nature in which complete rights and liabilities of the people
shall be given.

3. Enforcement or Application of Laws by Executive.

In a perfect judicial system or system of under of justice it is necessary that executive authority
of a state shall enforce or apply all the laws made by the parliament for this purpose executive
authorities shall make rules, equitation, policies, plans, procedure, schemes etc. such polices of the
executive shall have the following features.

1. Polices, rules regulation shall be for the betterment and welfare of the people.
2. Polices, rules and regulation shall be general welfare shall not be discriminatory in its
nature it means law clear of the people shall give preference of the privilege in policies of
the executive.
3. Policies must be flexible easily applicable, understandable by the people polices, rules,
regulations of the executives shall be in accordance with the statutes of the parliament
and constitution of the state.
4. Polices, rules and regulations shall be in accordance with financial political social, religion
values of the people of such state.
5. Polices, rules and regulation of the executive shall be uniform equitable for all the classes
of the peoples and for all the areas of the state.
6. Polices rules and regulations shall be acknowledging and obey by the people of such state.
4. Providing of Justice by the Courts.

To establish a perfect administration of justice it is necessary that the courts of a state shall
provide justice and relief to the agreed people by giving their decisions when courts make decision
then courts shall follow the following rules.

1. Courts shall make the interpretation of statutes and the constitution in their decisions.
2. Courts shall give their decision in accordance with the principle of equity and justice.
3. Courts shall give their decision after hearing the version of both parties and shall provide
equal opportunity of defence to both parties.
4. Courts shall give their decision in accordance with evidences facts and issues of the case.
5. Courts shall provide rapid relief to the people without making any delay in proceedings.
6. Courts shall give their decision in accordance with financial position, moral ethical values,
political social values, religious and historical values of the people.
7. Courts shall give their decision in simple and understandable manner in which complete
rights of agreed persons shall be declared by the court and complete liabilities of wrong
doers shall be explain by the courts.
8. Courts shall make their decision in accordance with the procedures rules of the executive
authorities or law enforcement authorities.
9. High Courts shall give their decision in accordance with the norms of equity and justice
and such decision such maintain of rules of law in society.
5. Judicial System of Islamic State.

Judicial system of Islamic state as some law different from western judicial system in Islamic
judicial system there are 3 classes of the courts such as ‘’Mazalia Courts’’ such courts is consider as
most apex and highest courts is an Islamic state which have authority the hear appeals against the
subordinate courts such courts has authority to interpret rules of sharia, enforcement of principle of
Sharia right and duties of citizen of Islamic state, right and duties of the court similarly court of Qazi is
consider as most vital court of Islamic judicial system which have authority to decide all type of Haddod
and Non Hadood cases to award punishment to the offenders such court subordinate to the Mazalia
Court similarly court of ‘’Mohtashib’’ is a special court which deals all the matters of social family
norms ethical and social issues and cases such court is subordinate to the court of Qazi the judge of
the courts is an Islamic state shall be termed as Qazi who shall be appointed by Caliph Qazi must has
specific qualification, Chief Justice of the Islamic Courts shall be termed as Qazi-ul-Qaza judicial system
of Islamic state runs as the principle of sharia Hadood and Qayood.

6. Western Judicial System.

Western judicial system consist of different types of courts which are subordinated to each
other and which are establish to deal with different type of cases the highest court of western judicial
system would be termed as supreme court such court make rules and regulation of all the subordinate
courts of such state head of supreme court would be termed as chief justice similarly higher courts
also be establish in a western judicial system which as subordinate to the supreme court similarly
different type of other courts such as civil courts for dealing with civil cases, criminal courts for dealing
with criminal cases or offences, family courts for dealing with family cases, special court for dealing
with special matter i.e. service matter of civil servants, tax matter, revenue matters, electricity, railway
customs, consumer, labour, banking, cyber accountability etc.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that each state is consist of 3 basic organs such as parliament, executive
and judiciary such 3 organs collectively performs their functions to maintain the ‘’Administration of
Justice in a state’’ all 3 organs of the state performs their independent specific functions as explain in
the constitution of a state ‘’system of administration of justice of a state shall be perfect if parliament
(Legislators) shall make exclusive, effective laws for the people, executive authorities or law
enforcement authorities shall make such type of rules and regulations procedure due to which
application and enforcement of laws of the parliament shall be made effectively similarly courts of a
state shall decide the cases in legal equitable manner courts of a state shall maintain the
administration of Justice in accordance with the laws made by the parliament and in accordance with
the rules and regulation, policies made by law and enforcement authorities their system of providing
of justice and relief by the Courts would be termed of system of administrative of justice of judicial
system of State.
Q8:-DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF A STATE, DISCUSS THE PRIMARY AND BASIC FUNCTION
OF STATE.
Primary Secondary
Functions of Functions of
State State
Follow
To follow UN resolutions of
To maintain law Providing of Public
Charter GA utilities and services
and order in
State
Follow decision Follow Construction of Establishment of
of Security decisions of ICJ public Drainage and
Roads Channels
Counsel Dams etc Sanitation system

To respect the To respect the

Sovereignty of Sovereignty of other
state
other state

INTRODUCTION

Political Science is a normative science about the origin, evolution, working and function of a
state or country, such science explains about the powers, function duties towards other states,
international organizations and its people, political science explains about two basic forms of states
i.e. monarchism form and public form of state after the establishment of UNO in 1945 every state
either it is a public state, monarchism or dictatorship or democratic form of state is liable to perform
its duties and functions towards its people,, jurists have classified it into two main classes i.e. primary
and secondary functions of state in primary function a state is responsible to follow all the rules and
regulations of UNO, Security council, ICA and other international organizations, similarly it is a primary
function of a state to after sovereignty of other state to acknowledge international rights of other
state not to internal into boundaries of other state, don’t make any act against the sovereignty of
Government of other state, fulfil all the international agreements of conventions to obey all the rules
of international protocols etc. it is also a primary function of a state to provide all basic fundamental
rights to its citizen to provide justice and equality to its people to improve social status of people to
establish rule of law to establish better administration system to give a proper a constitution for state
to strengthen its public organizations and institution in it, a state also perform some specific function
i.e. to make contract with any specific state or any international organization to establish its relations
with countries of its own choice to join any international union of its own choice.

MEANING OF STATE:

According to Williams state function means, ‘’All such actions of a state which are imposed by
the international law on that state to perform of fulfil towards other states and towards its people.

DEFINITION OF STATE FUNCTIONS:

Such Duties and Liabilities of a state which shall be perform by a sovereign state towards other
states and its people to mention and its people to maintain its international legal status and credibility.

Kinds of State functions.

Political jurists have explained two basic types of state functions.

1. PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF STATE.

These are such duties and liabilities which shall be fulfilled or performed by a sovereign
international state following are different types of primary state functions.

i. To follow UN Charter.

Every state is liable the acknowledge all rules and regulations of united nation and to follow
all the provisions of UN Charter.
 ii. Follow resolutions of GA (General Assembly).

International states responsible to obey follow or to act in accordance with the declarations
of the resolutions of General Assembly (GA) of UNO.

iii. Follow decision of Security Counsel.

Every international state is liable to follow and obey all the decisions of security counsel.

iv. Follow decisions of ICJ (International Court of Justice).

Every international state is bound to follow the decision of ICJ Government of every state shell
enforce any decision of ICJ or any court of ICJ i.e. international arbitration court, international criminal
court of justice international drugs and terrorism courts.

v. To respect the Sovereignty of other state.

Each international state is responsible to respect honour the sovereignty and legal status of
other legal state and shall make any act against the sovereignty of other state similarly international
state shall not allow its people and territory for any unlawful activity against sovereignty of other state.

vi. Not to entrance into borders.

It is primary duty of every state to not to inter into territory of other state and shall not make
military attack on other state.

vii. Follow international conventions

Every international state is bound to follow international protocol set for state to state
dealings and all such conventions in which majority states are included for international issue i.e
Reanna, Moon, Geneva, Paris convention.

viii. To fulfil international treaties.

It is primary duty of state to fulfil the international treaties, every international state is bound
to fulfil all the treaties signed by it with other state.

ix. To Enforce the Constitution.

It is primary function of each Sovereign state to enforce the constitution in its states for its
people in which all the powers and functions of parliament Executive, Judiciary and other organ of the
state shall be clearly mentioned.

x. To establish specific legal system.

Every sovereign state shall establish its specific legal system for its people in which the
effective laws and polices shall be made for the better ‘’Administration of Justice’’.

xi. Enforcement of Fundamental rights.

It is a primary function of every state to provide basic fundamental rights to its citizens such
as right of protective of life, right of protection of properties, lawful properties, freedom of movement,
freedom of expression, right of fair trial, right of information etc.

xii. Enforcement of Rule of Laws.

It is a primary function of each state to establish ‘’rules of law’’ in the state which means that
constitution and laws of state shall be consider supreme and no one would be consider above the law
every citizen shall be treated uniformly under rules of law, no citizen shall be given preference on the
basis of gender.

xiii. Fair justice, Trial and Equality.

 It is primary function of the state in provide fair justice, right of trial (Judicial proceeding),
social and economic equality.

2. SECONDARY FUNCTION OF A STATE.

A sovereign and civilized state also perform many secondary functions for the benefit of the
people of such state and to establish a good relation of the people with the state.

Following are some important secondary functions of a sovereign state.

i. To maintain law and order in State.

It is secondary function of each state to maintain law and order among the people of such
state and state shall make the policies plans schemes for effective law and order, state shall take the
instant immediate measures to eliminate any such factor or any such circumstances which may disturb
the law and order of such state.

ii. Providing of Public utilities and services.

It is secondary function of each state to provide effective utilities service to its people such as
electricity, water supply, Gas supplies, Communications etc.

iii. Construction of Roads Channels Dams etc.

It is the secondary function of each state to construct roads, streets, channels, dams for the
transportation in all the areas of such state.

iv. Establishment of public Drainage and Sanitation system.

It is the secondary function of each state to provide effective drainage and sanitation system
to its citizen in all the areas of the population of such state.

v. Eradications of Social Evils.

It is a similarly function of state to eliminate all type of social evils such as Gambling, use of
Narcotic, Smuggling, hooding’s etc. from the society and to improve the ethical and moral value of the
people.

vi. To Establish the Harmony among the people of the State.

Every state is responsible to make such type of polices and progress due to which a public
harmony among the people of different eras of such state shall be establish and an element of
nationalism shell be among the citizen.

vii. Improving the economic condition of the people.

Every state is responsible to make polices programs for improving the economic condition of
the people at state shall make step to eliminate the economic discrimination among the people state
shell ensure that not be establish in the state.

viii. Providing of latest technologies of science.

Every state is responsible to provide latest scientific technologies to people shall all the excess
the technology to its citizens.

ix. Pleasant relation with Neighbouring state.

It is a secondary function of to better the diplomatic relation and ties with the neighbouring
states and shell establish the ‘’Good Office’’ with the neighbouring states.

x. Right of Minorities.

It is a function of a state to provide religion rights to the minorities so that the minorities can
perform their religion duties without any restrictions.
CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that political Science is a normative science about the origin, evolution,
working and function of a state or country, such science explains about the powers, function duties
towards other states, international organizations and its people, political science explains about two
basic forms of states i.e. monarchism form and public form of state after the establishment of UNO in
1945 every state either it is a public state, monarchism or dictatorship or democratic form of state is
liable to perform its duties and functions towards its people,, jurists have classified it into two main
classes i.e. primary and secondary functions of state in primary function a state is responsible to follow
all the rules and regulations of UNO, Security council, ICA and other international organizations,
similarly it is a primary function of a state to after sovereignty of other state to acknowledge
international rights of other state not to internal into boundaries of other state, don’t make any act
against the sovereignty of Government of other state, fulfil all the international agreements of
conventions to obey all the rules of international protocols etc. it is also a primary function of a state
to provide all basic fundamental rights to its citizen to provide justice and equality to its people to
improve social status of people to establish rule of law to establish better administration system to
give a proper a constitution for state to strengthen its public organizations and institution in it, a state
also perform some specific function i.e. to make contract with any specific state or any international
organization to establish its relations with countries of its own choice to join any international union
of its own choice.
Q9:-DISCUSS THE CONCEPTS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN A STATE ALSO DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT
KINDS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS DISCUSS THE PROCEDURE FOR ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS ALSO DISCUSS THE FOREIGN FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS DISCUSS
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WITH HUMAN RIGHTS.
Fundamental
Rights

Right of Right of
Protection of Life Association
Protection of
properties of the
citizens
Right of Contract

Right of Freedom
Movement Right of
Ownership of
Freedom of Properties
Expressions Right of Fear trial
and justice

Right of Freedom Right of

Assembly Information

INTRODUCTION

Political science explains about the working of functions of different organs of a state all the
organs of a state shall perform those duties which are mentioned in the constitution of that state the
basic duty of the state organs and state functions is the enforcement of these fundamental rights of
the citizens which are given in the constitution of such state, if Government organs and functionaries
does not provide fundamental rights to the citizens then aggrieved citizens can file the writ petitions
in the higher courts and Supreme Courts of that state for the establishment of their fundamental rights
after the establishment of UNO in 1945, A charter of UNO has been sign by all the Sovereign states of
this world this charter of UNO provides a lift of human rights which shall be provided by the
Government of each state such human rights have been written in the constitution as fundamental
rights of the citizens of that state such fundamental rights shall consider as basic rights of citizens for
every state such fundamental rights have been given to all the citizens of a state without any
discrimination on the basis of gender, religion, origin, social and financial states, language and political
ideology if the fundamental rights have not been provides to the people then the higher courts and
Supreme Court of that state have a power to enforce such fundamental rights of the people by giving
directions to the Government every state has given a list of fundamental rights to its citizens some of
the similar and uniform of fundamental rights given in the constitution of every state are right of
protection of life, right of protection of properties, freedom of movement, freedom of Assembly,
Freedom of Association, Freedom of expression etc.

MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS:

Fundamental Rights are such basic rights which are given in the constitution of each state for
its people without any claim of the people, on the equal basis, without any discrimination among the
citizens on the basis of gender, religion, social status etc.

FORMS OF ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS:

Fundamental Rights shall be enforced by the higher courts and Supreme Courts of state.

Procedure of Enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

Fundamental Rights can be enforced by the aggrieved citizen by filling constitutional writ
petition in the high court or supreme court of the state.

Duty to provide enforce the Fundamental Rights.

Government of every state is responsible they provide the fundamental rights to its citizens
as mentioned in the constitution of such state for the purpose Government makes different type of
statutes, values, relations, policies etc.
 Definition of Fundamental Rights.

According to Black’s law dictionary fundamental rights are such basic rights of all the citizens
of a state which are provided in the constitution of that state and such rights cannot have been
suspended or denied or rejected by the government.

Kinds of Fundamental Rights.

Constitution of every state has provided different types of fundamental rights to its citizens
on the basis of political ideology and nature of such state however major fundamental rights which
are provided by the constitution of any state are similar, which are as follows.

1. Right of Protection of Life.

It is basic fundamental rights of citizens of a state that the Government of state shall protect
life of each citizen from any thread or aggression from outside the state or from any other citizen of
that state for protecting the life of the citizens every state has establish different type of law
enforcement authorities or organizations.

2. Protection of properties of the citizens.

It is the primary fundamental rights of citizens of every state that the Government shall
protect the lawful properties i.e moveable properties and immoveable properties of the citizens from
any un lawful and force full occupation or intervention any other person in law full property of any
citizen.

3. Right of Freedom Movement.

It is the primary fundamental right of every citizen of a state to make of free movement in any
territory part of area of that state without any restriction however citizens cannot excess or more
inside the private of other citizens.

4. Freedom of Expressions.

It is basic fundamental right of every citizen to express has opinion about any social political
issue or about any national or international policy of that state, however such right of freedom of
expression cannot the exercise against the religion, sect or any customs or nay heritage or nay ethnical
value of other citizens.

5. Right of Freedom Assembly.

It is the primary fundamental right of each citizen of a state to make in assembly or public
gathering for any lawful propose e.g for any social practice, for any religious or sectarian gathering,
for any entertainment programme etc.

6. Right of Association.

It is the primary fundamental right of each citizen of a state to join or to associate with any
legal political organization or party or any business organization or company or any social religious,
cultural organization or group such right of association cannot be exercised to join any such group
organization which has a un law full object.

7. Right of Contract.

It is fundamental rights of every major, sound maid person to make any law full agreement or
contract of his choice e.g. any social contract i.e. contracts of marriage, any business or employment
contract, any contract for sale purchase of property etc.
 8. Right of Ownership of Properties.

It is fundamental right of every citizen to own and to possess any kind of law full property
without having any kind of disturbance or intervention from any other person every citizen as right to
enjoy the benefits and peaceful of his property.

9. Right of Fear trial and justice.

Every citizen has a basic fundamental right to seek justice from the courts on the violation of
his legal rights and every citizen has a right that courts shall make fair and equitable trial of each citizen
without making any kind of discrimination.

10. Right of Information.

Every citizen has a fundamental right that all the information regarding any national issue or
event or any international issue shall be given to the citizens by the Government by way of media
every person has right to know about the national policies plans programs of government similarly all
the international policies dealings of the government with other state.

11. Right of Equality.

It is basic fundamental right of each citizen of a state that every citizen shall be consider equal
before the law and by the government without making any kind of discrimination among the citizens
on the basis of gender, religious, organization social and financial status.

12. Rule of law.

It is the basic fundamental right of every citizen that the government shall establish principle
of rule of law in the state in which supemessiy of law shall be establish in the state and no person or
organization of the state shall be considering above the law.

13. Protection from double punishment of an Offence.

It is the basic fundamental right of every citizen shall be given repeated or double punishment
of same offence it means that if a person has been punished under any offence by any court or such
person under gone his punishment the such person shall not be punished repeatedly for the same
offence by any court nor such person shall be trial repeatedly for the same offence.

14. Right of to Join Government Services.

It is a basic fundamental right of every citizen of a state to join the public or Government
services as per his qualifications.

15. Right to practice religion.

It is the primary fundamental right of every citizen to make practice or to exercise on his
religion without any restrictions from the Government every citizen has a right to conduct religious
ceremonies and events without any restrictions.

16. Right to Exercise Customs and Culture.

It is the primary fundamental right of every citizen to practice his customs culture and
traditions without any restrictions from the Government and all the customary practices shall be
allowed by the Government.

17. Right to preserve the heritage and history.

Every citizen as a right to protect historical value, heritage and to exercise his social life,
according to heritage and culture.
 Difference between Fundamental Rights and Human Rights.

The basic difference between human rights and fundamental rights is that the human rights
are those rights which are explain / given in the charter of UNO for all the citizens of this world while
the fundamental rights on these rights which are mentioned in the constitution of a state for the
citizens of such state.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that political science explains about the working of functions of different
organs of a state all the organs of a state shall perform those duties which are mentioned in the
constitution of that state the basic duty of the state organs and state functions is the enforcement of
these fundamental rights of the citizens which are given in the constitution of such state, if
Government organs and functionaries does not provide fundamental rights to the citizens then
aggrieved citizens can file the writ petitions in the higher courts and Supreme Courts of that state for
the establishment of their fundamental rights after the establishment of UNO in 1945, A charter of
UNO has been sign by all the Sovereign states of this world this charter of UNO provides a lift of human
rights which shall be provided by the Government of each state such human rights have been written
in the constitution as fundamental rights of the citizens of that state such fundamental rights shall
consider as basic rights of citizens for every state such fundamental rights have been given to all the
citizens of a state without any discrimination on the basis of gender, religion, origin, social and
financial states, language and political ideology if the fundamental rights have not been provides to
the people then the higher courts and Supreme Court of that state have a power to enforce such
fundamental rights of the people by giving directions to the Government every state has given a list
of fundamental rights to its citizens some of the similar and uniform of fundamental rights given in
the constitution of every state are right of protection of life, right of protection of properties, freedom
of movement, freedom of Assembly, Freedom of Association, Freedom of expression etc.
Q10:-DEFINE THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL RIGHT DISCUSS THE LEGAL KINDS OF LEGAL RIGHTS ALSO
DISCUSS MOODS OF ACQUISITIONS OF LEGAL RIGHTS.

OR

DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT THEORY OF L.R

1. Natural Theory of Legal Rights.

2. Historical and universal theory of legal right.
3. Karl Marx of legal rights.
4. Functions Theory of Legal Rights.

THEORIES OF
LEGAL RIGHTS
Natural theory Functional
of Rights Theory of Rights

Moral and Karl Marks

Ethical Theory of Theory of Rights
Rights

Historical Theory of Legal

Theory of Right Right or Legal
Equality

INTRODUCTION

According to Professor Hobbs legal right is such entitlement legal justification to do any
specific act by a person which shall be acknowledged by a legal system, legal right is justification
authority about any action or act every person has a different history natural character, option object
all such things provide some legal justifications to perform some action every person have some
natural features or abilities and such person is rightful to use his such features for his benefits to and
to make himself famous in the society, a person having a good natural sound quality can use his such
feature to take a natural benefit and to make himself popular in the society, all such natural rights of
a person cannot be restricted or cultured by the society or by government. Similarly, every person has
a specific historical back ground of his family, tribe and such person is authorized to use historical
values of his family for his benefits. Similarly everyone have some his history of belonging area and he
can also use his historical values of origin, similarly every person have some inherited values i.e
financial worth of his family everyone is allowed to use his inherited rights for his popularity and other
benefits everyone has some desires or wish to live a good life to fulfil his desires a person acquires
some skills, education or knowledge, everyone can do any agreement by their own wish due to which
the person is bound to perform some actions or act, similarly everyone has some fundamental rights
given by constitution of that state where such person lives, similarly a person acquires some rights of
that state where he lives, everyone have some moral and ethical rights against and the members of
society. All the rights available to any person due to statutes, laws, constitutions, moral and social
values can be considered as primary rights, similarly a person may acquire right of governance of a
sate. Karl Marx has explained that the administration or right of governance only belong to the skill
having person and those who are not the owner of lands industries etc.

MEANING OF LEGAL RIGHTS:

According to Professor Thomas that the legal rights is such entitlement or justification under
which a person can perform any action or acts and such action and act shall be accepted by the legal
system and members of society.

TYPES OF LEGAL RIGHTS:

Jurists have classified legal rights into two types:

 Primary Legal Rights.

Primary legal rights are such rights which are available to all the people of a sate. Primary legal
rights can be further classified into several forms of following reasons:

Fundamental Rights.

Fundamental Rights is that kind of legal right given constitution of such state without any
discrimination right of protection of property, right of freedom of movement, right has given in charter
of UNO.

Statutory Rights.

These are such type of primary rights which are explained in different type of statutes
(Codified Law) of a state such rights are uniform and equal for all the citizens of such state.

Customary Rights.

Which are available all the members or all the society or general custom such society
customary rights or arise due to food, cloth, social event, customary rights can also be termed as
people of an area or native rights.

Moral, Ethical & Social Rights.

Which are available every member of a society shall be treated with a same moral ethical
standard of that society.

SECONDARY RIGHTS.

Secondary Rights are such legal rights by a person due to following reasons:

1. Due to Education or Skill.

Such person is right full to education to profession to material benefits or popularity due to
any agreement when a person any type of contract or agreement with other person can both person
right full due to words each other have they are agreement or contract Mr.B for driving office for car
monthly salary for 10000 that Mr.B shall drive his as per his instruction and Mr.B right for a salary from
Mr.A.

THEORIES OF LEGAL RIGHTS:

Following are some important theories of different right

1. Natural theory of Rights

According to Thomas Aquinas nature has been every person with some natural qualities and
feature such features or qualities can be use or capitalize by such person for his material benefit, for
his popularity and social dominance for example nature has been some persons with good social
quality and such quality can be use by such person for taking material benefits popularities and social
dominants similarly nature has been some person intelligence and i.e. have such function can also be
use that person for internal benefits and social dominants similarly inherited rights of a person with
respect to his family status is also consider of a type of natural right which shall be exercised by person
for taking internal benefit and for social dominants the theory explains that the nature has itself
negate the principle of equality among different persons under inherited theory if a person has been
bores in a rich and royal family the such person has gain and social dominance and social separately
from other person on the basis of wealth and social status of his family their inherited theory of right
has been acknowledge and all the religious including Islam then the successors inherits the properties
and social good will of their predecessors such natural law theory is somehow in calash with the state
theory of legal rights when every citizen in respect of his gender original creed family and social status
shall be consider equal and shall have equal legal rights as like other citizens their principle has also
been acknowledge in fundamental theory of rights.

2. Functional Theory of Rights.

According to Professor William functional legal rights depends upon the conducts acts and
performance, dealing of the people with each other when any person adopts any professions enquires
any skill make any agreement and contracts social person perform some specific actions or conducts
as per his profession, skill and contract towards the other person similarly such person is also right full
to be compensated or recovered for his functions actions conducts such right which are available to a
person due to his any contract agreement skill or performs can be termed as functional rights of such
person then right come to end as soon as function or actions of by such person has stopped.

3. Moral and Ethical Theory of Rights.

According to Hobbs moral and ethical rights are such characters or features which are
imported by the nature in every person it means every person has a specific standard or honesty
cooperation trust help virtuousness etc. every person has some moral and ethical standards given by
the nature such moral ethical standards rules the intellect and thinking of that person any person may
has high moral and ethical standards of his life and standard of dealing his life why other person may
have no moral ethical standards of their personality may jurist believes that such moral and ethical
standards of a person is the natural character by may jurist believes that such moral and ethical
standards of a person is due to such learning, connecting, imprinting, which he had learn, listen and
acquire from his family members and society in his child hood stage such moral training rules the acts
and conducts of such person throughout his life all the rights available to the citizens, members of a
society or of a family or a social group due to moral and ethical standards of the people of such society
or family on social groups would be consider as moral ethical rights.

4. Karl Marx Theory of Rights.

Karl Marks was a famous sociologist, political thinker who has given his theories and ideologies
regarding the rights of the citizens of a states, Karl Marx has explain that every state can be divided
into 2 types of societies of people such as gorgeous class of the people and proletariat class of people
‘’Marx has explain gorgeous class of people who has control on the resources of productions,
resources of income such as agriculture lands supply of waters mines having natural resource
manufacturing houses social welfare service such as education medical transport etc. Karl Marks has
explain that such class of the people can be consider on ruling class or elite class, Karl Marks has
explain that the such class of the people has taken control on the Government of a state the such class
of people shall makes laws polices of such state for increasing their own wealth and power so such
class of the people shall not be allowed to take control on the Government and administration of a
state while the proletariat class of the people or such person who have skill expertise of cultivation
i.e. formers, skill labour i.e. workers mason, plumbers etc. Karl Marx has explained that all these
persons who has physical or personal skill shall be made power and authority to run the system of
government of that state, Karl Marx has further explain that the citizen of a sate shall have right to
own and possess lands properties of unlimited value all the resources of earning shall be under the
control of government and every citizen shall have social rights and right of properties up to his skill
and expertise.

5. Historical Theory of Right.

According to Professor Bentham all the people living in different parts of organs of this world
in different countries have different historical values, different historical cultures customs etc. such
people or right full to class all such rights which are available to the people of such specific area by
way of any historical tradition culture of custom for explain right of Lumberdari was historical
customary rights available to the make oldest son of deceased Lumberdar and only such person who
born majority properties land and financial family acquires a right to be appoint as Lumberdar or head
man of such village of area by the Government such right historical right was establish in British rules
of the such continent similarly the customs of taking of Doving articles right in the area of such
continent.

6. Theory of Legal Right or Legal Equality.

According to Professor Austin all the citizen living in the state shall have equal legal rights in
the form of constitutional fundamental rights statutory right judiciary rights all the citizen shall be
consider equal before the eye of law in respect of social status language, gender wealth qualification
of such people every person shall be rule in the same manner by the government and laws and policies
of a state shall be uniform for all the citizen and people of all the areas of a state.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that legal right is such entitlement legal justification to do any specific act
by a person which shall be acknowledged by a legal system, legal right is justification authority about
any action or act every person has a different history natural character, option object all such things
provide some legal justifications to perform some action every person have some natural features or
abilities and such person is rightful to use his such features for his benefits to and to make himself
famous in the society, a person having a good natural sound quality can use his such feature to take a
natural benefit and to make himself popular in the society, all such natural rights of a person cannot
be restricted or cultured by the society or by government. Similarly, every person has a specific
historical back ground of his family, tribe and such person is authorized to use historical values of his
family for his benefits. Similarly everyone have some his history of belonging area and he can also use
his historical values of origin, similarly every person have some inherited values i.e financial worth of
his family everyone is allowed to use his inherited rights for his popularity and other benefits everyone
has some desires or wish to live a good life to fulfil his desires a person acquires some skills, education
or knowledge, everyone can do any agreement by their own wish due to which the person is bound
to perform some actions or act, similarly everyone has some fundamental rights given by constitution
of that state where such person lives, similarly a person acquires some rights of that state where he
lives, everyone have some moral and ethical rights against and the members of society. All the rights
available to any person due to statutes, laws, constitutions, moral and social values can be considered
as primary rights, similarly a person may acquire right of governance of a state. Karl Marx has
explained that the administration or right of governance only belong to the skill having person and
those who are not the owner of lands industries etc.
Q11:-DISCUSS THE TERM POLITICAL PARTIES DISCUSS THE AIM AND OBJECT FOR THE FORMATION
OF POLITICAL PARTIES ALSO DISCUSS THE FUNCTION RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN
A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC STATE.

Formation of a
Political Party
Political form of
Nature of the
Governess of the
State
State

Registration
Legal Status
of political parties

Membership of Selection of office

Political Parties Barrier

INTRODUCTION

George Washington was the founder of modern system of governance of a state after the
establishment of UNO in 1945 majority states of this world has declared themselves as ‘’Republic
states where the collective bill opinion of the people of such state shall be given preference in
selection of members of parliament, in selection of head of the government in making of laws and
policies of the state all such type of states where a specific parliamentary system of governess has
been adopted which means a parliament shall be present in a state and such parliament shall be
present in a state and such parliament shall be responsible for making of all type of law people of such
state such parliament shall select the head of the state and head of the government such parliament
shall also govern the system of administration of the state such parliament shall also govern the public
organization of that state this type of the political system when the parliamentary form of the
governess or parliamentary form of the legislators are working would be termed as republic state, the
members of parliament shall be elected by the general people of that state by way of voting in general
elections or referendum on the political party basis a political party means a group of such people who
present themselves before the general public as a wiling candidate of membership of parliament of
such state and who mistreat the general public by way of the political ideologies, political manifesto
who cast the vote in general election in favour of such political party and when any political party has
secured majority seats of parliament in election then such political party shall be rightful to formulate
the government of such state their complete system where the members of political party in the
election and elected by the people perform the government of such state is called political party
system of a state or political form of parliament of a state or political party based government of a
state.

MEANING OF POLITICAL PARTIES:

According to Professor Hobbs a political party is a public group of the people of a state who
selects a specific political approach or ideology to run the system of governance of a state and who
selects their specific name or specific political symbol of the party.

POLITICAL PARTY FORM OF THE GOVERNANCE OF A STATE:

When the government of a state shall be formed by that political party who has 1 majority
seat on the parliament or who has secured majority votes of the people who to work as government
of such state.

FORM OF POLITICAL PARTY GOVERN OF A STATE.

There are 2 basic forms of political party governance of a sate.

 1. Parliamentary form of Governance of a State.
2. Presidential form of Governance of a State.

1. Parliamentary form of Governance of a State.

It is such form of Governance of a state are such type of parliamentary system where the
parliament of such state shall has authority to select one of its member as Prime Minister or premier
and as head of the government of such state similarly other members of the parliament shall be
appointed as Minister of cabinet to assist the Prime Minister in running the affair of the state when
such members of the parliament has been elected by the general public by way of voting in general
elections on the political party basis then such type of system of governess of a state shall be termed
as parliamentary form of governance of a state based on political party system.

2. Presidential form of Governance of a State.

It is such form of governance of a state where the president shall be the head of the
government of such state but such president shall be elected by the general public in general elections
by way of voting on political party system it means such president shall be the member or candidate
of a specific political party of such state e.g. presidential form of governance in USA, Turkey, France
etc. where the president would be elected on the political party basis.

Formation or Composition of a Political Party.

Hobbs has explained the following condition or requirement shall be fulfilled in formation the
political parties, working and functions of political parties in a state.

1. Nature of the State.

To establish a political party system in a state it is necessary that such state shall be a republic
and democratic state.

2. Political form of Governance of the State.

To establish a political party system in a state it is necessary that the system of governance of
such state shall be the based on political party system which means the members of political parties
can contest the elective on the basis of their specific political ideology or political manifesto to be
elected as members of parliament or president of that state.

3. Legal Status or legal acknowledge of political parties:

To establish a political party system, it is necessary that political parties of such state shall be
establish by the people of such state and political parties must has a specific name, specific symbol or
mark of identification a specific manifesto or political agenda, specific number of members, specific
office barres, specific head or administrators or coordinators of such political party.

4. Registration and Acknowledgement of political parties.

To establish a political party system in a state it is necessary that different type of political
parties which have different manifesto or different political agenda shall be registered by the
government of such state.

5. Membership of Political Parties.

To establish to a political party system in a state it is necessary that the different political
parties shall motivate the people of such state to become the members of such political party.
 6. Selection of office Barrier, Head or Incharge of Political Party.

To establish a political party system in a state it is necessary that every political party shall
select its office barriers, head, incharge or coordinators for management of such political party and to
deal with the general public.

7. Establishment of government authority for governing the political parties.

In a political party system government shall establish a specific authority or commissioner or

board to regulate or govern the working and function of the political parties of such state such
authority or commissioner or board may be authorized to hold election of parliament and local
assemblies of such state.

8. Rule, Regulation for working of Political parties.

In a political party system specific authority or commission or board shall make the rules
regulations for the working and functions of the political parties of such state such as (1) Rules and
Regulations for the qualification of members of political parties (2) Rules and regulations for the
interparty election of a political party selection of office barriers of political party (3) Rules and
regulations for the establishment of public offices, camps of such political parties (4) Rules and
regulations for checking the accounts bank balancing funding of the political parties (5) Rules and
regulations for the public campaign, advertisement of such political parties (6) Rules and regulation
for registration of members, ticket holders candidates of such political party for election of parliament
of local assemblies (7) To make rules and regulations for checking the political agenda manifesto of
such political party to check whether any agenda or manifesto of such political party is not against the
political ideology of that state, constitution of that state, social and moral ethical value of that state,
religious and sectarian value of such state etc.

9. Selection of Political parties by the people.

In a political party system the general public of a state has the ultimate authority to rank or to
trust any specific political party by way of casting vote in favour of such political party in general
elections that political party which is more trust and confidence of people of such state by way of
vote would be consider as popular political party of such state and such political party which has
secured majority votes of the people shall be rightful to form the government of such state and to
execute its political agenda or manifesto in the form of state policies and laws.

TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTIES

There are different types or forms of political parties of the state.

1. Federal of National Political parties.

It is such type of political party of a state which is establish in national level or the federal level
of a state which means such political party has a membership of the people from all the areas of such
state.

2. Local Political Parties.

It is such type of political parties which are establish or working only specific territory or
locality which in a membership of the people from a specific locality usually ethical base political
parties or consider as local political parties.

3. Religious Political parties.

It is such type of political party which has a religious political agenda or which has an object
to enforce the religious type of governance in such state.
 4. Liberal Political Parties.

These are such political parties which has agenda or political manifesto to make liberal policies
and laws in that state.

5. Conservative Political Parties.

There is such form of political parties when have an agenda or manifesto to make such type
of laws and policies in such state which shall be in accordance with the history, heritage, culture of
the people of such state.

6. Ethnical or Sectarian Political Parties.

It is a such political party which has been establish to promotes auto enforce or specific
ethnical values in such state or the promote or enforce specific sectarian ideology in such state.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that after the establishment of UNO in 1945 majority states of this world
has declared themselves as ‘’Republic states where the collective bill opinion of the people of such
state shall be given preference in selection of members of parliament, in selection of head of the
government in making of laws and policies of the state all such type of states where a specific
parliamentary system of governance has been adopted which means a parliament shall be present in
a state and such parliament shall be present in a state and such parliament shall be responsible for
making of all type of law people of such state such parliament shall select the head of the state and
head of the government such parliament shall also govern the system of administration of the state
such parliament shall also govern the public organization of that state this type of the political system
when the parliamentary form of the governess or parliamentary form of the legislators are working
would be termed as republic state, the members of parliament shall be elected by the general people
of that state by way of voting in general elections or referendum on the political party basis a political
party means a group of such people who present themselves before the general public as a veiling
candidate of membership of parliament of such state and who mistreat the general public by way of
the political ideologies, political manifesto who cast the vote in general election in favour of such
political party and when any political party has secured majority seats of parliament in election then
such political party shall be rightful to formulate the government of such state their complete system
where the members of political party in the election and elected by the people perform the
government of such state is called political party system of a state or political form of parliament of a
state or political party based government of a state.
12:-DISCUSS THE RIGHT OF MINORITIES AND KIND OF MINORITIES OF A STATE IS PROCEDURE OF
ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS OF MINORITIES.

General or
National Rights Specific
Religious Rights

Fundamental Statutory Rights

Rights Sectarian Religious Specific Ethnical
Rights Rights
Specific Contractual
and Agreemental
Customary Moral and Rights
Rights Ethical Rights

Social Rights Specific Rights of

Minorities

INTRODUCTION

A right is a such action or act of a person or persons for which such person or persons are
entitled or justified to do such actions or act such action or act of that person or persons shall be
acknowledge by the members of society and by the legal system of such state, jurist has explain about
different type of rights such as (1) Natural Rights (2) Ascribed (Inherited Rights) (3) Divine Rights (4)
Religious Rights (5) Moral and Ethical Rights (6) Fundamental Rights (Constitutional Rights) (7) Human
Rights (International Rights) (8) Statutory Rights (Codified Laws) (9) Customary Rights (Historical and
Cultural Rights) (10) Judicial Rights (Given by the Courts in the form of Ratio). Jurist has explained that
the minorities are such people who are living in a state or in a locality but such people have a different
religion, language, ethical values from the majority people living in such area or state. These people
shall be rightful for all such fundamental, constitutional statutory, judicial, rights, which are available
to all the citizens of such state. However, such minorities can also claim some specific rights which are
available due to their specific religion, ethical values, language or history such specific rights of
minorities shall also be protected by the government of such state and minorities shall be free to
exercise their religious practises. Similarly, minorities of a state shall be given equal rights as available
to the other words minorities of a state can claim two types of rights such as National Right and
Specific Rights.

DEFINITION OF MINORITIES:

According to Professor Salmond ‘’Minorities are such class of the people who are the citizens
of a state but the religious, sectarian, ethical values of such people are different from the religious
sectarian and ethnical values of majority people of such state.

RIGHTS OF MINORITIES:

According to Salmond ‘’Minorities people can claim two types of rights which are as.

General or National Rights.

General rights are such rights which are given to all the citizens of a state in respect of gender,
religions, sect, language etc. such national rights can be classified into following classes.

1. Constitutional or Fundamental Rights.

Every state shall have a specific constitution or mother law for the working of such state, such
constitution of a state provides a list of constitution rights to every citizen of such state in respect of
gender, religion, language etc. for this reason such rights may be termed as ‘’Fundamental Rights’’ of
the citizens of such state.
 2. Statutory Rights.

Statues are such codified law which is made by the parliament of a state through the process
of legislation such law may be of different types such as (1) Civil Laws (2) Criminal laws (3) Family Laws
(4) Business Laws etc. all such statutes laws provide different types of legal rights to all the citizens of
a state in respect of religion, gender, language. So statutory rights shall be given in equal to the
minorities of a state.

3. Customary Rights.

A custom is an outcome or rule which is settled by the continuous practices of a majority

people of an area or state in a lawful manner when such type of customary right has been establish
which is for all the citizens of a state or locality in respect of religion, sect, language. Then such type
of customary right may be termed as general or national right.

4. Moral and Ethical Rights. (Inherited or ascribed rights)

Morality means a collective behaviour of the people of an area or state to deal with other
people of an area or state or to deal the things in a specific manner e.g. honesty or dishonesty of the
society cooperative nature or in cooperative behaviour of the society etc. such moral standards of the
society provides some rights for the people of such society or area or state. All the people in respect
of religion, language, gender can claim such moral rights from the other members of the society in
equal proportion.

5. Social Rights.

Social rights means such rights which has been establish due to social norms and practices of
the people of a society e.g. eastern society has a social norms female stay in house and shall not be
liable for earning and males shall work for fulfilling the needs of all their members of the society by
doing the jobs and works while the it is a social norm of the eastern society the male member shall
not be liable for performing household activities, however in the western society it is a social rights of
the females the male members perform all the household duties as like as female.

6. Specific Rights of Minorities.

According to Professor Salmond ‘’Specific rights of minorities are such legal rights which are
available to the minorities due to their specific religion, ethnical value due to their local tradition, or
local custom such rights are not available to all the citizens of a state following are some rights of
minorities.

1. Specific Religious Rights

Specific rights are such legal rights which are available to the people who are in minorities of
a state as their religious value is different from the majority people of such state. However, such
people can exercise or practise their religion without any restriction and legal system of that state
shall protect such religious rights of minorities.

2. Sectarian Religious Rights.

Sectarian religious rights mean such rights which have arisen or available to the people due
to their specific sectarian ideology, these rights shall be exercise by the people without any restriction
such rights shall also be protected by the legal system of the state.
 3. Specific Ethnical Rights.

Ethnical value means such specific values which arises due to specific language or creed or
origin of the people, specific locality for example, in UK a rich people have some specific ethnical
values, culture, social events and all those people who are arise can exercise such rights.

4. Specific Contractual and Agreemental Rights.

These are such rights which are available to the only those persons who have some contract
by their own choice or will such persons shall be right to claim all those rights which are arise from
such contract from the opposite party of such contract, so such rights are not available to all the
citizens of a state such rights are available only to a specific class of a people.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that a right is a such action or act of a person or persons for which such
person or persons are entitled or justified to do such actions or act such action or act of that person
or persons shall be acknowledge by the members of society and by the legal system of such state,
jurist has explain about different type of rights such as (1) Natural Rights (2) Ascribed (Inherited Rights)
(3) Divine Rights (4) Religious Rights (5) Moral and Ethical Rights (6) Fundamental Rights
(Constitutional Rights) (7) Human Rights (International Rights) (8) Statutory Rights (Codified Laws) (9)
Customary Rights (Historical and Cultural Rights) (10) Judicial Rights (Given by the Courts in the form
of Ratio). Jurist has explained that the minorities are such people who are living in a state or in a
locality but such people have a different religion, language, ethical values from the majority people
living in such area or state. These people shall be rightful for all such fundamental, constitutional
statuary, judicial, rights, which are available to all the citizens of such state. However, such minorities
can also claim some specific rights which are available due to their specific religion, ethical values,
language or history such specific rights of minorities shall also be protected by the government of such
state and minorities shall be free to exercise their religious practises. Similarly, minorities of a state
shall be given equal rights as available to the other words minorities of a state can claim two types of
rights such as National Right and Specific Rights.
13:-DISCUSS THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL ECONOMY OF STATE, DISCUS THE MATTERS WHICH
DETERMINES THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF STATE, ALSO DISCUSS A RELATION OF POLITICAL
ECONOMY IN POLITICAL LEGAL SYSTEM OF A STATE, DISCUSS OF DIFFERENT CONCEPT OF POLITICAL
ECONOMIES I.E. MONARCHISM, CAPITALIST.

Essentials and
Features of Political
Economy
Nature of State Trust of People on
Government

Formation of Laws
Capitalist form of
and Policies by
Government Political Economy

Communist of Social Socio-Welfare

Economy Political Economy

INTRODUCTION

Political system of a state means such system which explains the ideology of formation of such
state, powers and duties of different organs and organizations of such state, political rights and
liabilities of such state such political system of a state mainly depends upon economical conditions of
such state such political system may be of different type on the basis of economic conditions of people
of such state some of the prominent political system which deals with the economy and financial with
capitalism, monarchism and social welfare political system, all these types of political system based
on political economy of people of state would be termed as political economical system of a state,
such political economy have strong relations with the social values and norms of people, customary
or social values of people and law a biding nature of people. If economical values of peoples of a state
are stable and progressive at macro level then such states laws politics, working and functions of
different organs of that state shell be different as compare to such state where the economical
conditions of people are bad due to the political system of such state this study or relation between
economy and politics of a state is called political economy of a state.

DEFINITION OF POLITICAL ECONOMY:

According to Professor Adam Smith ‘’Political economy are those rules which arise from
economical and financial conditions of state due to which political system of a state is formed.

DEFINITION OF POLITICAL ECONOMY:

According to Professor Robbin Smith ‘’economical values of peoples is a basic factor which
designs the actual political system of a state and it also has impact on the social ethical moral values
of people of that state’’.

Definition of Political System.

According to Professor Thomas Hobbs ‘’Political system means a legal system of a specific
state in which specific type of laws and policies shall be mode by parliament of such state, specific
types of rules and regulations shall be made by economical and different other authorities and manner
of working and functions of courts of such state.

Essentials and Features of Political Economy.

Following are the essential or factors of political economy of a state are as follows.
 1. Nature of State.

To study the political economy of a state the nature of that state must be studies firstly to find
that type of political ideology of such state, if a state has adopted capitalist or liberal from of
governance then the political economy i.e economical conditions of people of macro level shall be
different as compare to such state having communist or restricted type of political economical system.

2. Trust of People on Government.

To study the political economy of a state it is necessary to study the relations and trust level
of people on the government or different organizations under which people follows all the financial
laws at that state in respect of such state has individual economical progress.

3. Formation of Laws and Policies by Government.

To study the political economy of a state it is necessary to study all such laws and policies
made by government for the people of such state if the object of such laws is to improve economical
conditions of people as whole then people shall have pleasant relations with government and shall
follows the laws with their will and people will help to strengthen the economy of state by paying
taxes.

Forms or Kinds of Political Economy.

It means such rules which governance the economical and financial activities of people of a
state such political economy may be classified into three main types of political economical systems.

1. Capitalist form of Political Economy.

It is such form in which peoples of a state have complete liberty to own and possess unlimited
values of properties people are free to make unlimited investment or to receive unlimited profit on
their investment, such system give preference to rich or capitalist class of people even such state
where capitalist form of capitalist system is applied would make laws to increase industrial and capital
activities and to make such polices by which capitalist class invest their capital in such state, although
this type of political economy shall establish a class difference in society where people of society would
be classified into allied, rich, middle and poor classes however in such type of political economy poor
and middle class of society would be happy as will get their share of income from political economy
of such state, in such system basic needs of poor class people would be fulfilled by rich and allied class
of people, the best e.g. of it is that ‘’when an industrialist make an industry he needs workers and
employees and when the makes at another industry then he needs more employees.

2. Communist of Social Economy.

It is such form of political economy in which restrictions and limitations has been imposed by
the state of government on citizen of that state so, that natives are restricted to not to held or own
unlimited values of properties rather state has fixed a limit to own and possess immoveable and
moveable properties in such system the capitalist or industrialist person has a check to make unlimited
investment from earning rather the principle of public private partnership shell exist in business in
which 50% profit will be received by government and remaining 50% of profit can be received by such
person in such type of political economy government shell make laws and policies for the economical
stability of state and not for economical progress of industrial class of people so in such type of state
a class difference shell not exist as compare to the capitalist political economical system currently
communist system of China, Cuba, Russia are examples of this type of political economy this concept
of monarchism was initially presented.

3. Social Welfare Political Economy.

It is that type of political economical system in which state shall make such type of laws,
policies due to which socio-welfare of the common people may be boost government shall make the
laws and policies to provide economical food, utilities, health, shelter, transport employments justice
to the people for the purpose government shall not allow the business or investors to treat education
wealth, transport, housing as these profitable business government shall make subsides to the general
public in such sectors such type of political system in present in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Austria
etc. such type of social welfare system has also been acknowledge by the Islamic political system
where the rich class of the people are bound to pay zakat to the poor class of the people for their
social welfare.

4. Islamic Political Economical System.

Islam has given complete code of life Islam has explain about a social welfare political system
of the state when government shall establish Bet-ul-Mall for the subsistence of poor, needy, orphans,
widows, handicap, unemployed person government shall provide food, shelter to the poor and needy
people government shall establish the monthly stipend income for the widows, orphans, disable
person government shall provide the health facilities to the people without any charge this type of
social welfare system does not restrict the rich and capitalist class of the people to make investments
in their business, in Islamic social welfare system also not restrict the people to own and possess
unlimited values of properties such system does not restrict the rich and capitalist class of the people
to make business activities in Islamic social system rich and capitalist class of the people shall pay
Jazya, Hiraj, Usher, Khumas, Waqaf, Sadqa for the economic and social welfare of the people of such
area.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that Political system of a state means such system which explains the
ideology of formation of such state, powers and duties of different organs and organizations of such
state, political rights and liabilities of such state such political system of a state mainly depends upon
economical conditions of such state such political system may be of different type on the basis of
economic conditions of people of such state some of the prominent political system which deals with
the economy and financial with capitalism, monarchism and social welfare political system, all these
types of political system based on political economy of people of state would be termed as political
economical system of a state, such political economy have strong relations with the social values and
norms of people, customary or social values of people and law a biding nature of people. If economical
values of peoples of a state are stable and progressive at macro level then such states laws politics,
working and functions of different organs of that state shall be different as compare to such state
where the economical conditions of people are bad due to the political system of such state this study
or relation between economy and politics of a state is called political economy of a state. There is
different form of economics like communist social economy, capitalist form of economy, social welfare
political economy and Islamic political economic system et.
14:-DISCUSS THE MAGNA CARTA, DISCUSS THE RIGHTS GIVEN TO THE PEOPLE OF UK IN LEADING
DOCUMENT OF MANGA CARTA ALSO DISCUSS THE PETITION OF RIGHTS (1628) PETITION OF RIGHTS
IN THE BASIS OF MAGNA CARTA, DISCUSS ‘’WEATHER THE KING HAS RESTRICTED HIS POWER BY
MAKING MAGNA CARTA (IS MAGNA CARTA IS A LAND MARK OF LIBERTIES AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE
OF UK.

Rights and Liberties

given in Magna Carta
Right of Equality Right of Movement

Right of Association Right of Contract and

Agreement

Right of limited
Right of Prosecution ownership of
of Fair Trial Immoveable
Properties

INTRODUCTION

Political science is a normative science which explains about the nature formation of a state
it is also explains forms of governance, system of governance, working of functions of different organs
i.e. parliament, executive and judiciary of such state it also explains the fundamental rights and
liberties given by the state to its people or citizens British empire is considered as the modern political
state of the world such British have been establish after the fall of roman and greek empire before
1215 British empire had not recognized the basic rights and liberties of the citizens of British empire
however is 1250 when the France had made in attack on the British empire and due to such war the
sovereignty of British empire was on stick at that time king John 1 had signed a land mark agreement
with the tribes of Scotland, wales, Ireland etc. at the place of run modes in which king had promised
to declare some rights and liberties for the citizens of British empire, if such tribes would help the king
to protect the sovereignty of the kingdom from the French army, such landmark document was signed
by the heads of tribes and the king but after the victory king John had restrict from his promise and
literally his successor king had fulfil such agreement of magna carta by which some basic rights and
liberties had given to the people of British empire, magna carta had become of mile stone of claiming
of rights and liberties by British people from the king.

HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF MAGNA CARTA:

Magna Carta is also known as ‘’Great Charter’’ which was signed by the king John and elders
of different tribes of UK in 1215 under which king had acknowledge some basic rights and liberties of
the people of UK such as right of freedom of movement, freedom of association of peaceful purpose,
freedom of contract, right to own moveable properties without the permission of king, right to possess
immoveable properties islands, wells, mines, right to own houses, right of cultivation, right of
prosecution etc.

IMPORTANCE OF MAGNA CARTA IN BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM:

Magna carta has laid of foundation of the fundamental rights and the liberties of the British
people which shall be acknowledge and safeguard by the British government and king, magna carta
can be consider as milestone or origin of restriction on unlimited powers of crown and a beginning of
providing of legal rights and liberties to the citizens of UK.

Rights and Liberties given in Magna Carta.

Following are some rights and liberties which were given in magna carta to the citizen of UK.
 1. Right of Equality.

Magna carta had declared the equal status and equal rights of all the citizens of UK before any
court, before any government, organization, before the magna carta special people who had the
status of lords were considered as superior class of the society and such lords had been given more
legal rights in courts and other courts as compare to common men.

2. Right of Movement.

Magna carta was a milestone in the British constitutional history which had declare right of
freedom of movement of British people occur the kingdom without any restriction such right of
movement had been acknowledge by the king in the document of magna carta.

3. Right of Association.

Magna carta had also declared the right of assembly and association of the people for any
lawful purpose for any cultural, customary, religion, gatherings.

4. Right of Contract and Agreement.

Magna carta had declared the legal right of making contract and agreement by the British
people about any social matter, business matter or any other personal matter such right has also
declared the right of making the contract of marriage, contract of employment, contract of slave,
contract of partnership in business, contract of forming etc.

5. Right of Prosecution of Fair Trial.

In other land mark which was acknowledge in the lake of culture was the right of fair trial and
prosecution of the British citizen which mean that any victim of any accused shall be given right to
make his defence import and before the court such right of fair trial had establish has strong financial
system in British empire.

6. Right of limited ownership of Immoveable Properties.

Magna carta had also declared the limited right of ownership of the British people of
immoveable property such as houses, drilling houses, places of keeping of animals, stove houses etc.
however no citizen can claim the right of ownership on the agriculture lands, well, source of maters,
moves, forest etc.

7. Right of Possessions.

Magna carta had also declared right of possessions of the British people on the immoveable
properties such as grassing, field, pet, animals, well, cultivated lands, such right of possessions had
been given by the king to the people.

8. Right of ownership of moveable properties.

Magna carta has declared right of ownership for the British people on the immoveable
properties such as animals, cattle articles make of wood, steel silver and gold etc.

9. Right of Profession.

Magna carta has also declared that the British people can adopt any profession for their choice
and can use their preference for their earnings such as carpenter, back smith, formers, gold smith,
shopkeepers etc.

10. Right of Taking Share in Agriculture Produce.

In magna carta king had declared that a former or cultivator of a agriculture land shall be given
a specific share in the produce of such land, before magna carta king had authority to possess all the
produce of the formers.
 11. Right of Safety and Protection of Life and Property.

Magna carta had declared that the royal army shall in sure the safety and protection of life
and properties of the citizens from criminals and rebels for this purpose soldiers shall make security
posts on the cities and residential areas.

12. Right to join Royal Forces.

Magna carta has also declared that all the British citizens would have right to join the royal
Army as a Soldier and other government organizations.

13. Restrictions of on the Powers of Church.

Magna carta has also imposed a check and restrictions on the church so that church cannot
collect any revenue from the people and church cannot discriminate the people in church services.

14. Right of Making of Families.

Magna carta has declared the right of citizens to maintain the family and to demand of
protection for the family from the courts.

CONCLUSION

At the end I can say that the forms of governance, system of governance, working of functions
of different organs i.e. parliament, executive and judiciary of such state it also explains the
fundamental rights and liberties given by the state to its people or citizens British empire is considered
as the modern political state of the world such British have been establish after the fall of roman and
greek empire before 1215 British empire had not recognized the basic rights and liberties of the
citizens of British empire however is 1250 when the France had made in attack on the British empire
and due to such war the sovereignty of British empire was on stick at that time king John 1 had signed
a land mark agreement with the tribes of Scotland, wales, Ireland etc. at the place of run modes in
which king had promised to declare some rights and liberties for the citizens of British empire, if such
tribes would help the king to protect the sovereignty of the kingdom from the French army, such
landmark document was signed by the heads of tribes and the king but after the victory king John had
restrict from his promise and literally his successor king had fulfil such agreement of magna carta by
which some basic rights and liberties had given to the people of British empire, magna carta had
become of mile stone of claiming of rights and liberties by British people from the king. There are
some basic rights are called as right of equality right of movement, right of protection of life and
properties etc.
15:-DISCUSS THE SYSTEM APPROACH AND BEHAVIOUR APPROACH STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE.

Modern Approach of Political

Science
Approaches to study the Political
Science

Financial and
Sociological Approach of
Economical Approach
Political Science

Religious Approach of
Psychological Approach
Political Science
Historical and Traditional Philosophical approach or of Political Science

Approach moral approach

Hybrid Approach of
Political Science

INTRODUCTION

Political science is normative science which explains about the formation of a state, nature
and ideology of a state political institutions and organizations of a state and their importance, working
and functions of different organization of a state, behaviour of the people towards the enforcement
of law and towards the political organization and institutions of that state, legal rights and liberties of
the people of the state all such factors are important to know about the political science of a state.
The subject matter of political science is a state so when the study the political science, we shall study
the factors of the formation of a state, different types of organization of a state, working and functions
of different types of organization of a state, legal system of the state, judicial system of a sate,
executive system of the state and rights of liberties of the people of that sate different jurist has
presented different approach or theories to study the political science or political system of a state
some of the prominent approaches or theories of political science or historical and traditional
approach, system and institutional approach, behaviour approach, philosophical and moral approach,
economical and financial approach, sociological approach all these approach can be adopted to study
the political system of a state.

MEANING OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

According to Black’s Law dictionary political science is such knowledge or information which
explains the political ideology, nature of state, working and function of different organs, institutions
organizations of a state, behaviour of the people of the state, rights and liberties of the people of the
state.

DEFINITION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

According to Ibn-e-Khaldoon, political science is normative science which explain about the
working of system of the state.

SUBJECT MATTER OF POLITICAL SCIENCE.

Subject matter of political science or the sovereign in the independence state which have been
establish under a specific political ideology.

Approaches to study the Political Science.

Jurist has explained different approaches of study of political science which are as follows.

1. Historical and Traditional Approach.

Many historical or ancient political thinkers such as Sukrat, Aristotle had given approaches to
study the political system of a state when any sovereign state makes of political system in accordance
with the historical approaches then such type of approach can be termed as historical approach in
such approach previous or traditional or historical laws, policies system of governance shall be
followed by the head of the state or head of the government to make a design the new political system
of that state such approach further explains that the behaviour of the people of a state may also be
influenced by the historical or traditional behaviours of their forefathers in a binding law, in dealing
with state organizations.

2. Philosophical approach or moral approach.

Professor William has explained that the philosophical or moral approach of political science
means to establish such type of political system of a state which has made moral and ethical values of
people of such state or I which has made the people of such state has law and binding citizens, which
has create an element of awareness of their legal rights and liabilities among the people, which has
created a sense of responsibility in the equal of that state so that the moral and ethical values of the
people has become high.

 Institutional and system approach.

According to Professor David Adasen institutions or system approach means to study the
formation, working, functions, efficiency, output, utility of different types of such approaches explains
that if the performance utility of the institutions and organization is good then the political system of
such state can be consider un effective political system.

 Behaviour Approach of Political Science.

Professor Adsen has presented the concept of behaviour approach for study of political
system of a state, Adsen has define that the collective behaviour of people of state towards the law,
towards the formation and working of different organization of the state, towards the constitution of
political ideology of state shall be study to find the actual and practical political system of such state,
Professor Adsen has explained that the collective political behaviour of the people can be study by
using different methods such as social regularities which means ‘’up to what level majority people of
the state follows the laws and policies rules and regulations of the government’’, Adsen had explain
political behaviour of the people can also be check by way of verification method which means ‘’how
the people verifies or test different laws and policies of the government, Adsen had explain that the
political behaviour of the people can also be study by using other methods such as valuation
(importance before the people), systemizations, adoption and integration, all such methods can be
consider for reading the actual political behaviour of the people of the state.

Essentials and Features of Behaviour Approach.

1. In behavioural approach collective behaviour of the people of the state in respect of special
qualities. Gender, ethnical values, origin, social status etc.
2. Behavioural approach the level of obedience and followings of rules and regulations of the
government shall also be consider to read the political behaviour of the people.
3. In behavioural approach all such political practices of the people under which people has
verified what type of policies of laws of the government it means such laws and policies of the
government has been considered right lawful and justifiable by the people.
4. Study the political behaviour of the people of necessary to read social values which have been
adopted value of the people in this general dealing towards the government department and
organization.
5. To study the political behaviour, it is necessary to read the population of the people and to
analysis number of the people who have adopt the similar type of behaviour and number of
the people who have adopted different type of behaviour, if the majority has some type of
behaviour then such behaviour shall be consider of that state.
6. To study the political behaviour, it is necessary to read and understand the political system
working and function of different government organization of that state ‘’weather such
government organizations are working and performing against the behaviour of the people or
in accordance with the behaviour of the people.
 7. To study the political behaviour of the state, if is necessary to read ‘’that how much political
integrity political maturity has been developed among the people due to such political
behaviour.

Modern Approach of Political Science.

Following are some modern approach of political science.

1. Sociological Approach of Political Science.

According to Professor Alberd that political system of a state shall be based on the social
behaviour of the people when social behaviour of the people of change due to any impact of other
societies, modernization of time, financial values of people etc.

2. Financial and Economical Approach.

According to such school political system of a state shall be of such nature due to which
financial and economical conditions of the people shall be improved or upgraded.

3. Religious Approach of Political Science.

According to such approach political system of a state shall be made in accordance with the
religion believes and practices of majority people of such state.

4. Psychological Approach of Political Science.

According to such approach psychology of the majority people shall be consider in developing
the political system of a state it means that in the people of a state or mentally conservative laws and
polices shall not be of modern nature in the people of the state or liberal and secular then the law and
polices of the state shall be according to the psychological nature of the people.

5. Hybrid Approach of Political Science.

According to such school political system of the state shall be made on the basis of mixed
religious values, liberal practices, modern trends conservative historical customary values, political
system of a state shall be a mixed blend of all the different approach i.e. religious approach, liberal,
historical, traditional behaviour etc.